test yourself c
40. The word trigger has a close meaning to
Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
There are a (41) _____ of causes that can contribute directly or indirectly (42) _____ the extinction of a species or group of species. Just as each species is unique, and (43) _____ is each extinction. The causes for each are varied – some subtle and complex, others obvious and simple. Most simply, any species that is unable to (44) _____ or reproduce in its environment, and unable to move to a new environment where it can do so, will (45) _____ out and become extinct. Extinction of a species may come suddenly when a healthy species is wiped out completely, as when toxic pollution makes its entire. (46) _____ unlivable; or may occur gradually over thousands or millions of years, such as when a species gradually loses out in (47) _____ for food to better adapted competitors.
The question of whether more extinction in the fossil record have been caused by evolution or by catastrophe is a subject of discussion. When talking about species extinction has been raised, most expert concern with the (48) _____ of climate change and technological disasters. Currently, environmental groups and some governments are concerned (49) _____ the extinction of species caused by human beings, and are attempting to combat further extinctions through a variety of conservation programs. Humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting, (50) _____, habitat destruction, introduction of new predators and food competitors, overhunting, and other influences.
41. a. popularity b. differences c. variety d. many
42. a. to b. for c. with d. at
43. a. otherwise b. so c. but d. or
44. a. damage b. deforest c. disappear d. survive
45. a. go b. put c. die d. take
46. a. nature b. reserve c. diversity d. habitat 47. a. compete b. competition c. competitor d. competitive
48. a. effects b. efforts c. destructions d. punishment
49. a. for b. at c. about d. against
50. a. pollution b. planting c. raising d. agriculture
TEST 2
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest. 1. a. prohibit b. exhibit c. habit d. hunting
2. a. hide b. ivory c. decline d. continent
3. a. weapon b. increase c. threat d. spread
4. a. elephants b. decades c. poachers d. actions
5. a. endangered b. threatened c. recovered d. advanced
Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes each unfinished sentence, substitutes the underlined part, or has a close meaning to the original one.
6. People have hunted animals _______ food, hides, and ivory.
a. on b. for c. in d. with
7. Protecting wildlife _______ being extinct requires strict laws and forces.
a. from b. on c. at d. over
8. The number of the world's elephants is restricted _______ some certain countries.
a. at b. into c. to d. upon
9. Our environment is ___ because of serious pollution and endangerment.
a. threat b. threatened c. threatening d. threaten 10. A _______ punishment is necessary to prevent poaching and cutting trees illegally.
a. severe b. severely c. severity d. severities
11. An _______ of the number of elephants in Asia is about 5 million.
a. estimate b. estimable c. estimated d. estimation
12. _______ passenger pigeon, one of several species of extinct birds, was hunted to extinction over _______ few decades: a. The / Ø b. Ø / the c. The / a d. A / the
13. Since the 1600s, humans have rapidly increased _______ rate of extinction because of population growth and resource consumption.
a. a b. an c. the d. Ø
14. Today, most of _______ world's habitats are changing faster than most species can evolve, or adapt to such changes.
a. a b. an c. the d. Ø
15. We need _______ actions and interventions of the local authorities to prevent national parks from being destroyed by pollution.
a. excitedly b. threateningly c. approximately d. timely
16. There was no scientific evidence that the catastrophic _______ in Britain's song-birds was due to the unwelcome attention of birds of prey.
a. appearance b. decline c. increase d. development 17. _______ weapons have made more contribution to poaching and killing wild animals.
a. Huge b. Light c. Advanced d. Commercial 18. Are pandas ____ to only China? Do they survive in any other countries?
a. restricted b. distributed c. submitted d. threatened 19. Poachers deserve strict __ for what damage they have caused to wildlife.
a. estimation b. award c. location d. punishment
20. Although the government has taken certain measures to protect elephants, numerous threats remain for them.
21. _______ you open the window, please? It is so hot in here.
