NOTE:
• This discussion of power flows assumes that the en-gine is operating at normal output torque and speed. Even though two clutches are applied, the output shaft should not move significantly if the en-gine is idling, as the torque converter will not trans-mit sufficient torque to significantly move the output shaft.
• The direction of rotation is determined by viewing the transmission from the front (input) end.
a. Torque Converter Operation. Power is trans-mitted hydraulically through the torque converter.
The engine drives the torque converter pump. The pump throws transmission fluid against the turbine vanes to impart torque to the turbine shaft. From the turbine, fluid flows between the vanes of the stator and re-enters the pump, where the cycle begins again.
When the engine is idling, impact of the fluid upon the turbine blades is negligible. When the engine is accelerated, the impact is increased and the torque di-rected through the turbine shaft can exceed the en-gine torque by an amount equal to the torque ratio of the converter.
b. Lockup Operation. Power is transmitted me-chanically through the lockup clutch. For models without electric lockup, application of the lockup clutch occurs automatically as a function of front gov-ernor (pitot) pressure. For models with electric lockup, application of the lockup clutch occurs automatically as a function of the electronic control system. When the lockup clutch is applied, the converter elements ro-tate as a unit at engine speed. This provides a direct drive from the engine to the turbine shaft.
c. Neutral Torque Path (Figure 2–15)
1. Engine torque is transmitted through the torque converter, as described in Paragraph 2–26a, to the splitter-low clutch drum and the splitter planetary carrier. The splitter-low clutch is ap-plied, transmitting torque to the splitter sun gear.
All other clutches are released.
2. With two elements (sun gear and carrier) of the splitter planetary locked together, the third member (ring gear) must rotate when the other two rotate. The low- and intermediate-range sun gears are attached to the splitter ring gear and rotate with it. Torque is not transmitted to the transmission output because the range clutches are released, allowing free rotation of all range planetary gears.
Figure 2–15. Neutral Torque Path INTERMEDIATE-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
LOW-RANGE
CLUTCH REVERSE
CLUTCH
LOW-RANGE RING GEAR
LOW-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER HIGH-RANGE
CLUTCH INTERMEDIATE-RANGE CLUTCH
SPLITTER-LOW CLUTCH
REVERSE PLANETARY CARRIER SPLITTER-HIGH
CLUTCH SPLITTER SUN GEAR
TORQUE CONVERTER TURBINE
INPUT
OUTPUT TORQUE
CONVERTER PUMP
STATOR
LOCKUP CLUTCH SPLITTER
RING GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE RING GEAR
REVERSE RING GEAR
REVERSE SUN GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE SUN GEAR SPLITTER
PLANETARY CARRIER
LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR HYDRAULIC RETARDER
Torque Path Clutch Applied
L00702.01
Figure 2–16. First-Range Torque Path Torque Path
Clutch Applied
L00703.01
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
LOW-RANGE
CLUTCH REVERSE
CLUTCH
LOW-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER HIGH-RANGE
CLUTCH INTERMEDIATE-RANGE CLUTCH
SPLITTER-LOW CLUTCH
REVERSE PLANETARY CARRIER TORQUE
CONVERTER TURBINE
INPUT
OUTPUT TORQUE
CONVERTER PUMP
STATOR
LOCKUP CLUTCH SPLITTER
RING GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE RING GEAR
REVERSE SUN GEAR SPLITTER
PLANETARY CARRIER HYDRAULIC RETARDER
LOW-RANGE RING GEAR SPLITTER-HIGH
CLUTCH SPLITTER SUN GEAR
REVERSE RING GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE SUN GEAR LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR
d. First-Range Torque Path (Figure 2–16)
1. Engine torque is transmitted through the torque converter, as described in Paragraph 2–26a, to the splitter-low clutch drum and the splitter planetary carrier. The splitter-low clutch is ap-plied. Rotation and torque are transmitted to the low- and intermediate-range sun gears. Re-fer to Paragraph 2–26c(2).
