Thesis Outline 10 

This is a manuscript-based thesis that follows the specifications required by the Brunel University for this format. Apart from chapter 1 which is the introductory, the thesis includes five more chapters. Please note some redundancy between chapters because of the manuscript- based format, though slightly modified to offer a logical progression in the thesis.. In this way, the reader can follow the development of MDC and its applications, from two-dimensional to three dimensional. In the following, we give a detailed summary for the following five chapters, which include the main work/contributions that we have made in this thesis:

In Chapter 2, Wireless Communication is reviewed, so also the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services (UMTS) network architecture and UMTS protocols are discussed. OPNET simulation Modeller is reviewed. First of all, we describe its main features and functionalities, and the UMTS Model as well. Considerations about scenarios, network architecture, applications and profiles are also presented. Node and Global level results are processed. Simulation runs using Opnet, and test conditions for validation of the UMTS simulator using the theoretical results are also presented.

Chapter 3 reviews the fundamental techniques of H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) coding architecture and introduces the basics of International Telecommunication Union (ITU)-T and Motion Picture Enhancement Group (MPEG) standards. Detailed review of scalable video coding technologies is also given in chapter 3 including spatial, temporal, quality/Signal-to- Noise ratio (SNR) and Fine Grain Scalability (FGS) scalabilities. Techniques of layered coding such as enhancement and video coding layers were presented. Detailed overview of 3D technologies, human visual system, 3D content generation methods (Depth-range camera, stereoscopic camera & multiview video configuration) and display technologies such as anaglyph, polarized glasses, spectrum filtered dolby 3D, binocular with active glasses and auto- stereoscopic displays (parallax barrier & Lenticular lens) are given in chapter 3.

Chapter 4 addresses the new 3D Multiple Description Coding (3D MDC with side information and motion interpolation) of stereoscopic video. The first sections of chapter 4 are devoted to introduction and description of previous related work in 2D and 3D multiple description coding

(sections 4.1 and 4.2 respectively). Next, we present a method for motion interpolation solutions as applied in this thesis, the forward motion estimation, bidirectional motion estimation; spatial smoothening and bidirectional motion compensation are explained. Its comparison with Scalable 3D MDC SIPA (3D MDC with side information and pixel averaging) is also discussed in chapter 4. This chapter also present the new encoder/decoder architecture and estimates rate distortion performances, under error free and error prone conditions. Finally, chapter 4 presents and compares objective and subjective performances of the two algorithms under error free and error prone conditions.

Chapter 5 discusses the new 3D video subjective assessment technique. Introduction and review of current subjective video assessment is presented in section 5.1 and 5.2 respectively. The proposed methodology for 3D video assessment is discussed in detail. Experimental set up and requirement are described in this chapter. Three subjective video quality assessment experiments were conducted involving 45 human observers. The experiments revealed valuable insight into the human perception, needs, requirements and technology of 3D, so also the problems associated with 3D technology. Human observer mean opinion score (MOS/quality scores )were tabulated. MOS was analysed in detailed using SPSS software1 as prescribed in Video Expert Quality Assessment Group (VEQG) assessment methods such as the Mean Opinion Scores, mean, Standard. Deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis were used. Other VQEG methods used are Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Student t distribution method, Pearson linear correlation and Spearman rank order correlation.

We developed a validation model in chapter 5 based on a widely computed Confidence Interval (CI). CI is proposed to provide additional reliability of the computed MOS among the three different experiments conducted.

We finally discussed the results in chapter 5.

Chapter 6 provides the conclusions and discusses the issues for future work. We first present the summary of our research work and key challenges. Next, we present issues for related to the future work such as design improvement for the algorithm, understanding 3D user’s experience,

12

3D content generation, scalable extension of H.264/AVC, 3D MDC-SIMI channel interleaving, and motion estimation improvement.

References

[1] M-T. Lu, C-K. Lin, J. Yao and H. Chen, “Multiple description coding with spatial- temporal hybrid interpolation for video streaming in peer-to-peer networks”, Journal of Zhejiang University of Science B, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 894-899, April 2006.

[2] Abdul H. Sadka, “Compressed Video Communications book”, John Willey & Sons Ltd, ISBN:0-470-84312-8, 2002.

[3] J. G. Apostolopoulos, “Error-resilient video compression via multiple state streams” in Proc. of Int. Workshop on Very Low Bit rate Video Coding, VLBV99, Kyoto, Japan, October 1999.

[4] S. Ekmekci and T. Sikora, “Multi-state video coding with side information“, In Proc. of Asilomer Conference on Signals, System and Computers, pp. 874-878, Oct. 28-Nov-1st Dec. 1 2005.

[5] S. Dogan, S. Eminsoy, A. Sadka, A. Kondoz, “Video Content Adaptation using Transcoding for enabling UMA over UMTS.

[6] A. Vetro, C. Christopoulos, H. Sun, “Video Transcoding Architectures and Techniques: An Overview, In IEEE Sig.

[7] A. Norkin, A. Aksay, C. Bilen, G. Bozdagi Akar, A. Gotchev and J. Astola, “Schemes for multiple description coding for stereoscopic video”, in Proc. of LNCS, multi. Content, Representation and security, vol. 4105, pp. 730-737, Istanbul, Turkey, Sept. 2006.

[8] A. Umar, “Reliable Delivery of Multimedia Services Via Satellite”, MSc Thesis, Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 2004.

[9] G. Zhang, “Robust Scalable Video Compression using Multiple Description Coding”, PhD thesis, graduate program in Electrical Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana, April 2007.

[10] Y. Lee, J. Kim, Y. Altunbasak, R. Mersereau, “Layered coded vs. Multiple Description Coded over error-prone networks”, Elsevier Journal on Signal Processing: pp.337-356. November 2002. www.elsevier.com/locate/image . Issue 18.