Whittaker’s (1969) Five Kingdoms Classification

In the system of classification presented by Copeland, as discussed above, a very important modification was subsequently affected by Whittaker in the year 1969. He sepa-rated the whole of the fungi from rest of the plants (Plantae) on the basis of their heterotrophic mode of nutrition, as compared to other plants which largely possessed a photosynthetic mode of nutrition. This separation of fungi resulted in the creation of a separateKingdom-Fungiand there-by leading to the establishment of the following 5 Kingdoms in the entire living world–

I. Monera : This kingdom includes all the prokaryotic forms, in which the cells are strictly devoid of a true nucleus, plastids, mito-chondria and other membrane bound cell organelles. Mode of nutrition may vary from hetero-trophic to photosynthetic to even chemosynthetic one. The modes ofreproductionare predominantly vegetative or asexual. Even if some of them show sexual process–the act of gametic fusion and meiosis is completely lacking.This kingdom includes–

Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae), Actinomycetes and the true bacteria (Eubacteria).

II. Protista—This kingdom consists primarily of the unicellular but also the colonial forms of eu-karyotic organisms. The modes

of nutrition are either by photo-synthesis or by ingestion. The modes of reproduction include both asexual and sexual.

This kingdom includes–unicellu-lar and colonial algae, Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) as well as slime moulds (Myxomycetes) and Protozoa.

III. Plantae : This kingdom consists strictly of the multicellular eu-karyotic plants, having predomi-nantly a cellulosic cell wall and photosynthetic mode of nutrition.

Mode of reproduction varies from asexual to sexual.

However, the sexual mode of reproduction is predominant and more elaborate. This kingdom includes multicellular algae belonging to classes–

Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae as well as the Bryophytes and Tracheophytes (Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms). The tissue differentiation varies from simple to complex one.

IV. Fungi : This kingdom consists basically of the multicellular organisms, having chitinous cell-wall and the cells absolutely

3 4 5

Plantae

Multicell Plants Fungi Animalia

Multicell animals

Photosynthesis Absorption Ingestion

2 Protista Unicell Eukaryotes

1 Monera

The Prokaryotes

The First Living Object

↑ ↑ ↑

↑

Whittaker’s concept of five kingdom classification and diversification devoid of chloroplasts. Naturally, the mode of nutrition is hetero-trophic (absorptive). The tissue differentiation is almost nil or totally absent. Reproductive modes include both a sexual as well as sexual. This kingdom includes—alga fungi (Phyco-mycetes). Sac fungi (Ascomy-cetes), Club fungi (Basidiomy-cetes) and the imperfect fungi (Deuteromycetes). However, sexuality is totally lacking among the deuteromycetes.

V. Animalia : This kingdom con-sistsof the wallless, multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The prin-cipal mode of nutrition is inges-tion. The ingested food is di-gested internally in the intestinal cavity (holozoic nutrition). The somatic built up shows a very complex and advanced type of tissue differentiation and the predominant mode of reproduc-tion is sexual. This kingdom includes all the multicellular ani-mals. The general plan of evolu-tion and divergence of the mem-bers of above five kingdoms, suggested byWhittakerhas been summarized below :

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The cryptogams include—

(A) Thallophyta only (B) Bryophyta only (C) Pteridophyta only (D) All of the above

2. The group of plants included under ‘phycophyta’ may alter-natively be called as—

(A) Heterotrophic thallophytes (B) Non-vascular archegoniate (C) Autotrophic thallophytes (D) Vascular archegoniatae 3. A fully mature plant body,

un-differentiated into root, stem and leaf is technically known as—

(A) Callus (B) Thallus (C) Annulus (D) Herbaceous 4. Which of the following groups of

plants produce seeds but have no fruits ?

(A) Gymnosperms (B) Bryophytes (C) Fungi (D) Pteridophytes

5. The division of the plant king-dom, forming dominant terres-trial flora of the present day is—

(A) Pteridophyta (B) Spermatophyta (C) Thallophyta (D) Bryophyta

6. The chlorophyllous thallophytes have been grouped under—

(A) Schizophyta (B) Mycophyta (C) Phycophyta (D) Anthophyta

7. The chlorophyllous thallophytes have been grouped under—

(A) Algae (B) Fungi (C) Bryophytes (D) Angiosperms

8. In which of the following res-pects,theangiosperms resemble the gymnosperms ?

(A) Presence of ovule (B) Nature of endosperm (C) Presence of vessels in wood (D) Mode of fertilization

