Smart sensor system for argicultural

(1)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Smart Sensor System for Agricultural

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Tek.nikal

Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor's Degree in Electronics Engineering Technology (Telecommunications) (Hons.)

by

MOHD FAIZ B MOHD SAISI

8071110164

880602355131

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

2015

(2)

ctl!il1l~I

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UHIVERsrTI TEKNIKAL llAL.AYS&A MEL.AKA

BO RANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: Smart Sensor System for Agricultural SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/15 Semester 2

Saya MOHD FAIZ B MOHD SAISI

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. **Sila tandakan ( ./)

D

[2J

SULIT TERHAD TIDAK TERHAD

Alamat Tetap:

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Disahkan oleh:

Cop Rasmi:

10, MEDAN MAJU 6, TMN HAJI ABDULLAH FAHIM,

ELIYANA •NTI R~ ~ensyarah

Jabatan Te~ Kejuruterun Ellldrrit dlrl Ken.,ter Fakult1 Teknologi KejuruterMn Universiti Teknikal Malay51a Mefalca 13200 KEPALA BATSA,

PULAU PINANG.

Tarikh: 'J -;

I l

I

'J.

cJ

\

5

Tarikh: ') 7 / \

I

? CJ\1)

** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

(3)

DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled "Smart Sensor System for Agricultural" is the

results of my own research except as cited in references .

Signature

Author's Name

Date

.

..

.

..

.

__k.

..

.

..

...

.

... .

MOHD F AIZ B MOHD SAIS I

14.01.2015

(4)

APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

Technology (Telecommunications) (Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as follow:

··

~

···

(PN. ELIY ANA BINTI RUSLAN)

EUYANA llN11 RuaAN Pensyarah

Jabalan Tekneioti Kejurut9raan Elt!ktronik d.-i Kompuler

Fakulli TeknelO!i Kejurut ... n Uni11ersiti Teknik•I Malayiota Melaka

(5)

ABSTRAK

Peningkatan mendadak dalam perkembangan teknologi dan inovasi saintifik telah

memberi tamparan yang hebat dalam sektor pertanian. Kerja-kerja pertanian yang dilakukan oleh petani adalah sukar dan melibatkan tenaga fizikal yang besar dari segi

bercucuk tanam. Dengan menggunakan pelbagai jenis sensor merupakan satu cara

yang berkesan bagi memudahkan kerja penanaman. Seterusnya ia dapat meningkatkan hasil pertanian, pengurangan penggunaan racun perosak dan baja oleh

itu keuntungan para petani dapat ditingkatkan. Di sini telah mengambil kira beberapa

masalah dari segi pembaziran. Bagi masalah yang dikenal pasti, beberapa cadangan serta idea berkaitan dengan sensor yang berkesan supaya boleh mendapatkan

maklumat mengenai suhu, kelembapan udara dan kelembapan tanah dalam bidang

pertanian. Selain itu dapat membincangkan tentang rekaan untuk rangkaian sensor

ini, bersama-sama dengan spesifikasi komponen yang boleh digunakan dan dengan

mengambil kira ciri-ciri mikro-pengawal yang berbeza untuk memperolehi maklumat

sensor dalam masa sebenar, pemprosesan, menghantar dan menerima maklumat dari sensor kepada petani melalui komputer. Dengan adanya keputusan ini dapat

mengoptimumkan penggunaan air dan elektrik, meningkatkan kualiti hasil tanaman,

pengurangan penggunaan racun perosak dan baja, dan dengan itu mengurangkan pencemaran alam sekitar di samping memudahkan kerja petani.

(6)

ABSTRACT

The upsurge in the expansion of technology and new scientific give a big impact

even in farming. The agricultural practices followed by the farmers are arduous,

involving a great physical effort from the side of farmers. The usage of different

kinds of sensors and their efficient way of networking in the agricultural fields eases

the work of farmers in the cultivation. This turn can increase crop yields, reduced

use of pesticides and fertilizers by farmers that profitability can be improved. Here

we are taking into account some of the problems like wastage of the natural

resources, power management in the wireless sensor networking (WSN). For the

identified problems, we are thereby proposing some of the ideas concerning the

sensors that could effectively procure the information regarding temperature,

humidity and soil moisture. In addition, this project will discuss about the design for

this sensor network, together with the specification of components that can be used

and taking into account the characteristics of different micro-controllers to obtain

sensor information in real time, processing, transmitting and receiving information

from the sensor to farmers through the computer. The expected results of this paper

will reflect the optimal use of water and electricity, increased quality of food grains,

reduced usage of pesticides and fertilizers, and thus reduced environmental pollution

besides easing the work of farmers.