2. The low-range clutch is also applied. This holds the low-range ring gear stationary. The
rotating low-range sun gear forces the pinions on the low-range planetary carrier to rotate within the stationary ring gear. Rotation of the pinions causes the carrier to rotate in the same direction as the sun gear. The low-range plane-tary carrier, being integral with the transmis-sion output shaft, causes it to rotate.
3. The transmission output shaft rotates in a clock-wise direction. A speed reduction of 4.0:1 is ob-tained, entirely within the low-range planetary.
Figure 2–17. Second-Range Torque Path Torque Path
Clutch Applied
L00704.01
REVERSE CLUTCH
LOW-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
REVERSE PLANETARY CARRIER TORQUE
CONVERTER TURBINE
INPUT TORQUE CONVERTER PUMP
STATOR
LOCKUP CLUTCH SPLITTER
RING GEAR
REVERSE SUN GEAR SPLITTER
PLANETARY CARRIER HYDRAULIC RETARDER
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
LOW-RANGE CLUTCH HIGH-RANGE
CLUTCH INTERMEDIATE-RANGE CLUTCH
SPLITTER-LOW CLUTCH
OUTPUT
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE RING GEAR
LOW-RANGE RING GEAR SPLITTER-HIGH
CLUTCH SPLITTER SUN GEAR
REVERSE RING GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE SUN GEAR LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR
e. Second-Range Torque Path (Figure 2–17) 1. Engine torque is transmitted through the
lockup clutch, as described in Paragraph 2–
26b, to the splitter-low clutch drum and splitter planetary carrier. The splitter-high clutch is ap-plied. This holds the splitter sun gear stationary.
This forces the pinions on the splitter planetary carrier to rotate around the stationary sun gear.
The pinions overdrive the splitter ring gear, to which the low- and intermediate-range sun gears are attached.
2. The low-range clutch is also engaged. Refer to Paragraph 2–26d(2) for explanation of power flow from the low-range sun gear to the transmission output shaft.
3. The transmission output shaft rotates in a clockwise direction. A speed increase of 0.67:1 in the high splitter, coupled with a speed reduc-tion ratio of 4.0:1 in the low-range planetary, gives an overall speed reduction of 2.68:1.
Figure 2–18. Third-Range Torque Path
LOCKUP CLUTCH SPLITTER
RING GEAR LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR
f. Third-Range Torque Path (Figure 2–18) 1. Engine torque is transmitted through the torque
converter, as described in Paragraph 2–26a, to the splitter planetary carrier. The splitter-low clutch is applied. Torque and rotation are trans-mitted to the low- and intermediate-range sun gears. Refer to Paragraph 2–26c(2).
2. The intermediate-range clutch is also applied.
This holds the intermediate-range ring gear sta-tionary. The rotating intermediate-range sun gear forces the pinions on the intermediate-range planetary carrier to rotate within the sta-tionary ring gear. This causes the carrier and the low-range ring gear, to which it is attached, to rotate. Both the sun gear and ring gear of the
low-range planetary rotate in the same direction, but at different speeds. The ring gear has the slower rotation.
3. The low-range pinions, being meshed with both the sun gear and ring gear, rotate at another speed and drive the low-range planetary carrier.
The carrier is integral with the output shaft and drives it. This arrangement of two intercon-nected planetaries is called compounding.
4. The transmission output rotates in a clock-wise direction at an overall speed reduction of 2.01:1. This ratio is the result of the 1:1 ratio in the splitter and the 2.01:1 ratio in the com-pounded low- and intermediate-range plane-taries.
Figure 2–19. Fourth-Range Torque Path Torque Path
Clutch Applied
L00706.01
REVERSE CLUTCH
LOW-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
REVERSE PLANETARY CARRIER TORQUE
CONVERTER TURBINE
INPUT TORQUE CONVERTER PUMP
STATOR LOCKUP CLUTCH
SPLITTER RING GEAR
REVERSE SUN GEAR SPLITTER
PLANETARY CARRIER HYDRAULIC RETARDER
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
LOW-RANGE CLUTCH HIGH-RANGE
CLUTCH INTERMEDIATE-RANGE CLUTCH
SPLITTER-LOW CLUTCH
OUTPUT
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE RING GEAR
LOW-RANGE RING GEAR SPLITTER-HIGH
CLUTCH SPLITTER SUN GEAR
REVERSE RING GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE SUN GEAR LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR
g. Fourth-Range Torque Path (Figure 2–19)
1. Engine torque is transmitted through the lockup clutch, as described in Paragraph 2–26b, to the splitter-low clutch drum and the splitter plane-tary carrier. The splitter-high clutch is applied.
