Chapter 1: Introduction and objectives
1.7 Thesis structure
Chapter 1 provides a review of current literature on evaluating emissions of SVOCs of interest from forest/savannah fires. Through this, Chapter 1 identifies existing gaps in this research field and forms the objectives of this PhD project that aim to address some of these gaps. Chapter 2 establishes the methodology for chemical analysis and relevant quality assurance and control systems to ensure the results of this PhD project are reliable and interpretation and discussion valid. Chapter 3 presents the first nationwide dataset of
concentrations and profiles of atmospheric SVOCs across Australia from which concentration variations among sites with different land-use and potential sources are discussed. Chapter 4 assesses the temporal (long-term and seasonal) changes in concentrations and profiles of target SVOCs in ambient air in an Australian city. Through this assessment, this chapter discusses the contributions from different emission sources including bushfires/wildfires.
Chapter 5 estimates EFs for target SVOCs from bushfires/wildfires in tropical/subtropical Australia and evaluates relevant emission characteristics. Chapter 6 determines EFs for target SVOCs from the burning of various tropical fuels that are common in Australia. These EF data including ones for compounds confirmed as having lower amounts loaded in or on the tropical biomass/soil, derived from using a special smoke sampler. Using these EF data, Chapter 6 provides a first estimate of annual emissions of target SVOCs from
bushfires/wildfires within an Australian context.
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2.1 Sampling techniques
SVOCs in ambient air can exist in both the gaseous and particle (condensed) phases (Bidleman, 1988). Therefore sampling of these chemicals to accommodate such speciation requires both a sorbent and a fibre filter operated simultaneously in series. Passive air samplers, containing sorbent for gaseous phase chemicals only, are also used in one of the chapters to satisfy specific sampling requirements, which will be detailed below.
In total, five different types of air samplers were used in this project: XAD-based passive air samplers (XAD-PAS, Chapter 3), low-volume active air samplers (Chapter 4), a portable active air sampler (Chapter 4), high-volume active air samplers (Chapter 5) and a high volume smoke sampler (Chapter 6).
The XAD-PAS consists of an XAD-2-filled container placed in a protective sampling shelter with an opening at the bottom, enabling the sampling of gaseous chemicals in ambient air based on a diffusive uptake pathway (Wania et al., 2003). XAD-2 is a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer and has excellent sorption capacity for POPs. In addition, the uptake is linear for sampling periods in excess of one year for the chemicals of interest within this project
(Armitage et al., 2013; Shunthirasingham et al., 2010). This type of sampler is cost-effective, with no active power supply and minimal maintenance requirements. It is ideal for use at sampling sites with limited access, for example those located in remote areas. Such samplers
(Armitage et al., 2013; Shunthirasingham et al., 2010). This type of sampler is cost-effective, with no active power supply and minimal maintenance requirements. It is ideal for use at sampling sites with limited access, for example those located in remote areas. Such samplers