PsycINFO (EBSCO host )
Appendix 9 Theory studies: coding templates
BOX 1 NVivo Node Structure Report: Kate Hinds
Hierarchical name
Definition of PYD interventions
Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions
Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Age-related progression.
Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Developmental outcomes and related activities. Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Interaction between activities and context. Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Programme atmosphere.
Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Programme characteristics.
Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Programme characteristics\Multilevel, feedback loops, negotiation.
Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Structure of activities.
Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Structure of activities\Breadth of activities. Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Structure of activities\Intensity.
Definition of PYD interventions\Aspects of interventions\Targeting vs. universal. Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations
Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\Comparison with deficit model.
Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\Comparison with traditional youth programmes. Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\Integration between PYD and resilience. Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\Prevention programmes.
Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\PYD vs. prevention interventions.
Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\Relationship between protective factors and developmental assets.
Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\Relationship between protective factors and developmental assets\Action of risk and protective factors.
BOX 1 NVivo Node Structure Report: Kate Hinds (continued)
Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\Relationship between risk-protection approach and applied developmental science.
Definition of PYD interventions\Comparisons and integrations\Treatment programmes. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD
Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Asset-building community. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Asset-building society. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Developmental assets.
Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Developmental assets\sixth C: contribution.
Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Developmental assets\sixth C: contribution\Contribution as link between individual and context.
Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Developmental assets\Connectedness. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Developmental assets\Thriving.
Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Developmental assets\Thriving\Self-regulation. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains.
Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains\Behavioural domain. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains\Cognitive domain. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains\Educational domain. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains\Emotional domain. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains\Moral domain. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains\Physiological domain. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains\Social domain. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Domains\Structural domain. Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Notion of hope.
Definition of PYD interventions\Components of PYD\Notion of optimism. APPENDIX 9
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental science
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Associations in behavioural science. Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Definitions.
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Definitions\Thriving. Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Developmental affordances. Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Identity development. Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Plasticity.
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Resiliency.
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Resiliency\Protective factors.
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Role of developmental assets in developmental science. Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Selection, optimisation and compensation.
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Systems theory.
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Systems theory\Cultural-ecological framework. Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Systems theory\Developmental regulation. Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Systems theory\intentionality.
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Systems theory\Interaction between individual and their milieu.
Definition of PYD interventions\Developmental Science\Variation in developmental trajectories. Mechanism of action
Mechanism of action\Action on risk
Mechanism of action\Action on risk\Action of protective factors. BOX 1 NVivo Node Structure Report: Kate Hinds (continued)
Mechanism of action\Action on Thriving Mechanism of action\Action on Thriving\Agency.
Mechanism of action\Action on Thriving\Developmental affordances. Mechanism of action\Action on Thriving\Ecological modelling.
Mechanism of action\Action on Thriving\Group formation and group work. Mechanism of action\Action on Thriving\identity development.
Mechanism of action\Action on Thriving\Interaction between individual and context. Mechanism of action\Action on Thriving\Selection, optimisation and compensation. Mechanism of action\Depth of participation
Mechanism of action\Importance of structured activities Mechanism of action\Multilevel changes
Mechanism of action\Partnerships Mechanism of action\Plasticity Moderation by context
Moderation by context\Generalisability.
Moderation by context\Moderation by cultural background. Moderation by context\Moderation by maturity.
Moderation by context\Moderation by risk. Taxonomy
Taxonomy\Emphasis on adult relationships
Taxonomy\Programme variations responding to cultural difference Taxonomy\Schools programmes
Taxonomy\Social action programmes
Taxonomy\Social action programmes\Programmes to address inequity. BOX 1 NVivo Node Structure Report: Kate Hinds (continued)
BOX 2 NVivo Node Structure Report: Chris Bonell
Hierarchical name
Definition of PYD interventions
Definition of PYD interventions\Influences
Definition of PYD interventions\Influences\Developmental systems theory.
Definition of PYD interventions\Influences\Policy context of deficit thinking and erosion of traditional supports. Definition of PYD interventions\Influences\Policy context of discovery of childhood and adolescence.
