difference
Socioeconomic stratum 1.49 1.77 0.05 * Families in same dwelling 1.02 1.08 0.25
Rooms in dwelling 2.95 2.82 0.54
Rooms used to sleep 2.15 2.06 0.59
Number of toilets 1.23 1.15 0.30
Household size 4.85 4.63 0.44
Educational attainment 10.0 10.3 0.35 Monthly income (COL$) 130000 130000 0.74 Weeks looking for a job 0.72 1.03 0.72
Age 34.3 32 0.11 Telephone 80.3 79.0 0.86 Gas 75.4 80.6 0.48 Sewerage 85.2 90.3 0.39 Color TV 91.8 90.3 0.77 Refrigerator 73.8 71 0.73 Oven 21.3 17.7 0.62 SISBEN score 16.01 18.5 0.07 * SISBEN level: 1 29.5 17.7 0.19 2 45.9 45.2 3 24.6 37.1 Floor material: Sand or dirt 1.6 0 0.47 Unpolished wood 3.3 0 Cement 39.3 40.3 Tile, brick 52.5 58.1
Carpet, marble, parqué 3.3 1.6
Marital status: Cohabitation 31.1 17.7 0.18 Married 36.1 50 Widowed 0 1.6 Separated / divorced 13.1 6.5 Single 19.7 24.2 Number of observations 61 62
*** Significance at 1%; ** Significance at 5%; * Significance at 10% Source: SISBEN Survey II (2003-2010) For discrete outcomes, we present the p-value for the Pearson chi-squared test
35
Table 10
Difference in Children's nutritional status between treatment
and control HCB prior to intervention
Nutritional status Difference Treatment- Control Standard error P-value for difference Height-for-age (Z-score) 0.0259 0.074 0.726 Weight-for-age (Z-score) 0.0019 0.075 0.980 Weight-for-height (Z-score) 0.0098 0.087 0.910
Source: HCB nutritional status tracking system METRIX for years 2006,2007 and 2008 No. of observations in control group= 5,047 child-month and 35 HCB
No. of observations in treatment group= 3,209 child-month and 47 HCB Difference is the coefficient on the treatment indicator in a regression of nutritional status on month and year dummies, child's age and duration of program participation, and HCB clustered standard errors.
36
Table 11
Children and family characteristics by group
OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS TREATMENT CONTROL DIFFERENCE
Mean s.d. Obs. Mean s.d. Obs. Mean s.d.
SISBEN survey (%) 63.1 (1.73) 771 74.0 (1.54) 808 -10.9 (2.31) *** SISBEN level 2 or less (%) 93.9 (11.40) 556 97.52 (6.53) 442 -3.60 (1.25) *** Household's monthly income (COL$000) 946.4 (552.5) 767 908.2 (592.1) 800 38.18 (29.0) Household's monthly expenditures (COL$000) 681.9 (397.7) 766 635.8 (339.4) 801 46.18 (18.6) ** Mother's age 28.6 (6.55) 755 28.6 (6.61) 782 0.03 (0.34) Mother's schooling attainment 10.4 (6.13) 736 10.0 (2.94) 769 0.40 (0.25) Female head of household (%) 14.31 (1.2) 771 14.08 (1.14) 808 0.23 (1.64) Father present (%) 70.83 (1.73) 654 70.64 (1.78) 689 0.19 (2.48) Mother married or cohabiting (%) 72.18 (1.68) 712 70.23 (1.73) 692 1.95 (2.41) Mother separated, widow or single (%) 27.1 (1.66) 712 29.6 (1.73) 692 -2.51 (2.40) Household size 4.32 (1.43) 770 4.36 (1.50) 806 -0.04 (0.07) Number of children under 18 in household 2.06 (0.98) 771 2.13 (1.02) 803 -0.07 (0.05) % in lowest wealth quintile & 19.55 (1.33) 771 20.32 (1.32) 808 -0.78 (1.88) % in highest wealth quintile & 19.16 (1.32) 771 20.96 (1.33) 808 -1.80 (1.88) Wealth index & 3.558 (0.97) 771 3.509 (1.03) 808 0.05 (0.05) % contributive health insurance 61.94 (1.83) 699 57.54 (1.89) 683 4.40 (2.63) * % subsidized health insurance 33.62 (1.78) 699 37.62 (1.85) 683 -4.00 (2.57) Mother's labor earnings (COL$000) 498 (508.0) 580 479 (493.0) 638 19.70 (31.7) Mother's weekly hours devoted to child care 43.97 (40.08) 755 41.44 (22.14) 779 2.53 (1.65) Employment status of the head of the household 91.12 (1.13) 631 90.16 (1.21) 610 0.96 (1.65)
Number of observations 771 808
*** Statistically significant difference at 1%, ** at 5%, * at 10% & Household's wealth index: Principal component of Factor analysis of questions related with durable goods ownership, and characteristics of the household such as quality of floors and walls and availability of public utilities. Number between 0 & 5.2 with mean 3.53.
