Other Theories
THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT (IGAD)
The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is an initiative of Eastern Africa, which was created in 1996, with the aim of superseding the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) which was founded in 1986. The recurring and severe droughts and other natural disasters between 1974 and 1984 caused widespread famine, ecological degradation and economic hardship in the Eastern Africa region. Although individual countries made substantial efforts to cope with the situation
and received generous support from the international community, the magnitude and extent of the problem argued strongly for a regional approach to supplement national efforts
In 1983 and 1984, according to Soleranza, (2004:59), six countries in the Horn of Africa - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda - took action through the United Nations to establish an intergovernmental body for development and drought control in their region. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government met in Djibouti in January 1986 to sign the Agreement which officially launched IGADD with Headquarters in Djibouti. The State of Eritrea became the seventh member after attaining independence in 1993.
In April 1995 in Addis Ababa, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government made a Declaration to revitalize IGADD and expand cooperation among member states. On 21 March 1996 in Nairobi the Assembly of Heads of State and Government signed 'Letter of Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter / Agreement establishing the revitalized IGAD with a new name ". The Intergovernmental Authority on Development. The Revitalized IGAD, with expanded areas of regional cooperation and a new organizational structure, was launched by the IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government on 25 November 1996 in Djibouti, the Republic of Djibouti (Soleranza, 2004:59).
ObjectivesofIGAD
The objectives of IGAD as identified by Soleranza, (2004:59) are to:
(I) Promote joint development strategies and gradually harmonize macro-economic policies and programmes in the social, technological and scientific fields;
(II) Harmonize policies with regard to trade, customs, transport, communications, agriculture, and natural resources, and promote free movement of goods, services, and people within the region.
(III) Create an enabling environment for foreign, cross-border and domestic trade and
investment;
(IV) Achieve regional food security and encourage and assist efforts of Member States to
collectively combat drought and other natural and man-made disasters and their natural consequences;
(V) Initiate and promote programmes and projects to achieve regional food security and sustainable development of natural resources and environment protection, and encourage and assist efforts of Member States to collectively combat drought and other natural and man-made disasters and their consequences;
(VI) Develop and improve a coordinated and complementary infrastructure, in the areas of
transport, telecommunications and energy in the region;
(VII) Promote peace and stability in the region and create mechanisms within the
region for the prevention, management and resolution of inter-State and intra-State conflicts through dialogue;
(VIII) Mobilize resources for the implementation of emergency, short-term,
medium-term and long-medium-term programmes within the framework of regional cooperation;
(IX) Promote and realize the objectives of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Africa (COMESA) and the African Economic Community;
(X) Facilitate, promote and strengthen cooperation in research development and application in science and technology.
THE COMMON MARKET OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (COMESA)
The history of COMESA as recorded by Kebel (1999:148) began in December 1994 when it was formed to replace the former Preferential Trade Area (PTA) which had existed from the earlier days of 1981. COMESA (as defined by its Treaty) was established 'as an organization of free independent sovereign states which have agreed to co-operate in developing their natural and human resources for the good of all their people' and as such it has a wide-ranging series of objectives which necessarily include in its priorities the promotion of peace and security in the region.
However, due to COMESA's economic history and background its main focus is on the formation of a large economic and trading unit that is capable of overcoming some of the barriers that are faced by individual states. COMESA's current strategy can thus be summed up in the phrase 'economic prosperity through regional integration'. With its 21 member states, population of over 385 million and annual import bill of around US$32 billion COMESA forms a major market place for both internal and external trading. Its area is impressive on the map of the African Continent and its achievements to date have been significant (Kebel, 1999:186).
A Free Trade Area
The COMESA states, in implementing a free trade area , are well on their way to achieving their target of removing all internal trade tariffs and barriers, an exercise which is to be completed by the year 2000. Within 4 years after that COMESA will have introduced a common external tariff structure to deal with all third party trade and will have considerably simplified all procedures (Kebel, 1999:186).
