References
Abrams, G. D., & Safran, M. R. (2010). Diagnosis and management of superior labrum anterior posterior lesions in overhead athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(5), 311-318.
doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.070458; 10.1136/bjsm.2009.070458
Banks, K. P., Ly, J. Q., Beall, D. P., Grayson, D. E., Bancroft, L. W., & Tall, M. A. (2005). Overuse injuries of the upper extremity in the competitive athlete: Magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with repetitive trauma. Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology, 34(4), 127-142. doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2005.04.001
Burkhart, S. S., Morgan, C. D., & Kibler, W. B. (2003a). The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology part I: Pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy : The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association, 19(4), 404-420. doi:10.1053/jars.2003.50128
Burkhart, S. S., Morgan, C. D., & Kibler, W. B. (2003b). The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology part III: The SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation. Arthroscopy : The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association, 19(6), 641-661.
Burkhart, S. S., Morgan, C. D., & Kibler, W. B. (2003c). The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology. part II: Evaluation and treatment of SLAP lesions in throwers. Arthroscopy : The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association, 19(5), 531-539.
doi:10.1053/jars.2003.50139
Chang, D., Mohana-Borges, A., Borso, M., & Chung, C. B. (2008). SLAP lesions: Anatomy, clinical presentation, MR imaging diagnosis and characterization. European Journal of Radiology, 68(1), 72-87. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.02.026; 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.02.026
Crockett, H. C., Gross, L. B., Wilk, K. E., Schwartz, M. L., Reed, J., O'Mara, J., . . . Andrews, J. R. (2002). Osseous adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in professional baseball pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(1), 20-26.
Dick, R., Sauers, E. L., Agel, J., Keuter, G., Marshall, S. W., McCarty, K., & McFarland, E. (2007). Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's baseball injuries: National collegiate athletic
association injury surveillance system, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(2), 183-193.
Dines, J. S., Frank, J. B., Akerman, M., & Yocum, L. A. (2009). Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits in baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(3), 566-570. doi:10.1177/0363546508326712; 10.1177/0363546508326712
Fleisig, G. S., & Andrews, J. R. (2012). Prevention of elbow injuries in youth baseball pitchers. Sports Health, 4(5), 419-424. doi:10.1177/1941738112454828
Freehill, M. T., Ebel, B. G., Archer, K. R., Bancells, R. L., Wilckens, J. H., McFarland, E. G., & Cosgarea, A. J. (2011). Glenohumeral range of motion in major league pitchers: Changes over the playing season. Sports Health, 3(1), 97-104. doi:10.1177/1941738110374627
Freehill, M. T., & Safran, M. R. (2011). Diagnosis and management of ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwers. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 10(5), 271-278. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e31822d4000; 10.1249/JSR.0b013e31822d4000
Garrison, J. C., Cole, M. A., Conway, J. E., Macko, M. J., Thigpen, C., & Shanley, E. (2012). Shoulder range of motion deficits in baseball players with an ulnar collateral ligament tear. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(11), 2597-2603. Retrieved from
https://auth.lib.unc.edu/ezproxy_auth.php?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=s3h&AN=83158473&site=ehost-live
Hang, D. W., Chao, C. M., & Hang, Y. S. (2004). A clinical and roentgenographic study of little league elbow. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(1), 79-84.
Hariri, S., & Safran, M. R. (2010). Ulnar collateral ligament injury in the overhead athlete. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 29(4), 619-644. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2010.06.007
Hibberd, E. E., Oyama, S., & Myers, J. B. (2014). Increase in humeral retrotorsion accounts for age- related increase in glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in youth and adolescent baseball players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, doi:10.1177/0363546513519325
House, T., Maison, C., & Preston, C. F. (2009). Risk assessment and prevention of arm injuries in baseball players: A working knowledge is critical to physicians who are directly involved. The Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine, 26, 149. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA199465263&v=2.1&u=unc_main&it=r&p=AONE &sw=w&asid=d8efb7caa77e5fa3937c38377c3619b2
Hung, C. J., Hsieh, C. L., Yang, P. L., & Lin, J. J. (2010). Relationships between posterior shoulder muscle stiffness and rotation in patients with stiff shoulder. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the UEMS European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(3), 216- 220. doi:10.2340/16501977-0504; 10.2340/16501977-0504
Jobe, C. M., Coen, M. J., & Screnar, P. (2000). Evaluation of impingement syndromes in the overhead- throwing athlete. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(3), 293-299.