(7)

DEDICATION

Dedicated with much love and affection to my beloved mom, dad and all family who

always teach me and guide me during my project, Pn. Eliyana Binti Ruslan who

always gives me supports and encouragement, all of my fellow friends.

(8)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah and praised be to Allah for his blessings and giving me the strength

along the challenging journey to complete the project as well as this thesis writing,

without it, I would not have been able to goes this far.

First of all, I would to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Pn. Eliyana

Binti Ruslan for the continuous support for my PSM, for her patience, motivation,

enthusiasm and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of

research, developing and writing of this thesis.

My biggest thanks also go to all my family especially my father and mother who

giving me support throughout my academic years. To all my friends, who have helps

and supported me along the way, thank you so much. Your presence and your

countless effort and support hand give me great strength and confidence.

(9)

Abstrak

Abstract

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Content

List of Tables

List of Figures

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

I. I Background

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objectives

1.4 Scope

1.5 Project Significance

CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

2.2

2.3

Introduction

Information on the Disease of Chili Plant

Chili Disease

2.3. I Type of Disease Chilli

2.4 Control and Care of Chilli Seedlings

2.5 Soil Type and Soil pH

2.6 Soil Acidity and Liming the Soil

2. 7 Contents Parent Material

2.8 Leachate

2.9 Chemical Fertilizers

2.10 Decomposition of Organic Matter

2.11 Addition of Carbonic Acid I Nitric Acid

2.12 Respiration Root I Soil Organisms

2.13 Production of Gas Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide

©

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

II

IJ I

(10)

2.14 Problematic Soils 15

2.15 Acid Sulfuric Soils 16

2.16 Peat Soil 16

2.17 Soil of Former Mining 17

2.18 GSM 17

2.18.1 Advantages and Disadvantages GSM 18

2.19 Mobile phone 20

2.20 Temperature Sensors 21 2.21 Humidity Sensor 22

2.22 Soil Moisture Sensor 23

2.23 PIC Microcontrollers 24

2.23.l Basic Circuit of PIC l 6F877 A (Voltage Regulator) 25

2.23.2 Reset Pin 27

2.23.4 The Oscillator 28

CHAPTER3:METHODOLOGY 30

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Method of Study 31

3.2.1 Title Project Selection 33

3.2.2 Discussion with supervisor 33 3.3 Expectation Result 33

3.4 Circuit Design 35

3.5 Circuit Layout 36

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION 37

4.1 Beginning Connection between Mobile Phone and GSM Modem 37 4.2 Warning Massage by GSM Modem to Mobile Phone 40

4.4 Temperature Sensor 42

4.5 Humidity Sensor 44

4.3 Discussion 47

©

(11)

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

5.1

5.2

Conclusion

Future Work

REFERENCES

©

45

46

47

(12)

LIST OF TABLES

2.1

Soil Temperature Sensor

2

2.2

YCC and GND

27

2.3

Reset Pin Logic Condition

2

7

4.1

Percentage Soil Moisture According to Time

4

2

4.2

The Temperature Readings According to Time

4

3

4

.

