Vacancy Maps for Heating Control

The real time determination of vacancy could be used to set thermostats to a lower temperature automatically. This is a standard feature of some residential bugler alarm systems which use alarm activation as a control signal to thermostats that respond by choosing the ”away temperature” and restore the ”at home temperature” once the alarm is disarmed. The major disadvantage of waiting until the alarm system is disabled is that it could take an hour to reheat the home.

The real time mapping of vacancies onto a calendar could be used to control the automatic restoration of temperatures so that the set point would be reached just as occupants were expected to arrive. Data could be analysed for the fastest and most reliable way to detect the return of occupants since occupancy will have common exceptions to historical patterns.

References

[1] D Won and W Yang. The State of-the-Art in Sensor Technology for Demand-Controlled Ventilation. Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, 2005.

[2] ASHRAE Standard. 62.1 (2010) ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. american society of heating. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta.

[3] International Code Council. International Building Code 2009. Dear-born Trade Publishing, 2009.

[4] P Ole Fanger. Introduction of the olf and the decipol units to quantify air pollution perceived by humans indoors and outdoors. Energy and buildings, 12(1):1–6, 1988.

[5] PO Fanger. Olf and decipol: new units for perceived air quality. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 9(4):155–157, 1988.

[6] MV Jokl. Evaluation of indoor air quality using the decibel con-cept based on carbon dioxide and tvoc. Building and Environment, 35(8):677–697, 2000.

[7] B. Berg-Munch, G. Clausen, and P. O. Fanger. Ventilation requirements for the control of body odor in spaces occupied by women. Environment international, 12(14):195–199, 1986.

[8] Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Canada-wide stan-dards for particulate matter (pm) and ozone. 2000.

[9] J. Singh, C. W. F. Yu, and J. T. Kim. Building pathology, investigation of sick buildings - toxic moulds. Indoor and Built Environment, 19(1):40–

47, 2010. Cited By (since 1996): 12.

[10] A Cailleux, A Turcant, A Premel-Cabic, and P Allain. Volatile organic compounds in indoor air and in expired air as markers of activities.

Chromatographia, 37(1-2):57–59, 1993.

[11] Ku Andersson, JV Bakke, O Bjørseth, C-G Bornehag, G Clausen, JK Hongslo, M Kjellman, S Kjaergaard, F Levy, L Mølhave, et al. Tvoc and health in non-industrial indoor environments. Indoor Air, 7(2):78–

91, 1997.

[12] Pawel Wargocki, Zsolt Bako-Biro, Geo Clausen, and P Ole Fanger. Air quality in a simulated office environment as a result of reducing pollution

sources and increasing ventilation. Energy and buildings, 34(8):775–783, 2002.

[13] Tom Hamlin and John Gusdorf. Buildings group, residential programs.

Energy Technology Branch, Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation Rates in R-2000 Houses. Call-up, (23440-95):1037.

[14] Tim Mayo and Robin Sinha. R-2000 and advanced houses: The canadian experience. Journal of Building Physics, 21(1):91–111, 1997.

[15] P Wolkoff, PA Clausen, B Jensen, GD Nielsen, and CK Wilkins. Are we measuring the relevant indoor pollutants? Indoor Air, 7(2):92–106, 1997.

[16] Donghyun Rim, Lance Wallace, and Andrew Persily. Infiltration of out-door ultrafine particles into a test house. Environmental science & tech-nology, 44(15):5908–5913, 2010.

[17] EM Sterling, A Arundel, and TD Sterling. Criteria for human exposure to humidity in occupied buildings. ASHRAE transactions, 91(1B):611–

622, 1985.

[18] William C Howell and Pamela A Kennedy. Field validation of the fanger thermal comfort model. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 21(2):229–239, 1979.

[19] WW Nazaroff, ML Boegel, CD Hollowell, and GD Roseme. The use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery for controlling radon and

radondaughter concentrations in houses. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 15(3):263–270, 1981.

[20] Naureen M Rahman, Renato Falcomer, Jing Chen, and Deborah Moir.

An update on the new canadian radon guideline.

[21] Jing Chen, Naureen M Rahman, and Ibrahim Abu Atiya. Radon exhala-tion from building materials for decorative use. Journal of environmental radioactivity, 101(4):317–322, 2010.

[22] Wolfgang Mailahn, Bernd Seifert, Detlef Ullrich, and Heinz-J¨orn Moriske. The use of a passive sampler for the simultaneous determina-tion of long-term ventiladetermina-tion rates and voc concentradetermina-tions. Environment International, 15(1):537–544, 1989.

[23] D. Parker. Infiltration characteristics of houses in the rsdp program:

Work status report. Northwest Power Planning Council, Helena, MT, Novem bel’l, 986, 1986.

[24] M. H. Sherman. Analysis of errors associated with passive ventilation measurement techniques. Building and Environment, 24(2):131–139, 1989. Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.;

undefined.

[25] Bjarne W Olesen, Makoto Koganei, G Thomas Holbrook, and James E Woods. Evaluation of a vertical displacement ventilation system. Build-ing and Environment, 29(3):303–310, 1994.

[26] FJ Offermann and D Int-Hout. Ventilation effectiveness measurements of three supply/return air configurations. Environment International, 15(1):585–592, 1989.

[27] W. J. Fisk. Air change effectiveness and pollutant removal efficiency during adverse mixing conditions. Indoor air, 7(1):55–63, -03-01 1997.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1997.t01-3-00007.x; pmid:.