a. May b. Might c. Could d. Need
22. You _______ go to the shop. I have already bought the milk.
a. ought to b. needn't c. should d. may
23. Family _______ spend more time talking, instead of just watching TV.
a. must b. should c. might d. needn't
24. Please, keep silent. You _______ speak during the exam.
a. may not b. might not c. needn't d. must
25. You _______ drive at more than 70 miles per hour in the UK.
a. mustn't b. needn't c. may not d. might not
26. Yesterday, I had to cram all day for my French final. _______, I did not get to sleep until after midnight. a. Nevertheless b. However c. Therefore d. But
27. While hiking in Alaska, you have to keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you _______ approach it. It is dangerous. .
a. might not b. may not c. needn't d. must not
28. Polar bears are beautiful animals; _______, they are wild and unpredictable in nature.
a. despite b. however c. so d. therefore
29. You do not have to be afraid of bear, _______ educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe. .
a. but b. so c. therefore d. although
30. You _______ leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself
a. must b. needn't c. may d. mustn't
Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one. 31. You must never take your helmet off while you are riding a motorcycle.
a. If you are riding a motorcycle, you needn't wear a helmet.'
b. When you are riding a motorcycle, wearing a helmet is not a must. c. You needn't wear a helmet whenever you are riding a motorcycle.
d. Helmets must be worn at all times when you are riding a motorcycle. 32. John was not here yesterday. Perhaps he was ill.
a. John needn't be here yesterday because he was ill.
b. Because of his illness, John should have been here yesterday. c. John might have been ill yesterday, so he was not here. d. John must have been ill yesterday, so he was not here. 33. I think Tom needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible.
a. With that terrible cough, Tom ought to see a doctor.
b. Although his cough was terrible, I think Tom needn't see a doctor. c. Tom must have got a terrible cough and he needs to see a doctor. d. Tom did not see a doctor due to his terrible cough;
34. I took a sweater but it was not necessary. a. I needn't have taken a sweater.
b. It was too necessary for me to take a sweater. c. I should have taken a sweater.
d. I must have taken a sweater.
35. If I were you, I would take the train instead of the bus. a. You should have taken the train instead of the bus. b. You should take t4e train instead of the bus. c. I advise you to take the bus.
d. You must have taken the train instead of the bus.
Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer.
One of the most important ways to help threatened plants and animals survive is to protect their habitats permanently in national parks, nature reserves or wilderness areas. There they can live without too much interference from humans. It is also important to protect habitats outside reserves such as on farms and along roadsides.
You can visit a nearby national park or nature reserve. Some national parks have special guided tours and walks for kids. Talk to the rangers to find out whether there are any threatened species and how they are being protected. You and your friends might be able to help the rangers in their conservation work.
When you visit a national park, make sure you obey the wildlife code: follow fire regulations; leave your pets at home; leave flowers, birds' eggs, logs, bushes and rocks where you find them; put your rubbish in a bin or, better still, take it home.
If you have friends who live on farms, encourage them to keep patches of bush as wildlife habitats and to leave old trees standing, especially those with hollows suitable for nesting animals.
Some areas have groups which look after local lands and nature reserves. They do this by removing weeds and planting local native species in their place. You could join one of these groups, or even start a new one with your parents and friends. Ask your local parks authority or council for information.
By removing rubbish and weeds and replanting with native plants you will allow the native bush to gradually regenerate. This will also encourage native animals to return.
36. Plants and animals can live without too much interference from humans in national parks, nature reserves or wilderness areas.
37. Never visiting a national park is a good way of helping conserve wildlife.
a. True b. False c. No information
38. Tourists cannot ask anything about threatened species when they are in a national park.
a. True b. False c. No information
39. Farms are also ideal places for conserving species.
a. True b. False c. No information
40. Native species will reproduce some day in the future.
a. True b. False c. No information
Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
The current global extinction rate is (41) _____ at about 20,000 species per year, exponentially greater than the background extinction rate. Many (42) _____ believe that we are in the middle of the greatest mass extinction episode since the (43) _____ of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
From what is known about present-day populations and from (44) _____ theory, the change in either the physical (45) _____ the biological environment is the key to extinction. However, the vulnerability of a species depends (46) _____ a wide variety of factors, such as its total population size, geographical (47) _____, reproductive ability, ecological relations with other species, and genetic characteristics. For example, more emphasis is put on the greater vulnerability of species that reproduce slowly as contrasted with those that reproduce (48) _____. Other factors, such as food-plant specialization, may make many fast reproducers more vulnerable than species that reproduce more slowly. No matter (49) _____ fast an insect species that depends on (50) _____ certain plan can reproduce; it will still go extinct if that plant's habitat is destroyed.
