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It is reported that collage was devised by Pablo Picasso and the French artist Georges Braque in 1912. Picasso himself used the method to create beautiful three-dimensional objects such as musical instruments. Shapes cut out of paper and scraps diverse materials, which were termed constructions. The term assemblage, which is now sometimes used interchangeably with construction, was coined by the French painter Jean Dubuffet to refer to his own work, which derived from collage. Materials used in modern constructivist sculpture range from junk metal scraps, machine-parts, wires, nails, fabric, and the like.

Self Assessment Exercise 3

Briefly discuss any two techniques of sculpture and some materials used in these.

In fact, some persons (Giorgio Vasari, disegno, for instance) hold the view that drawing is no more than the foundation of the three arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture. But others consider it as an independent art form and others saw it as a preliminary stage in creating a painting or sculpture. However, by the 17th century, the market value or drawing had risen and drawing even became collectors’ items. By the 20th century, drawing had become fully accepted as an art form in its own right.

In art there is what is referred to as children's drawings. These types of drawings were discussed extensively in unit 1 of module 3. These are visual representations made with crayons, markers, or pencils that are created by children purely for pleasure and fun. As we said about in that unit, children’s drawings are as important as those created by adults because they can also be used for therapeutic purposes or developmental assessment. They are used, as was noted, in educational and clinical settings, as means for assessing a child's personality, intellectual development, communication skills, and emotional adjustment.

Children's drawings can also aid in helping to diagnose learning disabilities.

3.5.1 Media

As mentioned above, for you to create drawings you require not just a drawing surface (support) to inscribe your marks, but, also a medium. The medium is the means by which ink, pigment, or colour are applied onto the drawing surface.

There are wet and dry types or water-based or oil-based types (marker, pen and ink, paint, et cetera) or dry types such as graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint)., in some cases, some artists create what is called metalpoint drawings using either silver , lead , gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze and tinpoint. There is also a kind of drawing done with invisible ink. The various instruments used in drawing produce different unique effects in terms of value and texture.

Every drawing begins as a sketch and depending on the intention of the artist; it may be left at that preliminary stage. Or it could be to add more details. All sections of a drawing may be treated further by filling out the entire image or sections of it may be left blank .if blanks are required, the artist could cut a shape of the area to be preserved out of a frisket apply the shape to the drawing surface to protect the area.

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The section of the image that needs to be left blank can also be sprayed with any type of fixative. The chemical in the spray will fix loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevent it from smudging. It is recommended that if a fixative must be used in well-ventilated area or preferably outdoors.

Self Assessment Exercise 3

Briefly discuss any two media used in drawing.

3.5.2 Shading

The method used by artists to vary the tonal value of their drawing is referred to as shading .the technique is employ by the artists to represent the highlights and the shadows as they appear on the object being drawn. The purpose of shading is to render a more realistic image.

There are different methods of shading such as blending and he use of strokes. In the blending method, a medium that does not fix or set easily is smeared using a blending stump, tissue, eraser, chamois leather or a fingertip. There is no hard and fast rule about this anyway as any one or a combination of these items can be used.

Another form of shading technique involves the use of strokes. This technique is best suited for creating texture to the drawing. There are different types of strokes for this purpose and they include hatching and stippling (Fig. 28).

Fig. 28: Different Strokes Used in Shading.

Source: Art Across Time.

Textures can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture. For instance, a coarse texture will be more evident when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together as in placing a light edge next to a dark background.

3.5.3 Layout

Layout focuses on measurements. By measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing, a good layout can be created. This is a vital step in producing a realistic portrayal of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides and the angles can then be reproduced on the drawing surface. It is advisable that you crosscheck what you have done to confirm that they are accurate.

Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to calculate proportions (Fig.

29).

Fig. 29: Drawings.

Source: Certificate Art.

The illumination of the subject (the interplay of light and shadow) is also a key element in creating a good drawing. The light sources are positioned can make a huge difference in the type of message that is being expressed in the work. For instance, a human face with wrinkles can be smoothened out give a more youthful appearance with the placement of various light sources. In contrast, a single light

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Fig. 30: Two-Point Perspective Drawing.

Source: Wilkipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

source, such as harsh daylight, can be used to emphasize any texture or interesting features.

When drawing an object or figure, you should focus on the area within the silhouette and what lies in the exterior. The exterior (also called the negative space), can be as significant in the depiction as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear correctly placed wherever they can be viewed.

Artists often make a draft drawing (referred to as a study) in preparation for a planned final image. They use such studies either to determine the appearances of exact parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best method for achieving the end result.