[28] CY Shaw. Wind and temperature induced pressure differentials and an equivalent pressure difference model for predicting air infiltration in schools. ASHRAE Transactions, 86(1):268–279, 1980.

[29] Yuguo Li and Angelo Delsante. Natural ventilation induced by combined wind and thermal forces. Building and Environment, 36(1):59–71, 2001.

[30] James C Sadler, Colin S Ramage, and Arnold M Hori. Carbon dioxide variability and atmospheric circulation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 21(6):793–805, 1982.

[31] Ernst-Georg Beck. 180 years of atmospheric co 2 gas analysis by chemical methods. Energy & Environment, 18(2):259–282, 2007.

[32] Sherwood B Idso, Craig D Idso, and Robert C Balling Jr. Seasonal and diurnal variations of near-surface atmospheric co¡ sub¿ 2¡/sub¿ concen-tration within a residential sector of the urban co¡ sub¿ 2¡/sub¿ dome of phoenix, az, usa. Atmospheric environment, 36(10):1655–1660, 2002.

[33] A. G. Guggisberg, J. Mathis, A. Schnider, and C. W. Hess. Why do we yawn? Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 34(8):1267–1276, Jul 2010. JID: 7806090; 2010/01/18 [received]; 2010/03/30 [revised];

2010/03/31 [accepted]; 2010/04/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish.

[34] R. R. Provine. Yawning: No effect of 3-5 Behavioral and neural biology, 48(3):382; 382–393; 393, -11 1987.

[35] Christine A Erdmann, Kate C Steiner, and Michael G Apte. Indoor carbon dioxide concentrations and sick building syndrome symptoms in the base study revisited: Analyses of the 100 building dataset. Indoor Air, 2002.

[36] William J Fisk. Carbon dioxide monitoring for demand controlled ven-tilation in commercial buildings. 2010.

[37] William J Fisk and Anibal T De Almeida. Sensor-based demand-controlled ventilation: a review. Energy and buildings, 29(1):35–45, 1998.

[38] CYH Chao and JS Hu. Development of a dual-mode demand control ventilation strategy for indoor air quality control and energy saving.

Building and Environment, 39(4):385–397, 2004.

[39] KW Mui and WT Chan. Building calibration for iaq management.

Building and Environment, 41(7):877–886, 2006.

[40] Zhongwei Sun, Shengwei Wang, and Zhenjun Ma. In-situ implementa-tion and validaimplementa-tion of a co2-based adaptive demand-controlled ventila-tion strategy in a multi-zone office building. Building and Environment, 46(1):124–133, 2011.

[41] T. R. Nielsen and C. Drivsholm. Energy efficient demand controlled ventilation in single family houses. Energy and Buildings, 42(11):1995–

1998, 2010. Cited By (since 1996): 2.

[42] Olga Sachs and Building America. Field Evaluation of Programmable Thermostats. US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, 2012.

[43] JT Reardon and CY Shaw. Evaluation of five simple ventilation systems suitable for houses. 1997.

[44] Andrew K Persily, Amy Musser, Steven Emmerich, and Michael Tay-lor. Simulations of indoor air quality and ventilation impacts of demand controlled ventilation in commercial and institutional buildings. US De-partment of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2003.

[45] Mohammad Rasouli, Carey J. Simonson, and Robert W. Besant. Ap-plicability and optimum control strategy of energy recovery ventilators in different climatic conditions. Energy and Buildings, 42(9):1376–1385, 9 2010.

[46] Gray Davis. Final report compilation for demand-controlled ventilation assessment. 2003.

[47] Vitalijus Pavlovas. Demand controlled ventilation: A case study for ex-isting swedish multifamily buildings. Energy and buildings, 36(10):1029–

1034, 2004.

[48] Shengwei Wang and Xinhua Xu. Optimal and robust control of outdoor ventilation airflow rate for improving energy efficiency and iaq. Building and Environment, 39(7):763–773, 2004.

[49] William J Fisk. Optical people counting for demand controlled ventila-tion: A pilot study of counter performance. 2010.

[50] Environment Canada. Canadian climate normals 1981-2010., 2011.

[51] F. Pan. Wind-induced internal pressures of buildings with multiple open-ings. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 139(3):376; 376–385;, -03 2013.

doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000464;.

[52] Jeong Hee Oh, Gregory A. Kopp, and Diana R. Inculet. The uwo contri-bution to the nist aerodynamic database for wind loads on low buildings:

Part 3. internal pressures. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 95(8):755–779, 8 2007.

[53] Gregory A. Kopp, Jeong Hee Oh, and Diana R. Inculet. Wind-induced internal pressures in houses. Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(7):1129–1138, 2008. M3: Article.

Glossary

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) - Any organic chemical with a low vapour pressure, which allows substantial evaporation at room temperature. Alcohol and vinegar are common examples.

Sensor Based Demand Controlled Ventilation (SBDCV)- Any ventilation control system that uses sensing, feedback and control to adjust the quantity of fresh air as occupancy changes, as opposed to a system that is based on a fixed schedules.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) - a loosely defined concept with no generally agreed upon method to quantify it. Most occupants consider indoor air with a CO₂ concentration below 1000 ppm to be acceptable i.e. acceptable IAQ, however the many other contaminants could be present, resulting in it being harmful to health - e.g. poor IAQ.

Chapter 5

Publications and Presentations