Jones, K. J., Osbahr, D. C., Schrumpf, M. A., Dines, J. S., & Altchek, D. W. (2012). Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in throwing athletes: A review of current ConceptsAAOS exhibit selection. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 94(8), e49 1-12. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.01034
Kibler, W. B., Sciascia, A., & Thomas, S. J. (2012). Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit: Pathogenesis and response to acute throwing. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 20(1), 34-38.
doi:10.1097/JSA.0b013e318244853e; 10.1097/JSA.0b013e318244853e
Kibler, W. B., Kuhn, J. E., Wilk, K., Sciascia, A., Moore, S., Laudner, K., . . . Uhl, T. (2013). The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of Pathology—10-year update. Arthroscopy: The Journal of
Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 29(1), 141-161.e26. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2012.10.009
Krajnik, S., Fogarty, K. J., Yard, E. E., & Comstock, R. D. (2010a). Shoulder injuries in US high school baseball and softball athletes, 2005-2008. Pediatrics, 125(3), 497-501. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0961; 10.1542/peds.2009-0961
Krajnik, S., Fogarty, K. J., Yard, E. E., & Comstock, R. D. (2010b). Shoulder injuries in US high school baseball and softball athletes, 2005-2008. Pediatrics, 125(3), 497-501. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0961; 10.1542/peds.2009-0961
Laudner, K. G., Sipes, R. C., & Wilson, J. T. (2008). The acute effects of sleeper stretches on shoulder range of motion. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(4), 359-363. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-43.4.359; 10.4085/1062-6050-43.4.359
Laudner, K. G., Myers, J. B., Pasquale, M. R., Bradley, J. P., & Lephart, S. M. (2006). Scapular dysfunction in throwers with pathologic internal impingement. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 36(7), 485-494. Retrieved from http://articles.sirc.ca/search.cfm?id=S-1037027; https://auth.lib.unc.edu/ezproxy_auth.php?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=s3h&AN=SPHS-1037027&site=ehost-live; http://articles.sirc.ca/search.cfm?id=S-1037027; http://www.apta.org/
Lawrence, J. T., Patel, N. M., Macknin, J., Flynn, J. M., Cameron, D., Wolfgruber, H. C., & Ganley, T. J. (2013). Return to competitive sports after medial epicondyle fractures in adolescent athletes: Results of operative and nonoperative treatment. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(5), 1152- 1157. doi:10.1177/0363546513480797; 10.1177/0363546513480797
Maenhout, A. G., Mahieu, N. N., De Muynck, M., De Wilde, L. F., & Cools, A. M. (2013). Does adding heavy load eccentric training to rehabilitation of patients with unilateral subacromial impingement result in better outcome? A randomized, clinical trial. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA, 21(5), 1158-1167. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2012-8; 10.1007/s00167-012-2012-8
Manske, R. C., Grant-Nierman, M., & Lucas, B. (2013). Shoulder posterior internal impingement in the overhead athlete. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8(2), 194-204.
Morrey, B. F., & An, K. N. (1983). Articular and ligamentous contributions to the stability of the elbow joint. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(5), 315-319.
Murayama, M., Nosaka, K., Yoneda, T., & Minamitani, K. (2000). Changes in hardness of the human elbow flexor muscles after eccentric exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(5-6), 361-367. doi:10.1007/s004210000242
Myers, J. B., Laudner, K. G., Pasquale, M. R., Bradley, J. P., & Lephart, S. M. (2006). Glenohumeral range of motion deficits and posterior shoulder tightness in throwers with pathologic internal impingement. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(3), 385-391.
Myers, J. B., Oyama, S., Goerger, B. M., Rucinski, T. J., Blackburn, J. T., & Creighton, R. A. (2009). Influence of humeral torsion on interpretation of posterior shoulder tightness measures in overhead athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 19(5), 366-371. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b544f6; 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b544f6 National Federation of State High School Athletic Associations. (2012). 2011–2012 high school athletics
participation data. Retrieved 9/30, 2013, from http://www.nfhs.org/participation/
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2003). Measurement of joint motion: A guide to geometry. 3rd ed. . Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis Company.
Oyama, S., Hibberd, E. E., & Myers, J. B. (2013). Changes in humeral torsion and shoulder rotation range of motion in high school baseball players over a 1-year period. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon), 28(3), 268-272. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.01.014; 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.01.014 Oyama, S., Myers, J. B., Blackburn, J. T., & Colman, E. C. (2011). Changes in infraspinatus cross-
sectional area and shoulder range of motion with repetitive eccentric external rotator contraction. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon), 26(2), 130-135. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.018; 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.018
Page, P. (2011). Shoulder muscle imbalance and subacromial impingement syndrome in overhead athletes. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 6(1), 51-58.