3

Percentage Humidity According to Time

44

(13)

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Tristeza Virus 6

2.2 Leaf Spot Diseases 7

2.3 Anthracnose Kidney Disease 8

2.4 Shoot Blight Disease 8

2.5 Bum Seedlings Diseases 9

2.6 Sclerotium Wilt Disease 9

2.7 Soil pH 12

2.8 Leachate 13

2.9 Respiration Root 15

2.10 Cellular Phone Development from the GSM Standard to the 3G 17

UMTS Standard

2.11 Frequency Assignment in GSM and DCS Bands 18

2.12 Present inside Automobile 18

2.13 Soil Temperature Sensor 22

2.14 Humidity Sensor 23

2.16 PIC Microcontrollers 25

2.17 Voltage Regulator Lm7805 25

2.18 Design Circuit 26

2.19 Connection from the Output of Rectifier 26

2.20 Reset Pin 27

2.21 Switch Button Reset 28

2.22 The Oscillator 29

3.1 Method of Study 31

3.2 Method of Study (Cont.) 32

3.3 Expectation Result 34

3.4 The Circuit Design 35

3.5 The Circuit Layout of Smart Sensor for Agricultural 36

4.1 Connection between Mobile Phone and GSM Modem 37

©

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

(14)

4.2 The Mobile Phone Screen Display 38

4.3 Send Massage to GSM Modem. 39

4.4 The Show Readings for Three Sensors 39

4.5 The LCD Display Result 40

4.6 Warning Massage by GSM Modem to Mobile Phone 40

4.7 The Warning Readings for Soil Moisture When the Humidity 41

Level Below 30%.

©

(15)

1.1

Background of Study

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

In this modern age, there are various types of technology between one of them is telecommunications. Telecommunications is one technology that is growing very rapidly. With used this global system for the System for Mobile communication (GSM) communication with wireless and Short Message Service (SMS) is a very good alternative in the field of agriculture. After completion of several studies in the field of agriculture, most farmers farming based on the experience and advice of many people. The farmers do not do research before starting a crop. Therefore most of the crops they planted did not get a satisfactory result. It is caused by improper care plants, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers is among one of the causes. Because of this problem, this system was being created by using a variety of sensors and efficient way of networking in the field of agriculture; facilitate the work of the farmers in the cultivation. This in turn can increase crop yields, reduced use of

pesticides and fertilizers by farmers that profitability can be improved. Some issues have been taken into consideration as wastage of the natural resources, power management in the wireless sensor networking. After the problems identified, some suggestions and ideas concerning the sensors that could effectively procure the information regarding temperature, humidity and soil moisture. Innovation is designed based on advances in biotechnology and electronics that could be used in biological measurements. Device innovation combines two technological applications of molecular recognition and reinforcement of biochemical reactions.

(16)

Among its advantages is that it is cheaper, easy to use and can provide results

quickly and accurately. In this project will discussed about building up of

architecture for the networking of these sensors, along with the specifications of the

components being used as a part of this smart sensor system. By considering the

features of different micro-controllers for acquiring the sensor information in real

time, processing, sending and receiving information from fields to the farmers

through SMS. Using this method, the farmers will get information on the suitability

of the soil for their plants. Farmer can improve crop quality and can enhance

revenue. Besides, the farmers will be able to save costs in terms of the use of

pesticides and fertilizers indirectly in this way it's possible to reduce environmental

pollution while reducing farmers working right.

1.2 Problem Statement

The agricultural sector saw the integration of technology as a catalyst in the

development of the industry. Thus, many new discoveries decomposed through

studies and research carried out by scientists and researchers. This is to improve

productivity in terms of quantity and quality can be produced through the application

of new technology. So far, agricultural practices followed by farmers' difficulty,

involving great physical effort from farmers' side.

Mostly farmers are not well versed in this growing sector. They only follow

the dictates of other people as well their experiences without first reviewing the

method of planting and sowing vegetable seedlings. Therefore, the indirectly effect

the crops use of pesticides.

When the farmer use of pesticides and fertilizers in excess will cause damage

to seedlings as well it invites negative effects and can harm the health of consumers

as well as farmers and it will also cause the pH of the soil is uncertain, so it is not

good for plants. Apart from that there are other effects that allow damage to the crop

temperature factor Temperature factor is also one of the important role for the growth

2

(17)

of sapling and also moisture resistant so important for him to keep the plants can

grow.

Farmers are encouraged to use the latest methods and technology to improve

agriculture in order to increase their income. By using modern technology will not

only increase revenue, but also an opportunity for the broader market when quality is

also enhanced. Each change or transformation of agriculture that implemented will

bring about positive change, particularly to improve productivity and product quality

In addition it also stresses the importance of the use of appropriate technology and

the latest in the agricultural industry for more results, quality and a higher quality and

stable.