37
Table 12
MC & HCB Outcome variables by group
OUTCOME VARIABLES TREATMENT CONTROL DIFFERENCE
Mean s.e Mean s.e. Mean s.e.
QUALITY OF CARE OFFERED o
▫Total FDCRS scale (1 to 7) 3.98 (0.076) 3.72 (0.075) 0.26 (0.107) ** ▫FDCRS Processes Subscale (1 to 7) 4.11 (0.079) 3.86 (0.079) 0.25 (0.112) ** ▫FDCRS Infrastructure Subscale (1 to 7) 3.31 (0.093) 2.91 (0.085) 0.40 (0.127) ***
COMPLIANCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINES 1
▫Guidelines related to kitchen personnel 0.20 (0.106) -0.17 (0.129) 0.37 (0.169) ** ▫Guidelines related to food consumption area 0.05 (0.149) -0.04 (0.095) 0.09 (0.175) ▫Guildelines related to protective practices 0.19 (0.158) -0.18 (0.074) 0.37 (0.172) **
DESIGN OF CONDUCIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
▫Frequency of pedagogical routines 2 0.23 (0.111) -0.21 (0.121) 0.45 (0.165) *** ▫Use of pedagogical material in the HCB 2 0.20 (0.113) -0.19 (0.122) 0.39 (0.167) ** ▫Routines and pedagogic materials combined 2 0.25 (0.112) -0.23 (0.119) 0.49 (0.165) *** ▫Frequency pedagogical activities outside the HCB 3 0.20 (0.134) -0.18 (0.102) 0.38 (0.167) **
INTERACTION WITH PARENTS 4
▫Provided information to parents last 7 days about:
Nutrition 2.96 (0.025) 2.81 (0.050) 0.15 (0.058) ** Health 2.94 (0.036) 2.95 (0.030) -0.01 (0.046) Breastfeeding 2.01 (0.093) 1.75 (0.091) 0.26 (0.131) ** Discipline practices 2.91 (0.035) 2.90 (0.044) 0.01 (0.057) No. of observations= 67 73
*** Statistically significant difference at 1%, ** at 5%, * at 10%
o Family Day Care Rating Scale (from 1 min to 7 max)
1 Items correspond to principal component of questions related to compliance of ICBF administrative guidelines in the HCB by subsections 2 Principal component of frequency of pedagogic routines in HCB and the use of pedagogical materials. Number between -2.6 and 2 with mean zero. 3 Principal components of the frequency of visits to libraries, museums, parks, recreational facilities and others.
38
Table 13
Child outcome variables by group OUTCOME VARIABLES TREATMENT CONTROL DIFFERENCE
Mean s.e. Mean s.e. Mean s.e.
