The AS will affect behaviour

Implementing new technologies might affect our behaviour and the purpose is to collect that information from the interviewee’s opinion.

Q10. Will AS will affect people’s behaviour?

1) “There are always people resist changes and people who accept them”. 2) “Increased automation will change the way to behave”.

3) “The communication needs to be developed”. Individual comments:

 “Today’s ships are like a community, people care about their ship”.  “Caring about the ship moves to an object which is cared about”.  “A human is capable of creative thinking, a machine not”.  “Direct leading of people changes to leading teams”.  “Autonomous ships need special identification signs”.  “The touch and feel disappears”.

Ramboll (2017) points out the importance of clear definitions for communication and understanding points of view. Burmeister et al (2014) suggest that a gap analysis is made, identifying gaps related to communication and information issues e.g. human – machine interaction.

Q11. How does the development effect interaction and communication? 1) “Communication need to be developed”.

2) “There need to be a clear way of communicating between ship-ship, ship-shore and autonomous ship-not autonomous ship”.

All agreed that the communication needs to be developed and there need to be clear strategies for communication between ship-ship, ship-shore and autonomous ship-not autonomous ship.

 “Standardised component and ways to operate must exist”.

 “Seafarers need to communication in a better way, standard phrases is not used”.  “There need to be a way to identify however a ship is autonomous or not”.

 “How do you react to a MOB situation if you are alone on board, does the sensors identify the situation and are they able to react?”

 “The Human-machine interaction, especially between conventional vessels and autonomous ones will be the biggest issue”.

 “We already communicate with robots, without knowing about it e.g. ‘Alex’ and ‘Siri’ in mobile phones”.

 “Situational awareness need to be very good”.

According to Ramosa (2019) points out the importance of considering the human-system interaction and human failure. “It is vital to understand how operators obtain and maintain SA under such a sociotechnical system and more importantly how the interfaces could impact their subsequent decision-making” (Man, Weber, Cimbritz, Lundh, & MacKinnon, 2018).

Q12. How does this development impact stress?

1) When the technology works and is reliable, stress should not increase, the assumption is that it will decrease.

Individual statements:

 “Stress will become more rare, but also more intensive during failure times”.  “Technostress need to be dealt with”.

 “Operators will phase posttraumatic stress”.  “The coming generation is used to digitalisation”.

 “There are already a lot of work today done with computers”.  “In the beginning when everything is new, stress might increase”.

 “Stressful if you don’t have the full information or something goes wrong or you lose a sensor”.

Brod (1984) defines technostress as a modern disease caused by computer technologies and effect the healthy manner of a human being. According to Raišienė et al (2013) a constant usage of technologies creates a dependency to be connected with others constantly. Burmeister et al (2014) states that for bridge operators on board ships, pointing out that some of these factors might be reduced from a risk point of view, removing the human errors, but new risks might appear when ships are remotely operated and the model operation is changed. Baldauf et al (2016) recommends that simulator exercises have the advantage that one can run complex and stressful scenarios, which will train the user how to handle safety situations in a risk free environment.

Q13. How do you see the collaboration between human and machine in AS? Individual statements:

 “Machines rarely do silly mistakes, but humans are much better in unusual situations”.

 “Systems gets more complicated and the human understanding fades away”.

 “Todays the human has the power, but if AI controls how can one trust or understand the decisions and logic?”

 “The human thinks emotionally – a computer analytically”.

 “The legislation need to support that machines can make decisions”.  “A machine can make mistakes if programmed wrongly”.

 “How do we develop systems which are reliable enough and adaptable so we can trust them?”

 “There need to be clear commands or instructions between human and machine”.  “If the technology doesn’t work there need to be a way to solve it e.g. by manual

control”.

 “A machine is not feeling the vibration, losing touch and feel when doing remote operating”.

Q14. Can one manage / control / operate several ships at the same time? 1) One can manage several ships, when

a. The environment is closed and restricted. b. In low traffic zones.

c. On open waters (oceans).

There was uniform agreement that one can manage several ships when a) the environment is closed and restricted, b) in low traffic zones and c) on open waters (oceans).

 “More complex area max 1 ship”.

 “Remote controlled 1 ship – remote monitored several ships”.

 “Depending on the surroundings like weather, wind, cargo, traffic density”.  “If you have autonomous traffic lanes”

 “Everything can be done automatically – no need for manual control”.  “Different levels and where they operate – like aviation control”.

According to Porathe et al (2014) a number of operators would monitor a number of autonomous, unmanned ships and in the MUNIN project one operator would monitor six (6) vessels at the time, based on alarms and irregularities (Porathe T. et al., 2014).

Rødseth (2017) believes that the ongoing development regarding autonomous, unmanned ships will also increase the automation on manned ships and the total staffing of SCC will be less than 1, as one operator should operate several ships.