1.3 Project Objectives

The objective of the project is to:

(i) This system notifies about soil moisture levels, temperature and air humidity

that influences fertility in plants.

(ii) The system focused on low power consumption for the new design architecture

to cater the most important and critical issue nowadays in monitoring.

(iii) From the sensor node hardware to the management system, the whole system

architecture is explained.

1.4 Scope I Limitation of the Project.

In this final year project the Smart Sensor System for Agricultural has been

create by using the software and hardware. For the software for this project, the item

like PIC, Turbo C++ and GSM coding has be used for run the Smart Sensor System

for Agricultural. Equipment such as the GSM Module Compiler, Temperature

Sensor, Humidity Sensor and Soil Moisture Sensor was used in the hardware. This

3

(18)

sensor will detect the Temperature, Humidity and Soil Moisture and then it well send

the data to GSM. After that the GSM well sent SMS to the farmer.

1.5

Project Significance

By completing this project:

(i) This Smart Sensor System for Agricultural may assist farmers in agriculture.

(ii) Can improve the lifestyle of farmers.

(iii) By using this system, it can improve crop quality.

©

(19)

2.1

Introduction

CHAPTER2

LITERATURE

REVIEW

This chapter discuss about the information about problems on the plants in

improving crop yields and also a tool a tool used by farmers to help them improve

crop yields. The different types of sensors such as Temperature Sensor, Humidity

Sensor, pH Sensor and Soil Moisture Sensor GSM's possible assistance will be

described in this chapter.

2.2

Information on

the

Disease of

Chilli

Plant

Chilli is a fruiting vegetable from the family Solanaceae. It is believed to

have originated from Mexico and South America and has been widely cultivated

throughout the world, especially the tropics. It consists of a variety of species and

type. Its name comes from Nahuatl via the Spanish word issue Chile. It is also known

as pepper in Malaysia East Coast and chilli in North Malaysia and "meriam Jada

secupak". Pepper name also forms the basis of the name of black pepper spice and

white pepper for taste spiciness, even though it is a different species altogether. In

Malaysia, most of the chilli is grown in the lowlands. Generally, there are three kinds

of chilli grown in countries such as red chillies, Bengal and chillies, red chillies into

a commodity but involving an area of 4,000 square acres.

5

(20)

2.3

Chilli Disease

Chilli or scientific name capsicum annuum from the Solanaceae family is no

exception receiving diseases and insect pests on fruit, leaves and roots. Chilli crop

pests such as fruit fly, fruit borer, mites and rodents attack chillies included white

flies and mites.

2.3.1 Type of Disease Chilli

(a) Tristeza Virus

Usually leaf curly because of bacterial Tristeza Virus. It is one of the problems

in the cultivation of chilli when the attack began, the leaves will become curls on a

branch or tree and it will quickly spread to other plants quickly if not controlled

immediately. The studies and observations have been made on the offensive sign

when seen active young leaves begin to curly it will look muddy and sometimes

slightly yellowish started on a limb and multiply to other areas. As a result trees

cannot photosynthesize efficiently and flower production will be interrupted or not

bloom at all. Typically, new buds will not go out and if there were even a very small

[image:20.536.216.342.482.630.2]

size.

Figure 2.1: Tristeza Virus

6

(21)

(b) Leaf Spot Diseases

Firstly Leaf Spot Disease was attacked resulting leaf spots and reduces

photosynthetic activity. However, the disease can be controlled by spraying with

insecticides Binomial. Leaf spot attacks if not controlled will also reduce yield or

lower quality chillies. The second attack is Kidney Disease Antraknos caused by

fungi. These attacks will damage the quality of chilli. Typically pesticide control

methods such as spraying Mancozeb at the rate recommended on the label. Important

to disclose to farmers that once made cannot continue to spray poison fruit picked

chillies and wait TDMH (Prohibited Period Revenue Collection) as written on the

pesticide label.

