Theme 3: Innovative leadership

matter . . . etc

HOW, AS, LIKE — Como HOW — cómo — de qué modo, en preguntas directas e indirectas.

As — cómo, en comparaciones usada como conjunción, es decir, uniendo oraciones; y significando según y puesto

que.

Like — cómo, significando 'parecido a' usada como preposición. Terminándose una frase con el nombre o

pronombre diga: like me, like him, like her, etc — como yo, como él, como ella, etc., pero siguiendo en forma de clausula por ejemplo, 'Como te dije', diga 'As I told you', etc.

E. Uso del AUXILIAR, Generalmente en el Negativo, en Conversación después de Declararse un Hecho Significando: ¿Verdad? ¿No es verdad? o ¿No es eso? ¿No?, etc.

Observe:

You always live up to your word; He talked you out of our plan; She was late again;

They have run out of money; We shall take a walk

—Do you not? — ¿Verdad? —Did he not?

—Was she not? —Have they not? —Shall we?

Nota: — Esa preguntita abreviada después de un dicho es más bien hábito con mucha gente de habla inglesa, y se enseña con el fin de poder entenderla cuando se oiga. Frecuentemente se emplea la contracción del auxiliar con 'not'. Se enseñan contracciones en la lección XXVII.

F. IDIOMS With TO BE to be cold to be warm to be windy to be foggy —hacer frío —hacer calor —hacer viento —haber neblina to be cool to be chilly to be over to be one's duty to —hacer fresco

—hacer frio (que hace temblar) —terminarse o haberse terminado —tener la obligación de

Examples: It is going to be very cold to-night — Va a hacer mucho frío esta noche. It has been warm this week — Ha hecho calor esta semana. It has been foggy to-day — Ha habido neblina hoy. It has been my duty to help him — He tenido la obligación de ayudarle. The show is over — La función se ha terminado. (Observe que en frases impersonales debe usarse siempre 'IT' como sujeto. En pregunta toma el segundo puesto: Is IT very cold? Use el 'past participle' BEEN al traducir 'hecho', 'tenido' o cualquier participio pasivo de frases que en inglés se construyan con el verbo 'to be').

Estudie el siguiente ejemplo: It is cold to-day. It was cold yesterday, It will be cold to-morrow, It has been cold this week. Continúe las siguientes frases al igual que el ejemplo: 1. It Is warm to-day, It . . . etc. 2. It is very windy to-day, It . . . etc. 3. It is very foggy to-day, It . . . etc. 4. It is cool to-day, I . . . etc. 5. It is very chilly to-day, It . . . etc. 6. It is my duty to help my father, It was my . . . etc. 7. The lesson is over at two, The lesson . . . etc.

G. THERE BE — Haber (Impersonal)

Formas del verbo 'to be' periódicas de la palabra 'there' traducen formas del verbo impersonal haber (existir). Ya conocemos 'there is' y 'there are', singular y plural, — hay. Aprendamos los siguientes tiempos:

There will be a meeting There were many meetings There was a meeting

There was going to be a meeting There is going to be a meeting There HAS been only one meeting There HAVE been many meetings

—Habrá una reunión.

—Hubo o había muchas reuniones. —Hubo o había una reunión. —Iba a haber una reunión. —Va a haber una reunión.

—Ha habido solamente una reunión. —Ha habido muchas reuniones.

Continue las siguientes frases al igual que las anteriores: 1. There is going to be a dance, There was going to. . . etc. 2. There is going to be a class, There . . . etc. 3. There is going to be a fight, There . . . etc. 4. There is going to be a war, There . . . etc. (No olvidemos que con este verbo impersonal se usa 'THERE' en lugar de 'it' en preguntas 'there' toma el segundo puesto: Is there going to be a war? Has there been a French class to-day? 5. Is there going to be a meeting?, was there . . . etc.

H. USED TO o WOULD (wud) — Acostumbraba a

Estudie:

I USED TO do my school work daily I USED TO study very hard

I WOULD conjugate all the new verbs I WOULD write all the exercises

—Yo HACIA mi tarea escolar diariamente. —Yo estudiABA muchisimo.

