• Testing is a process of executing a Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.program with the intent of finding an error.
•
• A good test case is one A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding that has a high probability of finding an as-yet undiscovered error.an as-yet undiscovered error.
•
• A successful test is one that uncovers an as-yet undiscovered error.A successful test is one that uncovers an as-yet undiscovered error.
•
• Live data is the actual data to be used in the proposed system.Live data is the actual data to be used in the proposed system.
•
• Test data is previously designed sample input to Test data is previously designed sample input to achieve predictable results.achieve predictable results.
This process has two parts:
This process has two parts:
1)
1) PLANNING:PLANNING: This involves writing and reviewing unit, integration, functional, validation andThis involves writing and reviewing unit, integration, functional, validation and acceptance test plans.
acceptance test plans.
2)
2) EXECUTION:EXECUTION: This involves executingThis involves executing these plans, measuring, collecting data and verifyingthese plans, measuring, collecting data and verifying if it meets the quality criteria. Data collected is used to make appropriate changes in the plans if it meets the quality criteria. Data collected is used to make appropriate changes in the plans related to development and testing. The quality of a product or item can be achieved by ensuring related to development and testing. The quality of a product or item can be achieved by ensuring that the product meets the requirements by
that the product meets the requirements by planning and conducting planning and conducting the following tests at variousthe following tests at various stages.
stages.
8.2
8.2 Testing Testing Techniques:Techniques:
The techniques followed throughout the
The techniques followed throughout the testing of the system are as undertesting of the system are as under 1)
1) BBLACKLACK-B-BOXOXTTESTINGESTING
Here we demonstrated Here we demonstrated
:-•
• All the software functions are operationalAll the software functions are operational
•
• Input is properly accepted, Output is correctly produced Input is properly accepted, Output is correctly produced ,,
•
• The integrity of external information (e.g.: - a dThe integrity of external information (e.g.: - a d atabase) is maintained.atabase) is maintained.
2)
2) WWHITEHITE-B-BOXOXTTESTINGESTING
It is predicated on close examination of procedural details. Providing test cases that exercise It is predicated on close examination of procedural details. Providing test cases that exercise specific sets of conditions and / or loops tests logical paths
specific sets of conditions and / or loops tests logical paths through the software. The “state of thethrough the software. The “state of the program”
➢ Boolean operator errorBoolean operator error
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➢ Boolean variable errorBoolean variable error
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➢ Boolean parenthesis errorBoolean parenthesis error
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➢ Relational operator errorRelational operator error
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➢ Arithmetic expression errorArithmetic expression error
1)
1) Loop Testing:Loop Testing:Loops are the corner stone for the vast majority of all algorithms implementedLoops are the corner stone for the vast majority of all algorithms implemented in software. Loop testing is a white-box testing technique that focuses exclusively on the validity in software. Loop testing is a white-box testing technique that focuses exclusively on the validity of loop constructs. Four different classes of loops:
of loop constructs. Four different classes of loops:
➢
2) Dataflow Testing:Dataflow Testing: The dataflow testing method selects test paths of a program according to The dataflow testing method selects test paths of a program according to the location of definitions and uses of variables in
the location of definitions and uses of variables in the program.the program.
8.3 Testing Strategies:
8.3 Testing Strategies:
A strategy for software testing integrates software test case design methods into a well-planned A strategy for software testing integrates software test case design methods into a well-planned series of steps that result in the successful construction of software. A software testing strategy series of steps that result in the successful construction of software. A software testing strategy should be flexible enough to promote a customized testing approach.
should be flexible enough to promote a customized testing approach.
➢
➢ UUNITNITTTESTINGESTING:: Unit testing begins at the vertex of the Unit testing begins at the vertex of the spiral and concentrates on each spiral and concentrates on each unit ofunit of the software as implemented in the source code. The individual modules were tested during the software as implemented in the source code. The individual modules were tested during the development. Unit test cases and their results are submitted periodically during the the development. Unit test cases and their results are submitted periodically during the devel-opment stage.
opment stage.
➢
➢ IINTEGRATIONNTEGRATIONTTESTINGESTING: Integration testing focuses on design and c: Integration testing focuses on design and construction of the softwareonstruction of the software architecture. After two or more product units are constructed, the development
architecture. After two or more product units are constructed, the development team, to test theteam, to test the interface between the integrated units, conducts integration testing.
interface between the integrated units, conducts integration testing.
➢
➢ FFUNCTIONALUNCTIONALTTESTINGESTING: Functions are invariably related to one another & interact in the total: Functions are invariably related to one another & interact in the total system. Each function is tested to see whether it conforms to related functions in the system.
system. Each function is tested to see whether it conforms to related functions in the system.
Each portion of the system is tested against the entire module both test & live data are used Each portion of the system is tested against the entire module both test & live data are used before the entire system test was conducted.
before the entire system test was conducted.
➢
➢ AACCEPTANCECCEPTANCE TTESTSESTS:: During this test we determine how users will use the system when pro-During this test we determine how users will use the system when pro-cessing data or preparing reports.
cessing data or preparing reports.
➢
➢ VVALIDATIONALIDATION TTESTINGESTING:: This is where requirements established as part of software require-This is where requirements established as part of software require-ments analysis is validated against the software that has been constructed.
ments analysis is validated against the software that has been constructed.
➢
➢ SSYSTEMYSTEM TTESTINGESTING:: It is here the software and other system elements are tested as a whole.It is here the software and other system elements are tested as a whole.
Proper procedures are forced in the
Proper procedures are forced in the software for recovery as the software may fail in a software for recovery as the software may fail in a varietyvariety of ways. Proper security attempts to verify that
of ways. Proper security attempts to verify that protection mechanisms built into a system will,protection mechanisms built into a system will, in fact protect it from improper penetration.
in fact protect it from improper penetration.