Refer to Paragraph 2–26e(1) for explanation of power delivery to the low- and intermediate-range sun gears.
2. The intermediate-range clutch is also applied.
Refer to Paragraphs 2–26f(2) and (3) for expla-nation of action in the low- and intermediate-range planetaries.
3. The transmission output rotates in a clockwise direction at an overall speed reduction of 1.35:1. This is a result of the 0.67:1 overdrive in the splitter planetary, coupled with the 2.01:1 speed reduction in the compounded low- and intermediate-range planetaries.
Figure 2–20. Fifth-Range Torque Path Torque Path
Clutch Applied
L00707.01
REVERSE CLUTCH
LOW-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
REVERSE PLANETARY CARRIER TORQUE
CONVERTER TURBINE
INPUT TORQUE CONVERTER PUMP
STATOR
LOCKUP CLUTCH SPLITTER
RING GEAR
REVERSE SUN GEAR SPLITTER
PLANETARY CARRIER HYDRAULIC RETARDER
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
LOW-RANGE CLUTCH HIGH-RANGE
CLUTCH INTERMEDIATE-RANGE CLUTCH
SPLITTER-LOW CLUTCH
OUTPUT
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE RING GEAR
LOW-RANGE RING GEAR SPLITTER-HIGH
CLUTCH SPLITTER SUN GEAR
REVERSE RING GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE SUN GEAR LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR
h. Fifth-Range Torque Path (Figure 2–20)
1. Engine torque is transmitted through the lockup clutch, as described in Paragraph 2–26b, to the splitter-low clutch drum and to the splitter plan-etary carrier. The splitter-low clutch is applied.
Refer to Paragraph 2–26c(2) for explanation of power delivery to the low- and intermediate-range sun gears.
2. The high-range clutch is also applied. This causes the intermediate-range ring gear (or, for 5600 Series, 5963, and 6063 models, the inter-mediate-range carrier) to rotate at the same speed as the intermediate-range sun gear. The intermediate-range planetary carrier must then
rotate at the same speed as the sun and ring gears. The low-range ring gear, connected to the intermediate-range planetary carrier, and the low-range sun gear also rotate at the same speed. The low-range sun gear also is rotating at the same speed. The result is that the entire range planetary group is locked together and ro-tating at the same speed as the turbine output shaft.
3. The transmission output rotates in a clockwise direction at 1:1 ratio. This is a result of direct drive in the splitter-low clutch and direct drive through the locked planetary sets. There is no relative rotation of any planetary gears. They are rotating as a unit.
Figure 2–21. Sixth-Range Torque Path Torque Path
Clutch Applied
L00708.01
REVERSE CLUTCH
LOW-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
REVERSE PLANETARY CARRIER TORQUE
CONVERTER TURBINE
INPUT TORQUE CONVERTER PUMP
STATOR
LOCKUP CLUTCH SPLITTER
RING GEAR
REVERSE SUN GEAR SPLITTER
PLANETARY CARRIER HYDRAULIC RETARDER
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
LOW-RANGE CLUTCH HIGH-RANGE
CLUTCH INTERMEDIATE-RANGE CLUTCH
SPLITTER-LOW CLUTCH
OUTPUT
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE RING GEAR
LOW-RANGE RING GEAR SPLITTER-HIGH
CLUTCH SPLITTER SUN GEAR
REVERSE RING GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE SUN GEAR LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR
i. Sixth-Range Torque Path (Figure 2–21)
1. Engine torque is transmitted through the lockup clutch, as described in Paragraph 2–26b, to the splitter-low clutch drum and to the splitter plan-etary carrier. The splitter-high clutch is applied.