—Yo conjugABA todos los verbos nuevos. —Yo escribIA todos los ejercicios.

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Se emplea 'used to' o 'would', este último seguido del infinitivo SIN 'to', cuando se desea precisar una acción pasada HABITUAL expresada en español con el imperfecto o co-pretérito de indicativo. Observe: Yo trabajABA todos los domingos, es decir, yo acostumbraba a . . . etc. — I used to work on sundays, pero, Yo trabajABA cuando él entró, es decir, Yo estaba trabajando cuando él entró, — I was working when he entered.

'Used to' No se usa en preguntas ni en oraciones negativas. Al decir, ¿Visitabas a Juan todos los sábados cuando

estabas en Washington?, traduciríamos Did you visit john every Saturday when you were in Washington? o Would you visit . . . etc. o, I did not visit John every Saturday when you were . . . etc. o would you visit . . . etc.

PRESENT PERFECT PPOGRESSIVE — Ante-Presente Progresivo (Traducción literal)

1. El 'present perfect progressive' se forma con el 'present perfect' del verbo to be, I have been, You have been, etc., yo he estado, etc., y el 'present perfect progressive ' (gerundio) del verbo principal. Examples: I have been working the whole morning — He estado trabajando toda la mañana. They have been dancing the whole evening — Han estado bailando toda la noche.

Estudie: HACE 20 años que vivo aquí — I have been living here FOR 20 years. Hace 3 horas que están bailando — They have been dancing FOR 3 hours. De manera que cuando usamos en español un presente manifestando una acción empezada en el pasado, pero que continúa hasta el presente se emplea en inglés, como lo más preciso, 'have been' y el 'present participle'; la frase introducida por 'hace' se traduce por FOR. Colocada al final de la oración. Si la frase es negativa usamos el 'Present Perfect' ordinario: I have not worked for the last two months — Hace dos semanas que no trabajo.

2. Observe: HACIA 3 horas que él estaba escribiendo cuando yo llegue — He HAD been writing for 3 hours when I arrived. HACIA 5 años que ellos vivían en Paris cuando tú regresaste a Londres —They HAD been living in Paris for 5 years when you came back to London.

El tiempo 'I had been writing' se denomina PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE y, como hemos visto, se usa para expresar algo que se estaba haciendo hasta que otra acción ocurrió.

3. Repita en ALTA VOZ Usando TODAS las Personas:

1. How long ago did you live there?, How did he . . . etc. 2. How long have you been living here ?, How long has he . . . etc. 3. I lived there two years ago, You . . . etc. 4. I have been living here for two years, You . . . etc. 5. I had been working for an hour when I thought of the party at Peter's house, You . . . etc. 6. I used to visit my uncle and aunt every Saturday, You used to . . . etc. 7. I would write to my uncle every week when I was in New York, You . . . etc.

K. IRREGULAR VERBS

1. Principal Parts:

to get (guet) — obtener, conseguir; to see(sii) — ver; to teach (tiich) — enseñar (instruir) Present get see teach Past got (gat) saw (soo) taught (toot) Pres. Part. getting seeing teaching

Past Part. (-ado, -ido) got

seen (siin) taught

Repita en ALTA VOZ hasta Aprender de MEMORIA:

to get to get home to get to . . . to get up to get down to get on to get off to get rid of . . . to get + adjective . . . to get pale to get sad to get angry to get sick to get well to get better to get worse (uérs) to get even with

to teach one HOW to. . .

—obtener, conseguir (buscar), comprar, llegar, meterse. —llegar a casa.

—llegar a . . . —levantarse, subir. —bajar.

—montar, entrar en (un vehículo). —bajar, salir de (un vehículo).

—salir o deshacerse de, desprenderse de, no apagarse a nada.

—ponerse adjetivo.

—ponerse pálido, palidecer —ponerse triste, entristecerse. —ponerse bravo, enfadarse. —enfermarse.

—ponerse bien . . . —mejorar.

—empeorar.

—ponerse al igual con, vengarse de, cobrársela. —enseñarle a uno a . . . (hacer algo).