Player's Dugout. (2014). Retrieved April/17, 2014, from http://www.playersdugout.com/
Powers, S. K., & Howley, E. T. (2012). In Johnson C. (Ed.), Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance (8th ed.). New York: Mc-Graw Hill.
Reinold, M. M., Wilk, K. E., Macrina, L. C., Sheheane, C., Dun, S., Fleisig, G. S., . . . Andrews, J. R. (2008). Changes in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion after pitching in professional baseball players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(3), 523-527.
doi:10.1177/0363546507308935
Revelette, A. (2013). Tom house's velocity program will be a gamechanger in multiple sports. Retrieved 11/4, 2013, from http://www.insidepitchonline.com/Press-Center/Lineup/2013/Tom-House-s- Velocity-Plus-Program-will-be-a-game.aspx
Rice, S. G., Congeni, J. A., & Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. (2012). Baseball and softball. Pediatrics, 129(3), e842-56. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3593; 10.1542/peds.2011-3593
Ruotolo, C., Price, E., & Panchal, A. (2006). Loss of total arc of motion in collegiate baseball players. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 15(1), 67-71.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2005.05.006
Shanley, E., Rauh, M. J., Michener, L. A., & Ellenbecker, T. S. (2011). Incidence of injuries in high school softball and baseball players. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(6), 648-654.
softball and baseball players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(9), 1997-2006. doi:10.1177/0363546511408876; 10.1177/0363546511408876
Shanley, E., & Thigpen, C. (2013). Throwing injuries in the adolescent athlete. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8(5), 630-640.
Shanley, E., Thigpen, C. A., Clark, J. C., Wyland, D. J., Hawkins, R. J., Noonan, T. J., & Kissenberth, M. J. (2012). Changes in passive range of motion and development of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in the professional pitching shoulder between spring training in two consecutive years. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons ...[Et Al.], 21(11), 1605-1612. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.035; 10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.035
Thomas, S. J., Swanik, C. B., Higginson, J. S., Kaminski, T. W., Swanik, K. A., Kelly IV, J. D., & Nazarian, L. N. (2013). Neuromuscular and stiffness adaptations in division I collegiate baseball players. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(1), 102-109.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.07.005
Trakis, J. E., McHugh, M. P., Caracciolo, P. A., Busciacco, L., Mullaney, M., & Nicholas, S. J. (2008). Muscle strength and range of motion in adolescent pitchers with throwing-related pain: Implications for injury prevention. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(11), 2173-2178.
doi:10.1177/0363546508319049; 10.1177/0363546508319049
Tyler, T. F., Nicholas, S. J., Lee, S. J., Mullaney, M., & McHugh, M. P. (2010). Correction of posterior shoulder tightness is associated with symptom resolution in patients with internal impingement. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(1), 114-119. doi:10.1177/0363546509346050;
10.1177/0363546509346050
USA Baseball. (2012). About USA baseball. Retrieved 9/30, 2013, from http://web.usabaseball.com/about/
Wang, C. H., McClure, P., Pratt, N. E., & Nobilini, R. (1999). Stretching and strengthening exercises: Their effect on three-dimensional scapular kinematics. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80(8), 923-929.
Whiteley, R. J., Ginn, K. A., Nicholson, L. L., & Adams, R. D. (2009). Sports participation and humeral torsion. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 39(4), 256-263.
doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2821; 10.2519/jospt.2009.2821
Wilk, K. E., Macrina, L. C., Fleisig, G. S., Porterfield, R., Simpson, C. D.,2nd, Harker, P., . . . Andrews, J. R. (2011a). Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotational motion to shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 329-335. doi:10.1177/0363546510384223; 10.1177/0363546510384223
Wilk, K. E., Obma, P., Simpson, C. D., Cain, E. L., Dugas, J. R., & Andrews, J. R. (2009). Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 39(2), 38- 54. doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2929; 10.2519/jospt.2009.2929
Wilk, K. E., Macrina, L. C., Fleisig, G. S., Porterfield, R., Simpson, C. D., Harker, P., . . . Andrews, J. R. (2011b). Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotational motion to shoulder
injuries in professional baseball pitchers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 329-335. Retrieved from
https://auth.lib.unc.edu/ezproxy_auth.php?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=s3h&AN=58766303&site=ehost-live
Zaremski, J. L., & Krabak, B. J. (2012). Shoulder injuries in the skeletally immature baseball pitcher and recommendations for the prevention of injury. PM & R : The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 4(7), 509-516. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.04.005; 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.04.005