Refer to Paragraph 2–26e(1) for explanation of power delivery to the low- and intermediate-range sun gears.
2. In addition to the splitter-high clutch, the high-range clutch is applied. Refer to Para-graph 2–26h(2) for explanation of power de-livery to the transmission output.
3. The transmission output rotates in a clockwise direction at a speed increase of 0.67:1. This is a result of the overdrive ratio of 0.67:1 in the splitter planetary, coupled with the locked-up range planetary group rotating as a unit.
Figure 2–22. Reverse or Reverse-1 Torque Path
LOCKUP CLUTCH SPLITTER
RING GEAR LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR
j. Reverse or Reverse-1 Torque Path (Figure 2–22)
1. Engine torque is transmitted through the torque converter, as described in Paragraph 2–26a, to the splitter-low clutch drum and to the splitter planetary carrier. The splitter-low clutch is ap-plied. Refer to Paragraph 2–26c(2), for expla-nation of the flow of power to the low- and in-termediate-range sun gears.
2. The reverse clutch is also applied. This holds the reverse ring gear stationary. The reverse planetary is coupled (compounded) with the low-range planetary to obtain opposite rotation and the desired ratio. The two planetaries are interconnected so that rotation is reversed in the low-range planetary, and further speed re-duction is obtained in the reverse planetary.
3. The low-range sun gear rotates clockwise, driving the low-range planetary pinions counterclockwise. The low-range ring gear is driven counterclockwise by the pinions. The reverse sun gear, connected to the low-range ring gear, also rotates counterclockwise. The sun gear forces the reverse planetary pinions to rotate clockwise within the stationary ring gear, driving the reverse carrier counter-clockwise.
4. The low-range carrier, connected to the re-verse planetary carrier, acts as a reaction member, although it is moving slowly at out-put shaft speed. The overall speed reduction ratio is 5.12:1. This is the result of direct drive (1:1 ratio) in the splitter-low clutch and a 5.12:1 speed reduction in the compounded low-range and reverse planetaries.
Figure 2–23. Reverse-2 Torque Path Torque Path
Clutch Applied
L00710.01
REVERSE CLUTCH
LOW-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
REVERSE PLANETARY CARRIER TORQUE
CONVERTER TURBINE
INPUT
OUTPUT TORQUE
CONVERTER PUMP
STATOR
LOCKUP CLUTCH SPLITTER
RING GEAR
REVERSE SUN GEAR SPLITTER
PLANETARY CARRIER HYDRAULIC RETARDER
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE PLANETARY CARRIER
LOW-RANGE CLUTCH HIGH-RANGE
CLUTCH INTERMEDIATE-RANGE CLUTCH
SPLITTER-LOW CLUTCH
OUTPUT
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE RING GEAR
LOW-RANGE RING GEAR SPLITTER-HIGH
CLUTCH SPLITTER SUN GEAR
REVERSE RING GEAR
INTERMEDIATE-RANGE SUN GEAR LOW-RANGE SUN GEAR
k. Reverse-2 Torque Path (Figure 2–23)
1. For models with Reverse-2, engine torque is transmitted through the torque converter, as described in Paragraph 2–26a, to the splitter-low clutch drum and splitter planetary carrier.
The splitter-high clutch is applied, holding the splitter sun gear stationary. This forces the pinions on the splitter planetary carrier to ro-tate around the stationary sun gear. The pin-ions overdrive the splitter ring gear, which is attached to the low- and intermediate-range sun gears.
2. In addition to the splitter-high clutch, the re-verse clutch is engaged. Refer to Paragraph 2–26j(2) and (3) for explanation of the power flow from the low-range sun gear to the trans-mission output shaft.
3. The low-range carrier, being connected to the reverse carrier, acts as a reaction member al-though it is moving slowly at output shaft speed. The overall speed reduction ratio is 3.46-to-1. This is the result of a speed increase ratio of 0.67-to-1 in the high splitter, coupled with a speed reduction of 5.12-to-1 in the com-pounded low-range and reverse planetaries.