Examples: Get my hat — Búscame el sombrero. Something got into my eye — Algo se me metió en un ojo. She got insulted — Ella se sintió ofendida. He got killed in the war — A él lo mataron en la guerra. (Muchos gramáticos censuran el continuo uso del verbo 'to get', pues siempre puede encontrarse otro verbo más elegante y legitima para expresar la idea).

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Repita en ALTA VOZ Usando TODAS las Personas:

1. I got my diploma before I came to New York, You . . . etc. 2. I was told to get the tickets to-day, You . . . etc. 3. I wanted Peter to get here before I returned, You . . . etc. 4. I was told not to get into a, fight, You . . . etc. 5. I shall get up when the clock strikes seven, You . . . etc. 6. I got on the streetcar (tranvía) on 83rd Street, You etc. 7. I was advised to get off on 100th Street, You . . . etc. 8. I did not want to get rid of the automobile. You . . . etc. 9. I got pale when I saw the dentist, You . . . etc. 10. I did not get angry with Mary, You . . . etc. 11. I am going to get even with Alfred, You. . . etc. 12. At what time did you get to the theatre?, At what . . . did he. . . etc. 13. I did not see them day before yesterday, You . . . etc. 14. I was going to set William and her night before last, You . . . etc. 15. I have not seen Mary and him for the last two years, You . . . etc. 16. Alice and I shall teach the boys how to dance, Alice and you . . . etc. 17. I taught John but I did not teach Edward, You . . . etc. 18. I have been teaching English for many years, You . . . etc. 19. I used to see Peter and him every Sunday, You . . . etc. 20. I have not seen Mary since I arrived in the city, You . . . etc. 21. I did not teach the boys as I was told to, You . . . etc. (Se ve frecuentemente to al final al omitirse la forma infinitiva del verbo principal por haberse ya usado en la oración) He did not do it as I wanted him to . . . (Él no lo hizo según yo quería que lo hiciera). 22. I do not have to get up very early, You . . . etc. I have not been here two yet, You . . . etc.

3. Lea y Conteste en ALTA VOZ y Escriba Varias Veces Afirmativo y Negativo:

1. Was your brother able to get what he wanted? 2. Did his father tell him to get the tickets for to-night? 3. Were they ordered to get home before midnight? 4. Did they get to the meeting before you were there? 5. Would they get up very early every morning when they were in the country? 6. Did her mother tell her not to get on the table? 7. Was she ordered to get off the table? 8. Did he want you to get rid of the old ear? 9. Did she get very sad when she was told the bad news? 10. Did he get sick soon after he returned from the country? 11. Did the doctor say that she was getting better? 12. Is it true that he got worse yesterday? 13. Did she tell you that she was going to get even with Edward? 14. Do you have to teach William and her the same thing every day? 15. Has your sister been teaching mathematics for several years? 16. Did he say that he had not taught it to them yet? 17. Have you not seen her since you arrived in the city? l8. Did you see him night before last as you wanted to?

VII. EXAMEN

Después de haberse hecho un estudio muy cuidadoso escribiéndose y repitiéndose en ALTA VOZ cada parte de esta lección háganse los siguientes ejercicios.

A. ANSWER in english in the Affirmative: (Give a Complete Answer)

1. Does she annoy you when she cries? 2. Did you arrive in this city two months ago? 3. At what time did they arrive at the theater? 4. Does he believe that I have doubted his word? 5. Did you believe that I had disappointed him? 6. Did she tell the cook to broil the chicken? 7. Has she already cleaned the house and polished the furniture? 8. Did she cry her eyes out when her mother went away? 9. Was the little girl crying for more candy? 10. Are you going to dress up for the ball (bol), baile? 11. Did they disappoint you yesterday? 12. Did he doubt that you had signed that letter? 13. How much money does he owe her? 14. Have they disappointed their father and mother? 15. Did you raise the piano when you were looking for the pen? 16. Is he raising chickens in his farm? 17. Did he tell you that he was going to remain in the country? 18. Have they been walking along Broadway for more than a half hour? 19. Does your sister always walk to school? 20. Are the miners going to walk out next week? 21. Did he walk away when you spoke to him? 22. Did she ask you to get the tickets for the show? 23. Shall you get home before supper? 24. Did they get up before or after nine? 25. Has he got very angry? 26. Am I getting old? 27. Did you see Mary and him night before last? 28. Has your brother seen the teacher about his English mark? 29. Did they teach their daughter how to dance? 30. Has he been teaching languages for many years? 31. Does your sister have to teach you how to speak English?