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\All young people have potential.
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD compensates for environmental deficits.
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD compensates for environmental deficits\But limits on this. Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention\Problem free is not fully prepared. Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention\PYD must enable strengths or thriving. Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention\PYD must enable strengths or thriving\ Expanded definition of health to include PYD assets.
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention\PYD prevention may be compatible. Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention\PYD prevention may be compatible\But not empirically established.
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention\PYD prevention may be compatible\ Counterargument that incompatible since prevention reinforces deficits.
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention\PYD prevention may be compatible\ Prevention model is not itself static.
Definition of PYD interventions\Principles\PYD more than prevention\PYD prevention may be compatible\Real programmes often combine prevention and promotion.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Activities.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Activities\Opportunities for real challenges, skills and new horizons.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Atmosphere of hope.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Atmosphere of hope\Atmosphere of hope (2).
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Atmosphere of hope\Elements of atmosphere of hope.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Atmosphere of hope\Elements of atmosphere of hope\Empowerment.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Atmosphere of hope\Elements of atmosphere of hope\Empowerment\Burt unclear how defined. Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Atmosphere of hope\Elements of atmosphere of hope\Empowerment\Burt unclear how defined\PYD as positive reinforcement, positive opportunities, positive norms.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and activities\Atmosphere of hope\Elements of atmosphere of hope\Positive expectations.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and
activities\Goals=5Cs (see below).
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Goals, atmosphere and
activities\Goals=5Cs (see below)\PYD must address Cs other than just competence.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Skills plus participation plus caring adults.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\Skills plus participation plus caring adults\Adults needs knowledge, observation, discipline, to support, have own support.
Definition of PYD interventions\What PYD must provide\Overarching frameworks\20 external assets PYD should offer.
BOX 2 NVivo Node Structure Report: Chris Bonell (continued) APPENDIX 9
Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)
Grouping (i.e. taxonomy\Explicit taxonomies)
Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)\Explicit taxonomies\Categorisation by breadth vs. depth.
Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)\Explicit taxonomies\Categorisation by how many of 5Cs they addressed. Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)\Explicit taxonomies\Categorisation by type, duration, quality.
Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)\Explicit taxonomies\Categorisation by whether aim to prevent as well as promote. Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)\Explicit taxonomies\Categorisation by whether modifies only individual or environment too.
Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)\Explicit taxonomies\Categorisation by whether modifies only individual or environment too\Debate as to whether should modify wider environments.
Grouping (i.e. taxonomy\Implicit taxonomies)
Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)\Implicit taxonomies\Challenge or accept societal arrangements. Grouping (i.e. taxonomy)\Implicit taxonomies\Focus on group or individual attributes. Mechanism of action
Mechanism of action\Assumptions i.e. bases
Mechanism of action\Assumptions i.e. bases\Individual-environment interactions. Mechanism of action\Assumptions i.e. bases\Plasticity of development.
Mechanism of action\Assumptions i.e. bases\Plasticity of development\But one paper states strong genetic (presumably non-plastic) influence.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD enables developmental regulation.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD enables developmental regulation\Modifies intention self-regulation. Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD enables developmental regulation\Modifies intention self-regulation \Selection, optimisation and compensation.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD enables developmental regulation\Modifies intention self-regulation \Selection, optimisation and compensation\Breadth and depth required former in early and latter in
late adolescence.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD enables developmental regulation\Modifies intention self-regulation\ Selection, optimisation and compensation\Breadth and depth required former in early and latter in late
adolescence\Balance between these not clear.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD enables developmental regulation\Positive interactions between individual and environment.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD enables developmental regulation\Positive interactions between individual and environment\Positive feedback can ensue.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD enables developmental regulation\Positive interactions between individual and environment\Requires environmental not merely individual intervention.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD offers affordances in environment or developmental attentiveness. Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD promotes identity development via exploration and commitment. Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD promotes identity development via exploration and commitment\ Erikson's theory of identity development in childhood and adolescence.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD promotes identity development via exploration and commitment\ Linear and cyclic aspects.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD promotes identity development via exploration and commitment\ Requires breadth and depth.