HEALTH
Incidence of diarrhea 1.59 (0.42) 1.73 (0.42) -0.14 (0.60) Incidence of cough, flu or cold 9.11 (0.97) 10.92 (1.03) -1.81 (1.42) Incidence of other illness 3.87 (0.65) 3.57 (0.61) 0.30 (0.89)
N= 771 808
NUTRITION
Height for age -0.81 (0.05) -0.83 (0.04) 0.01 (0.06) Weight for age -0.58 (0.04) -0.60 (0.04) 0.02 (0.06) Weight for height -0.04 (0.04) -0.05 (0.03) 0.01 (0.05)
N= 628 686
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
PIPPS - Aggression 2.03 (0.03) 2.01 (0.02) 0.02 (0.03) PIPPS - Isolation 1.62 (0.03) 1.54 (0.02) 0.08 (0.03) ** PIPPS - Adequate interaction 2.79 (2.84) 2.84 (0.03) -0.05 (0.04)
N= 380 436
ASQ - Socioemotional 52.75 (0.77) 54.53 (0.74) -1.78 (1.07) * Risk of socioemotional lag 0.27 (0.44) 0.32 (0.47) -0.05 (0.02) **
N= 769 793
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
ASQ - Communication 48.3 (0.87) 46.17 (0.95) 2.13 (1.29) * Risk of communication lag 0.07 (0.26) 0.12 (0.33) -0.05 (0.03) ASQ - Problem solving 48.9 (0.84) 46.33 (0.89) 2.59 (1.22) ** Risk of problem solving lag 0.06 (0.24) 0.08 (0.27) -0.02 (0.03)
N= 180 178
WM - Brief intelectual ability 87.7 (1.06) 88.95 (1.05) -1.23 (1.50) WM - Verbal ability 80.8 (1.03) 80.51 (0.96) 0.26 (1.40) WM - Mathematical reasoning 85.1 (1.18) 81.73 (1.14) 3.40 (1.65) ** WM - General knowledge 83.4 (0.76) 81.75 (0.79) 1.66 (1.10) N= 251 286 PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT
ASQ - Fine motor skills 42.3 (1.07) 42.25 (1.10) 0.04 (1.54) Risk of fine motor lag 0.10 (0.31) 0.07 (0.26) 0.03 (0.03) ASQ - Gross motor skills 49.7 (0.84) 49.53 (0.86) 0.16 (1.20) Risk of gross motor lag 0.11 (0.32) 0.14 (0.34) -0.02 (0.03)
N= 184 184
*** Statistically significant difference at 1%, ** at 5%, * at 10% Robust standard errors by clustering at HCB level.
39
Table 14
Program effects on quality of care offered at HCB Outcome Variable
ECDC group
Treatment Standard No. of
Mean Std dev effect error obs.
QUALITY OF CARE OFFERED o
▫Total FDCRS scale (1 to 7) 3.98 (0.076) 0.243 (0.122) ** 140 ▫FDCRS Processes Subscale (1 to 7) 4.11 (0.079) 0.238 (0.127) * 140 ▫FDCRS Infrastructure Subscale (1 to 7) 3.31 (0.093) 0.420 (0.137) *** 140
COMPLIANCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINES 1
▫Guidelines related to kitchen personnel 0.20 (0.106) 0.323 (0.186) * 136 ▫Guidelines related to food consumption area 0.05 (0.149) 0.155 (0.189) 132 ▫Guildelines related to protective practices 0.19 (0.158) 0.221 (0.152) 130
DESIGN OF CONDUCIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
▫Index of frequency of pedagogical routines 2 0.23 (0.111) 0.296 (0.159) * 140 ▫Index of use of pedagogical material in the HCB 2 0.20 (0.113) 0.170 (0.159) ** 139 ▫Index of routines and pedagogic materials combined 2 0.25 (0.112) 0.393 (0.159) ** 139 ▫Frequency of pedagogical activities outside the HCB 3 0.20 (0.134) 0.377 (0.171) ** 139
INTERACTION WITH PARENTS 4
▫Provided information to parents last 7 days regarding:
Nutrition 2.96 (0.025) 0.131 (0.060) ** 140
Health 2.94 (0.036) 0.000 (0.044) 140
Breastfeeding 2.01 (0.093) 0.285 (0.142) ** 140 Discipline practices 2.91 (0.035) -0.003 (0.063) 140
*** Statistically significant difference at 1%, ** at 5%, * at 10% All models at MC level control for average monthly income, SISBEN survey, MC's age, and total time as MC. o Family Day Care Rating Scale (from 1 min to 7 max) 1 Items correspond to principal component of questions related to compliance of ICBF administrative guidelines in the HCB by subsections 2 Principal component of frequency of pedagogic routines in HCB and the use of pedagogical materials.