9. In which of the following groups of plants, embryo formation is entirely absent ?

(A) Thallophyta (B) Bryophyta (C) Pteridophyta (D) Anthophyta

10. Which of the following is not included within trachaeophyta ? (A) Anthophyta

(B) Gymnophyta (C) Bryophyta (D) Pteridophyta

11. A pteridophyta differs from a bryophyte in having—

(A) An independent gameto-phyte

(B) An independent sporophyte (C) Archegonia

(D) Antheridia

12. Conducting tissues, other than the xylem and phloem are found in—

(A) Algae (B) Fungi (C) Bryophytes (D) None of these

13. Which one of the following is a prokaryote ?

(A) Chlorella (B) Rivularia (C) Gnetum (D) Fungi 14. Which one of the following is an

acellular organism ? (A) Cyanobacteria (B) Viruses (C) Bacteria (D) Ephedra

15. The term ‘Monera’ was intro-duced by—

(A) Theophrastus (B) Weismann (C) Oparin (D) Haeckel

16. The ‘non-vascular cryptogams’

includes—

(A) Algae only (B) Fungi only

17. The term ‘Protista’ signifies—

(A) All protozoans

(B) All eukaryotic unicellular algae

18. The stamen in angiosperms is homologous to—

(A) Megasporophyll (B) Microsporangium (C) Microsporophyll (D) Embryosac mother cell 19. The microsporangium

corres-ponds to which of the following parts of angiosperms ?

(A) Pollen sac (B) Male gametophyte (C) Pollen grain (D) Carpel

20. The embryophyta alongwith thallophyta constitute—

(A) Bryophyta only (B) Pteridophyta only (C) Spermatophyta only (D) The entire plant kingdom 21. Which of the following groups of

plants have vascular tissue and reproduce asexually by spores but are devoid of seeds ? (A) Gymnosperms (B) Algae

22. The chlorophyllous thallophytes are represented by—

(A) Fungi (B) Algae (C) Mosses (D) Liverworts

23. The symbiotic association of a fungus with the roots of higher plants is known as—

(A) Lichens (B) Nodules (C) Mycorrhiza (D) None of these

24. Which one of the following is neither a prokaryote nor an eukaryote ?

(A) Virus (B) Bacteria

25. Which of the followings are known as ‘phanerogams without ovary’ ?

(A) Pteridophytes (B) Gymnosperms (C) Thallophytes (D) Bryophytes

26. The plants bearing both anthe-ridia and archegonia are said to be—

(A) Autoecious (B) Heteroecious (C) Monoecious (D) Dioecious

27. In which of the following groups of plants, the gametophytic generation is dominant over the sporophytic one ?

(A) Thallophytes (B) Pteridophytes (C) Bryophytes (D) More than one

28. The simplest and highly reduced form of archegonium is to be found in—

(A) Bryophytes (B) Gymnosperms (C) Pteridophytes (D) None of these

29. Which of the following is an aquatic pteridophyte ?

(A) Pteris (B) Lycopodium (C) Marsilea (D) Selaginella

30. Diaminopimelic acid is the cha-racteristic amino acid confined to—

(A) All the moneras (B) All the protistas (C) All the metaphytes (D) All the metazoans

31. Which one is a feature typical to the gymnosperms ?

(A) Pollination by air only

(B) Absence of double fertiliza-tion

(D) All of the above

32. Which of the following has the largest gametophyte ?

(A) Pinus (B) Funaria (C) Selaginella (D) Cycas

33. The female gametophyte of angiosperms is represented by the—

(A) Nucellus of the ovule (B) Embryosac mother cell (C) Embryosac

(D) Germinating pollen grain 34. Which one of the following

state-ments is correct ?

(A) Vascular cryptogams are all heterosporous

(B) Vascular cryptogams are all homosporous

(D) Spermatophytes are all heterosporous

35. Vessels and companion cells are absent in—

(A) All angiosperms (B) All gymnosperms

(D) All gymnosperms excluding Gnetum, Ephedra and Wel-witschia

36. Match List-I with List -II and pick up the correct choice from the underassigned codes :

List-I

(1) Embryophyta excluding tra-cheophyta

(2) Bryophyta and tracheophyta (3) Phycophyta and mycophyta (4) Bryophyta and pteridophyta (5) Pteridophyta and

spermato-phyta

37. Consider the following state-ments :

(1) Prokaryotes have well organizedspindle apparatus (2) Prokaryotes have chromatin

devoid of histone-proteins (3) Prokaryotes include bacteria

only

(4) Diaminopimelic acid is present in the cell wall of prokaryotes.

Of the above statements : (A) Only 1, 2 and 4 are correct (B) Only 2, 3 and 4 are correct (C) Only 2 and 4 are correct (D) Only 2 and 3 are correct 38. Which one of the following

nomenclatures is correct as per Whittaker’s 5 kingdoms classifi-cation ?

(A) Protobiota, Cytobiota, Metaphyta, Metazoa and Plantae

(B) Metaphyta, Plantae, Anima-lia, Protista and Fungi (C) Monera, Protista, Plantae,

Fungi and Animalia

(D) Monera, Protista, Cytobiota, Fungi and Animalia

39. The four kingdom classification of organism was proposed by—

(A) Copeland (B) Whittaker (C) Linnaeus (D) Hooker 40. A multicellular, eukaryotic and

non-chlorophyllous body organi-zation coupled with ingestion as the mode of nutrition is charac-teristic of—

(A) Fungi (B) Animalia (C) Protista (D) Monera

ANSWERS

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In document CSV Nov09 (Page 71-74)