A
APPROACH FORPPROACH FORTTESTINGESTING::
For unit testing, the modules are tested for correctness of logic applied and should detect errors in For unit testing, the modules are tested for correctness of logic applied and should detect errors in coding. Valid and invalid data should be created and the programs should be made to process this coding. Valid and invalid data should be created and the programs should be made to process this data to catch errors.
data to catch errors.
For Example, in the Distance Learning System, For Example, in the Distance Learning System,
•
• In the registration module while entering the data for user, one In the registration module while entering the data for user, one cannot go for password lesscannot go for password less than eight characters., so one should e
than eight characters., so one should ensure that it should result in an error message.nsure that it should result in an error message.
•
• All dates that are entered should be validated. No program should acceptAll dates that are entered should be validated. No program should accept
For system testing, when unit tests are satisfactorily concluded, the system as a complete entity For system testing, when unit tests are satisfactorily concluded, the system as a complete entity must be tested. At this stage, end-users and operators become actively involved in testing. While must be tested. At this stage, end-users and operators become actively involved in testing. While testing one should also test to find discrepancies between the system and its original objective, testing one should also test to find discrepancies between the system and its original objective, current specification and systems documentation.
current specification and systems documentation.
S
SOMEOMECCOMMONOMMONTTESTS AREESTS ARE::
➢
➢ Handling values in Primary Key fields.Handling values in Primary Key fields.
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➢ Handling empty records.Handling empty records.
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➢ Max length allowed in controls should match the database structure.Max length allowed in controls should match the database structure.
➢
➢ Handling special characters like ‘, #, %, $, {,}, [,], etc.Handling special characters like ‘, #, %, $, {,}, [,], etc.
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➢ Handling of errors in modules as specified in the project specifications.Handling of errors in modules as specified in the project specifications.
➢
➢ Use global error handling functions if there is any in Use global error handling functions if there is any in the project.the project.
➢
➢ Termination of activities while error should be monitored accordingly.Termination of activities while error should be monitored accordingly.
➢
➢ Keeping control of the application to self while unexpected errorsKeeping control of the application to self while unexpected errors
➢
➢ Raise errors and handle it as and when necessary.Raise errors and handle it as and when necessary.
➢
➢ Showing meaningful error messages as and when Showing meaningful error messages as and when required.required.
➢
➢ Updating error log file with specific information on errors.Updating error log file with specific information on errors.
➢
➢ Use proper captions for error message dialog boxes.Use proper captions for error message dialog boxes.
➢
➢ Format of date should be as specified in the project specifications.Format of date should be as specified in the project specifications.
➢
➢ Showing default values in all sub forms as and when required.Showing default values in all sub forms as and when required.
➢
➢ Query handling within form.Query handling within form.
➢
➢ Enabling and disabling of controls as and when required.Enabling and disabling of controls as and when required.
➢
➢ Showing complete data as and when required.Showing complete data as and when required.
8.5
8.5 MAINTENANCE MAINTENANCE DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
This is an ongoing exercise after the system has been implemented. The real life would be never This is an ongoing exercise after the system has been implemented. The real life would be never static. It is necessary to eliminate errors in
static. It is necessary to eliminate errors in the working system during its working the working system during its working life and to tunelife and to tune the system to any variations in its working environment. System planners must always plan for the system to any variations in its working environment. System planners must always plan for
resource availability to carry out these maintenance
resource availability to carry out these maintenance functions. Its requirements and objectives keepfunctions. Its requirements and objectives keep changing. So shall be the system, which has been designed primarily to meet those objectives.
changing. So shall be the system, which has been designed primarily to meet those objectives.
Thus the system analyst has to keep on carrying out changes and modification into the system, a Thus the system analyst has to keep on carrying out changes and modification into the system, a stage called normally as system maintenance.
stage called normally as system maintenance.
C
CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCEORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
This pertains to the changes the software to correct defects.
This pertains to the changes the software to correct defects.
A
ADAPTIVEDAPTIVEMMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE
Overtime, the original environment for which the web application was developed is likely to Overtime, the original environment for which the web application was developed is likely to change. This maintenance results in modification to the software to accommodate changes to its change. This maintenance results in modification to the software to accommodate changes to its external environment.
external environment.
CHAPTER 9
➢ No direct interaction between user and administrator. No direct interaction between user and administrator.
➢
➢ No No option option to to select select other other product product which which is nois not adt add d this site. this site. Only Only added added product product Can Can bebe choose
choose
➢
➢ Cost of product can be vCost of product can be vary from customer to customer, no standard and ary from customer to customer, no standard and fixed cost.fixed cost.
➢
➢ Need to internet connection to access these services. Need to internet connection to access these services.
F
FUTUREUTUREASPECTS:ASPECTS:
As software is used, the customer/user will recognize
As software is used, the customer/user will recognize additional functions that will provide benefit.additional functions that will provide benefit.
Perfective maintenance extends the software beyond its original functional requirements. It will Perfective maintenance extends the software beyond its original functional requirements. It will play very important role in construction site.
play very important role in construction site.
S
SCOPECOPEOOFFTTHEHEPPROJECTROJECT
Since this system has been developed using object oriented programming, there are every Since this system has been developed using object oriented programming, there are every chances of reusability of the codes in other environments and even different platforms. Also its chances of reusability of the codes in other environments and even different platforms. Also its present features
present features can be can be enhanced enhanced by some by some simple modifications in simple modifications in the code the code so as so as to use to use it in it in thethe changing scenario. Apart from reusability, the other features are
changing scenario. Apart from reusability, the other features are — —
➢