B. ANSWER in English in the Negative: (Give a Complete Answer)

1. Does he annoy you when you are writing? 2. Has not your brother arrived yet? 3. I Does he believe that William has remained in Havana? 4. Has she not broiled the meat? 5. Did she ask you to clean the whole house? 6. Was the little girl crying when you come in? 7. Shall you dress up for dinner? 8. Has the cook dressed the salad? 9. Have they disappointed Peter and you? 10. Did he doubt that you had paid for the hat? 11. Does he owe any money to you? 12. Does the maid polish the furniture every morning? 13. Have they raised your friend's salary? 14. Does he have to remain in New York? 15. Did you want her to walk with you along the avenue? 16. Has she beaten the eggs for the omelet? 17. Did Carpenter beat Dempsey? 18. Have you shaken hands with him? 19. Are your hands shaking with cold? 20. Has your sister swept all the rooms? 21. Did she ask you to get the tickets? 22. Did they get home early? 23. Did he see them night before last? 24. Did he teach you the English lesson be fore going out? 25. Has their sister taught them how to dance? 26. Does his mother have to teach him how to read?

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C. TRANSLATE into English: (Write down the Correct Number for Each Answer)

1. Me dijeron (se me dijo) que él estaba enfermo. 2. Me esperaban (se me esperaba) antes de las cuatro. 3. Arréglelo con ellos. 4. No, yo me arreglaré con el padre. 5. No importa, yo enseñaré esos verbos en la próxima lección. 6. No hables con rodeos, dime lo que (what) deseas en pocas (in a few) palabras. 7. Yo te habré visto para entonces. 8. En cuanto a mí, yo prefiero vivir en una ciudad pequeña. 9. Él va a quedarse aquí para siempre. 10. Él ha estado por todas partes buscando a su hermano. 11. Salimos a dar un paseo. 12. Él me dijo que mi le tra era muy mala. 13. Yo prestaba atención a mis profesores cuando iba (I went) a la escuela. 14. Los verbos fueron explicados por el profesor. 15. Le di mi automóvil por $400. 16. Hace 20 años que vivo en esta ciudad. 17. Hacía dos años que yo trabajaba en esa oficina. 18. Su padre la regañó por venir tarde. 19. Conseguimos la direc ción por mediación de tu amigo. 20. Por difícil que sea un idioma me gusta. 21. No ha hecho frio esta semana. 22. La reunión se había terminado cuando llegamos. 23. Va a haber una clase esta tarde. 24. Ha habido tres reuniones este mes. 25. Yo les escribía todas las semanas. 26. Hace dos años que yo no la veo. 27. Él no tiene que enseñarme; esos verbos. 28. Quise que é1 se deshiciera de esa compañía.

D. TRANSLATE into English:

Ya hemos hablado de la cocinera de mis tíos. Ellos tienen otros sirvientes. Un hombre ordeña las vacas, otro atiende al establo, un muchacho hace los mandados y Alicia, la criada, hace el trabajo de la casa. Esta muchacha es muy hacendosa Ella hace las camas, da brillo a los muebles, sacude y bate las alfombras y las cortinas, barre y limpia toda la casa y ayuda a la cocinera Ella también pone (sets) la mesa; usa servilleta y paño limpios y entonces coloca dos platos, un cuchillo y un tenedor, cucharas, un vaso, y una taza y un platillo para cada persona. Alicia trabaja mucho, pero cuando termina su tarea todo en la casa se ve flamante A mi tío le gusta la limpieza; él dice que sin ella no podemos gozar entera satisfacción en nuestros hogares.