2σ2 (2.16)
Temporal Activity Relations Discovery
In addition, Nazerfard et al. (2010) argued that after the canonical forms of start time and duration have been discovered, the next task could be to discover the order of activities.
The input to this stage is the features discovered in the previous stage such as the canonical start time and duration. The output of this stage is a set of temporal relations between activities. The temporal relations will determine the order of activities with respect to their start time such as for a specific time point, what activity would be the most probable.
Such results can be useful in a variety of activity prediction scenarios, such as home automation.
Fig. 2.13 Discovering Temporal Relation of Activity
2.6 Urban Computing: IoT projects in fast developing nations
Urban computing is an interdisciplinary field where computer sciences meet the conventional city related fields, like transportation, civil engineering, environment, economy, ecology and sociology in the context of urban spaces. The tasks of urban computing include improving urban planning, easing traffic congestion, reducing energy consumption, and
reducing air pollution. Different tasks can be fulfilled by combining different IoT sensors data sources with different data acquisition, management and analytics techniques on different layers of the framework. In specific problem scenario, Sun et al. (2014) suggested that traffic congestion on citys road has impacted on the city development seriously, and became the crux which constrained the city development. In such circumstance, an IoT- intelligent urban traffic management system is very much required to tackle such increasing problem on urgent basis. As a result, an IoT based intelligent collaborative urban traffic management system is proposed by them to solve the current traffic movement problems. Their architecture is integrated with perception layer, network layer, and application layer, where network layer contains data processing and intelligent computing was performed on cloud computing platform. The application layer is packaged into service-based solutions, such that intelligent collaboration of urban traffic is tackled by intelligent service request and response dispatching strategy. (Sun et al. 2014)
However, Mahdavinejad et al. (2017) argued that, an important aspect of urban planning is to draw long-term solutions for better living experiences for inhabitants rather than short-term solutions. Although, taking a decision on such massive population level is quite critical but IoT provide a platform through smart city data analysis, to predict local authority about the potential problems in order to find the right solution. As the data is being generated in a continuous manner from heterogeneous resources such as traffic, health, water system, energy footprints etc.., the improvement in infrastructure service would be highly benefited by combining IoT technologies with urban planning. Due to nature of heterogeneous sources, the collected data from devices play a crucial role to ensure its quality includes factor such as; data precision, noise, and discreet observation data sets.
Fig. 2.14 Structure of the Intelligent Collaborative Urban Traffic Management System Sun et al. (2014)
In the approach of the smart cite mission, the object is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens. In order to achieve, a clean and sustainable environment and application of smart solutions. The core infrastructure element in a smart city would include, adequate water supply, assured electricity supply, sanitation, including solid waste management, efficient urban mobility and public transport, affordable housing, robust IT connectivity and digitalization with enhanced health care systems for inhabitants.
Fig. 2.15 Smart Solution Aspects for Smart City in India
As a result, among the all developing nations, India has been an active member into research and development of Urban Planning with modern IoT technologies. The prime minister, Shri Narendra Modi, strongly believes that for the first time in the country, people and urban leadership would play the pivotal role in deciding the future course of their cities. He was speaking at the launch of three major urban development initiatives:
AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation), Smart Cities Mission and Housing for All (Urban), at Vigyan Bhawan in the capital city of New Delhi. The Prime Minister explained that for the first time in India, a challenge was being floated, in which the citizens of urban India could contribute in the formulation of development visions of their cities. Those cities which were able to competitively meet the required parameters would be developed as smart cities. This competitive mechanism would end the top-down approach, and lead to people-centric urban development.
P mindia(2016)
On the other hand, Makeinindia (2016) suggested that the Prime Minister Narendra Modis vision’s Digital India, has set an ambitious plan to build 100 smart cities across the country. In particular, PM Modi in his speech quoted, Cities in the past were built on riverbanks and now are built along highways but in the future, it will be built based on the availability of optical fiber networks and next-generation infrastructure. The Government of India allocated INR 70.6 billion (US dollar 1.2 billion) for Smart Cities in Budget 201415. India has also been inviting foreign partnership in developing the smart cities and has signed deals to build eight smart cities as per three with Germany, three with the US, and one each with Spain and Singapore.
Fig. 2.16 Smart City Projects based on the State and Central Government Funding