It has been estimated that about one half billion species have lived at one time or another, and today's existing species are only 2% of those that have ever evolved. The other 98% have either died out or evolved into something sufficiently different to be called a new species.
41. a. increased b. distributed c. estimated d. added 42. a. biology b. biologists c. biological d. biologically 43. a. disappearance b. remain c. disposal d. limitation
44. a. evolve b. evolution c. evolutionary d. evolutionist
45. a. so b. and c. nor d. or
46. a. in b. on c. at d. about
47. a. opportunity b. follow c. spread d. distribution 48. a. rapidly b. cheaply c. cheerfully d. lastly
49. a. how b. what c. when d. which
testyourself e
TEST 1
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest. 1. a. maneuver b. integral c. against d. aquatic 2. a. synchronized b. psychology c. carry d. activity
3. a. exercise b. diving c. physics d. variety
4. a. swimming b. throwing c. water d. switch
5. a. improve b. lose c. oppose d. movement
Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes each unfinished sentence, substitutes the underlined part, or has a close meaning to the original one.
6. Scuba diving is swimming underwater or taking part ________ another activity while using a scuba set.
a. on b. from c. for d. in
7. Can you tell me some sports which are closely related ________ water?
a. in b. on c. with d. to
8. We can reduce the risk of many diseases ________ swimming.
a. by b. for c. with d. on
9. I often read books and newspapers for ________ entertainment.
a. a b. an c. the d. Ø
10. When we were in Hawaii, we often spent ________ time walking along the beach and enjoying the fresh air.
a. a b. an c. the d. Ø
11. Books which describe real things or events are called ______ non-fiction
a. a b. an c. the d. Ø
12. The main uses of books are to provide entertainment and ________.
a. inform b. information c. informative d. informer 13. The player gave a hard shot ________ straight into the opposing goal.
a. beauty b. beautiful c. beautify d. beautifully 14. Swimming produces both ________ and physical benefits.
a. psychology b. psychological c. psychologist d. psychologically
15. We were really impressed by the ________ of the synchronized swimmers. They were dancing very attractively. a. enjoyment b. entertainment c. performance d. breathing
16. Sports and festivals form an integral part of every human society.
a. essential b. informative c. invented d. exciting
17. A ________ is a tube through which a person swimming just under the surface of the sea can breathe. a. maneuver b. volume c. photograph d. snorkel
18. Books are a primary means for dissemination of knowledge and information. a. attempt b. distribution c. invention d. variety
19. In synchronized swimming, the players perform beautiful maneuvers to music and diving. a. swimming suits b. tools for swimming
c. scuba sets d. movements that need skill and care 20. Thanks to the ______ of paper, many books have been kept for a very long time.
a. information b. knowledge c. durability d. portability 21. Mary eats ________ she used to.
a. fewer meat and bananas than b. less and less meat and bananas than c. less meat and fewer bananas than d. the least meat and fewest bananas than 22. Summer is coming. It gets ________.
a. hot and hot b. hotter and hotter c. more and more hot d. the least hot
23. What time shall we leave? - ________.
a. Soonest and best b. The soonest the best c. Sooner better d. The sooner the better 24. The residents ________ that there is a crocodile at large in the area.
a. must be warned b. must have warned
c. may warned d. may be warning
25. These boxes ________ with care.
a. should have handled b. should be handling
c. should handle d. should be handled
26. 200,000 spectators ________ to witness the three-hour ceremony. a. were gathered the park b. have been gathered the park c. gathered at the park d. gathered the park
27. The opening ceremonies of the 23rd Southeast Asian games ________ at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila. a. held b. was held c. was holding d. had held
28. Thousands of cranes ________.
a. will be returned the spring b. will return the spring c. will be returned in the spring d. will return in the spring
29. Books which describe imaginary events ________ fiction.
a. are called b. called c. is calling d. call
30. Peter ________ when we came into the discotheque.
a. was dancing Mary b. was dancing with Mary c. was danced by Mary d. had danced Mary Error Identification.
31. Reading is an important skill that benefits children in many way, and