Technology Options for Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport
A.6 Timelines for Changes in Technology
Changes in transport technologies that facilitate reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions can be considered with respect to three different time frames: near‐term,
Part 2: Identifying Policies and Implementation Strategies for Improving Energy Efficiency
Technologies for the Near Term
Transport technologies for emissions‐savings in the near‐term are those that are currently
commercially available, but whose diffusion is limited. The principal examples are:
• advanced internal combustion engines;
• hybrid electric road vehicles;
• the use of light‐weight materials in road vehicles;
• improved aerodynamic styling in road vehicles;
• advanced fuel‐saving transmissions;
• the use of high‐pressure, low‐rolling resistance tyres;
• more efficient accessory equipment in road vehicles;
• the use of ethanol derived from sugar as a fuel for road vehicles;
• on‐board diagnostics to monitor vehicle emissions;
• the wider use of adaptive cruise control systems and fuel economy computers;
• advanced truck and bus designs for fuel economy;
• the increased use of electronic road pricing as a means of reducing traffic congestion;
• improvements in freight transport relating to trucking operation and system efficiency,
reducing freight travel requirements, mode switching and advanced logistics and supply
chain management; and
• the wider use of advanced information technologies to reduce transport requirements
and facilitate virtual technologies.
The above list demonstrates that there are a huge range of newly available technologies that
should provide individual incremental improvements in energy efficiency and, collectively,
very substantial aggregate improvements. This would flow through to reduced GHG
emissions on what would otherwise occur, given the constant emissions‐intensity of energy
consumed in transportation. In addition, the wider use of biofuels would reduce the
emissions‐intensity of transport energy. The key issue for the immediate future is
accelerating the diffusion of such technologies. This implies overcoming the barriers to the
wider diffusion of these technologies.
Technologies for the Medium Term
Transport technologies for the medium‐term are technologies that may not be commercially
available for some years but are likely to be in general use by 2030 and 2050 at the latest.
Examples include:
• advanced two‐stroke engines for two‐wheeled vehicles;
• fuel‐cell‐powered road vehicles;
• ultra light‐weight road vehicles;
• integrated starter/alternator electrical systems for road vehicles;
• the use of ethanol derived from cellulosic biomass as a fuel for road vehicles;
• advanced vehicle maintenance systems focussing on fuel economy;
• the introduction of self‐driving cars; and
• further advances in truck and bus design.
This list contains many examples of technologies that would further increase the energy
Case Study 1: High Fuel Efficiency Motor Vehicles
move towards zero‐emission transport (ZET) systems. These include advances in the
efficiency of transit systems based on zero‐emissions electricity and the commercialisation
of fuel cell road vehicles based on ZET hydrogen. The latter would be accompanied by the
initial development of a hydrogen fuel infrastructure to service road transport. The diffusion
of ZET transport would most likely take a considerable amount of time.
Technologies for the Long Term
Transport technologies for the long term would not be commercially available before 2050.
Zero Emission Technologies for Transportation
The vision for the long term is to achieve a zero emissions technology (ZET) energy system.
This ambitious goal is necessary if the world is to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions to
acceptable levels, given the difficulties in containing such emissions from the non‐energy
parts of the global economy. Two possible routes are available to achieving ZET
transportation: electrification and hydrogen‐fuelled transport.
Electrification provides a possible framework for a ZET transportation system. The essential
requirement is that the electricity used in transportation is produced by zero emissions
technology. In electrified transport systems, urban transport needs would be supplied by
electrified rail, other electrified people‐mover systems, and, possibly, novel urban freight
systems. In order to provide the maximum scope for such urban transport systems, cities
would need to evolve towards high density forms in which transport and urban planning
were integrated. Advances in energy storage technologies could facilitate a major role for
electrified cars, buses and delivery vehicles to cover the residual needs of urban transport.
Inter‐urban transport between heavily populated areas would be serviced by electrified rail.
The transport gaps in an electrified system would be long‐distance transportation in
moderate to low population density areas, marine transport and air transport.
An alternative framework for a ZET transportation system would be based on hydrogen‐
fuelled vehicles. The key aspects of such a system would be hydrogen fuel derived by ZET
and fuel cell‐powered engines. Cars, trucks and buses would use fuel cell/hydrogen
technology as would long‐distance rail and marine engines. As such, the hydrogen‐based
transport would be capable of dealing with the transport problems of long‐distance travel
and freight needs as well as transport in low‐density urban areas.