Number between -2.6 and 2 with mean zero.
3 Principal components of the frequency of visits to libraries, museums, parks, recreational facilities and others.
40
Table 15
Program effects on beneficiary children ECDC group Complete treatment group 1 Only MC treated in 2008 2
Outcome variable Mean Std dev Effect Standard error No. obs Effect Standard error No. obs. HEALTH Incidence of diarrhea (%) 1.59 (0.42) -0.0116 (0.0095) 1,247 -0.0190 (0.0113) * 853 Incidence of cough,flu,cold (%) 9.11 (0.97) -0.0372 (0.0213) * 1,247 -0.0551 (0.0240) ** 853 Incidence of other illness (%) 3.87 (0.65) 0.0138 (0.0122) 1,247 0.0084 (0.0148) 853
NUTRITION
Height for age (Z-score) -0.81 (0.05) -0.0211 (0.0742) 970 0.0117 (0.0986) 660 Weight for age (Z-score) -0.58 (0.04) 0.0301 (0.0714) 970 0.0391 (0.0929) 660 Weight for height (Z-score) -0.04 (0.04) 0.0340 (0.0752) 970 0.0095 (0.0944) 660
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PIPPS - Aggression 3 2.03 (0.03) 0.0483 (0.0600) 571 0.0359 (0.0808) 407 PIPPS - Isolation 4 1.62 (0.03) 0.0766 (0.0651) 571 -0.0519 (0.0999) 407 PIPPS - Adequate interaction 5 2.79 (2.84) -0.0337 (0.0898) 571 0.1156 (0.1088) 407 ASQ - Socioemotional (score) 52.75 (0.77) -1.5928 (1.4746) 1,219 -4.4812 (1.8002) ** 832 Risk of socioemotional lag 0.27 (0.44) -0.0551 (0.0317) * 1,219 -0.0901 (0.0389) ** 832
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
ASQ - Communication (score) 48.30 (0.87) 1.4452 (1.6110) 284 1.8578 (2.0812) 190 Risk of communication lag 0.07 (0.26) -0.0521 (0.0386) 284 -0.0493 (0.0511) 190 ASQ - Problem solving (score) 48.92 (0.84) 1.2669 (1.6534) 284 4.4756 (1.7077) *** 190 Risk of problem solving lag 0.06 (0.24) -0.0243 (0.0379) 284 -0.0941 (0.0397) ** 190 WM - Brief intelectual ability 87.71 (1.06) -1.2809 (2.1430) 388 -0.0799 (2.5906) 272 WM - Verbal ability 80.76 (1.03) 0.0448 (1.2739) 386 -0.5614 (1.9313) 271 WM - Mathematical reasoning 85.12 (1.18) 4.1810 (2.1184) * 386 3.5815 (2.8335) 271 WM - General knowledge 83.41 (0.76) 1.3435 (1.2054) 390 1.6893 (1.6201) 273
PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT
ASQ - Fine motor skills 42.29 (1.07) -2.0986 (2.3147) 284 3.4753 (3.0846) 190 Risk of fine motor lag 0.10 (0.31) 0.0467 (0.0399) 284 -0.0285 (0.0419) 190 ASQ - Gross motor skills 49.68 (0.84) -0.7955 (1.5165) 284 -1.1545 (1.6858) 190 Risk of gross motor lag 0.11 (0.32) -0.0093 (0.0424) 284 -0.0305 (0.0596) 190 *** Statistically significant difference at 1%, ** at 5%, * at 10% Robust standard errors by clustering at HCB level. All models include as controls: child's age and gender, household average monthly expenses, mother's education and marital status, household size and number of children under 18, indicator for lowest income quintile; HCB Sisbén survey, MC's age, monthly earnings and continuous time working in HCB. 1 All of 67 HCB whose MC participated and graduated from the ECDC program
2 The treatment group only includes the 26 MC that finalized the ECDC program in December 2008
3 Scale 1 to 4, less is better
4 Scale 1 to 4, less is better