Figure 2.2: Leaf Spot Diseases

(c) Bacterial Wilt Disease

The most critical chillies disease will wither and may die if not controlled

immediately. The disease is easily attacked chilli crop, especially if the area was

planted with chilli or other crops of the Solanaceae family and somewhat moist soil.

Attacks can occur from infancy to a mature tree to bear fruit.

Red Pest, Leaf Fleas, Aphids and Koya between crop pests. This insect is an

agent for the spread of disease-carrying pathogens fungus, bacteria or virus on chilli.

Koya which live under the leaves that have been wound which would normally

produce a liquid dessert (secretion) that will cause the ants like sweets will snort,

slimy and cause the existence of fungal Black Soot. Koya is also able to move the

whole tree chillies, which is causing the rapid spread of the disease. To mitigate the

problem of aphids can be used spraying with insecticides such as Chlorpyrifos

7

(22)

lmidachlorpid according to the directions on the label. Red pest attacks can be

[image:22.536.81.452.119.314.2]

controlled by spraying pesticide Malathion or Dichlofo.

Figure 2.3: Anthracnose Kidney Disease

(d) Shoot Blight Disease

This disease usually attacks the buds and causes it to wither and black collared.

The starting area is at the base to the tip. It looks like gray Choanephora is a fungus

of the Zygomycetes. It forms an upright hyphae (aerial), gray fine thorn with dark

end. The disease is usually carried by the wind and control by spraying fungicides

appropriately and effectively is necessary.

Figure 2.4: Shoot Blight Disease

(e) Burn Seedlings Diseases

The disease attacks a part of the stems of seedlings chilli. It is spread through

water and soil use that exposed to the disease. The seedlings will be attacked at the

base of the trunk. The part that had been attack will be watery and burn. After the

attack, the seedlings will fall. To avoid this problem, the seeds should be treated with

8

[image:22.536.80.438.321.649.2]

(23)

an appropriate fungicide in advance. Before the seeds are planted, the nursery should be watered with the same fungicide.

LECUR ANAK BENIH

[image:23.536.104.434.122.380.2]

D11111pi11g Off of Seedlings

Figure 2.5: Burn Seedlings Diseases

(t) Sclerotium Wilt Disease

The disease attacks the part roots and stems of chilli and spread through the

soil. Initially, the base of the stem is attacked will appear white colour; this is caused

by the presence of mycelium (fungal threads that make up the thread). This situation

will persist until the base and roots of attack changes colour to black. The disease can

be controlled by burning trees attacked as soon as possible. It is perhaps the most

economical way of control and need to be detected at an early stage of infection.

Figure 2.6: Sclerotium Wilt Disease

9

[image:23.536.178.381.526.666.2]

(24)

2.4 Control and Care of Chilli Seedlings

To control and care of chilli seedlings from disease are as follows:

(i) Use organic fertilizer before planting the sandy soil to improve soil moisture.

(ii) Application must be in order and perfect tree.

(iii) Ensure the provision of adequate calcium in the tree.

(iv) Irrigation should be perfect.

(v) Use mulch to retain soil moisture

(vi) Use of quality seeds and do seed treatment.

Soil Suitability I Weather

(i) Best grown in lowland areas, temperatures between 22-40

°

C

(ii) Moderate rainfall between 1500 - 2000 mm I year

(iii) The best climate is having a temperature of 28-32

°

C

(iv) Chile is suitable for planting in most types of soil including peat and sand

(v) The pH value of the soil available for cultivation is 5.5 - 6.8

(vi) Rainfall: 15000-2000 mm I year

2.5 Soil Type and Soil pH

Soil is fundamental to agriculture to undertake the cultivation of various

plants either for food crops, industrial crops or other crops. Soils formed from the

weathering since millions of years ago and there are many different types of soil

forms on earth that has a variety of features to be learned. Soil Science experts have

made various classifications of soil to be used as a guide for how to manage the soil

for optimum yield in planting activities. There are three important aspects of

agricultural soil are required of soil classification, soil and crop suitability

classification and determination of the suitability of the crop. This information is

important as a basis for the practice of agronomy and soil management for the types

of plants that will be developed.

10