TradePromotion
Other objectives which will be met to assist in the achievement of trade promotion include:
Trade liberalization and Customs co-operation, including the introduction of a unified computerized Customs network across the region. Improving the administration of transport and communications to ease the movement of goods services and people between the countries. Creating an enabling environment and legal framework which will encourage the growth of the private sector, the establishment of a secure investment environment, and the adoption of common sets of standards. The harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies throughout the region (kebel, 1999:186).
Institutions of COMESA
Several institutions have been created to promote sub-regional co-operation and development. These include:
(i) The COMESA Trade and Development Bank in Nairobi, Kenya (ii) The COMESA Clearing House in Harare, Zimbabwe
(iii) The COMESA Association of Commercial Banks in Harare, Zimbabwe (iv) The COMESA Leather Institute in Ethiopia
(v) The COMESA Re-Insurance Company (ZEP-RE) in Nairobi, Kenya
In addition a Court of Justice was also established under the COMESA Treaty and became formally operational in 1998. Further initiatives exist to promote cross border initiatives, form a common industrial policy and introduce a monetary harmonization programme.
What COMESA Offers
(i) COMESA offers its members and partners a wide range of benefits which include:
(ii) A wider, harmonized and more competitive market (iii) Greater industrial productivity and competitiveness (iv) Increased agricultural production and food security (v) A more rational exploitation of natural resources
(vi) More harmonized monetary, banking and financial policies (vii) More reliable transport and communications infrastructure
THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS)
The idea of ECOWAS as reported by Larry (2002:71) is traceable to the effort of President William Tubman of Liberia, who made the call in 1964. An agreement was signed between Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in February 1965, but this came to nothing.
In April 1972, General Gowon of Nigeria and General Eyadema of Togo re-launched the idea, drew up proposals and toured 12 countries, soliciting their plan from July to August 1973 (Larry, 2002:83).
A popular meeting was then called at Lomé from 10-15 December 1973, which studied a draft treaty. This was further examined at a meeting of experts and jurists in Accra in January 1974 and by a ministerial meeting in Monrovia in January 1975. Finally, 15 West African countries signed the treaty for an Economic Community of West African States (Treaty of Lagos) on 28 May 1975. The protocols launching ECOWAS were signed in Lomé, Togo on 5 November 1976. In July 1993, a revised ECOWAS Treaty designed to accelerate economic integration (Larry, 2002:83).
OBJECTIVES OF ECOWAS
Some of the major objectives of ECOWAS are enshrined in Article 2(1) of the 1975 Treaty as follows:-
"(i) to promote co-operation and development in all fields of economic activity particularly in the field of industry,
(iv) Promote transport and telecommunications among member states (v) Develop more energy, for the use of member states
(vi) Develop agriculture and natural resources
(vii) Promote commerce, monetary and financial questions
(viii) To promote social and cultural matters for the purposes of raising the standard of living of its peoples,
(ix) Maintaining economic stability among its members and contributing to the progress and development of the African continent".
CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS OF ECOWAS
Some of the problems or challenges facing ECOWAS according to Greer (1992:25-36) are numerous to mention, but the major ones are:
(i) Lack of a dominant political economic power on the continent that can form the core of a regionalization process. Most African nations are exporters of raw materials especially agricultural and mineral products and compete with one another for markets.
(ii) Fear of the development of hegemonic sub-regional states. whenever one of the continent‘s more powerful countries like South Africa,
Nigeria and Egypt appears to be taking an active interest in sub-regional affairs, many of its smaller neighbors will try to combine to counter balance what they perceive to be excessive power.
(iii) The integration between neighboring African states is usually the integration of unequal partners and the benefits of the arrangement are often polarized towards one partner.
(iv) Securitization of many states makes government suspicious of any measures that involve lessening control. Is as much as states are fearful of external or internal subversion, they are likely to try to retain as much power as possible in the hands of their security organizations. Thus, allowing free movement would be resisted by governments that are fearful of the infiltration of religious or political extremists.
(v) Lack of grassroots involvement in regional integration decision-making process.
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