Mechanism of action\Key mechanisms\PYD reinforces bonding to conventional institutions. Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\5Cs widely cited as key assets.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\5Cs widely cited as key assets\Character. Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\5Cs widely cited as key assets\Competence. Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\5Cs widely cited as key assets\Confidence. Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\5Cs widely cited as key assets\Connections. Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\5Cs widely cited as key assets\Originally 4 Cs but caring (i.e. compassion) added.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\20 youth assets. Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Commitment but may be covered by confidence in identity.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Critical thinking. BOX 2 NVivo Node Structure Report: Chris Bonell (continued)
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Critical thinking\ Critical consciousness.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Critical thinking\ Critical consciousness\3 stages: self-awareness, social awareness, global awareness.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Deficits in these function as risk factor for substance use.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Extra individual assets.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Extra individual assets\Community as well as individual assets.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Extra individual assets\Group as well as individual assets.
Mechanism of action\Key PYD assets\PYD as promoting assets\Some studies cite other assets\Learning to be productive, connect, navigate.
Mechanism of action\PYD distal products
Mechanism of action\PYD distal products\Contribution.
Mechanism of action\PYD distal products\Contribution\Behavioural and ideological components. Mechanism of action\PYD distal products\Contribution\Rationale for this contribution.
Mechanism of action\PYD distal products\Domains of PYD impact.
Mechanism of action\PYD distal products\Horizontal and vertical pile up of assets (i.e. accumulation hypothesis). Mechanism of action\PYD distal products\Horizontal and vertical pile up of assets (i.e. accumulation hypothesis) \Assets reduce risks in short term which determine longer term reductions.
Mechanism of action\PYD distal products\Molecular impacts (i.e. differentiation hypothesis). BOX 2 NVivo Node Structure Report: Chris Bonell (continued)
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Evidence cited that PYD does reduce risk. Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk.
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Accumulation hypothesis (i.e. horizontal and vertical pile-up).
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts).
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Direct and indirect mechanisms.
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Direct and indirect mechanisms\Bonding key asset which indirectly reduces problem behaviours via reducing association with delinquent peers.
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Direct and indirect mechanisms\Positive expectations modify self-concept and behaviour directly.
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Raises question of whether assets are protective factors.
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Raises question of whether assets are protective factors\Assets are protective factors that also promote thriving.
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Raises question of whether assets are protective factors\Assets are protective factors that also promote thriving\(e.g. relationship with adult reduces substance use).
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Raises question of whether assets are protective factors\Assets are protective factors that also promote thriving\Some domains of impact are protective, deficits raise risk.
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis
(i.e. molecular impacts)\Raises question of whether assets are protective factors\Protective factors interact with risks but assets do not necessarily.
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Raises question of whether assets are protective factors\PYD and risk could coexist. Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Differential hypothesis (i.e. molecular impacts)\Raises question of whether assets are protective factors\Two kinds of protection: buffering (interaction) and oppositional (not interaction).
Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Identity hypothesis. Mechanism of action\Risk behaviours\Few papers describe mechanisms to risk\Other theories fill gap. BOX 2 NVivo Node Structure Report: Chris Bonell (continued)
Moderation by context Moderation by context\By age
Moderation by context\By duration of relationship Moderation by context\By programme features
Moderation by context\By programme features\More assets addressed, more effective the programme. Moderation by context\High risk may overwhelm assets
Moderation by context\Mechanisms and assets may vary culturally
Moderation by context\Mechanisms and assets may vary culturally\But that framework itself is generalisable. Moderation by context\Mechanisms and assets may vary culturally\But variation may not be addressed sufficiently in theories.
Moderation by context\Mechanisms and assets may vary culturally\e.g. in more group-based cultures. BOX 2 NVivo Node Structure Report: Chris Bonell (continued)