F I N A L REPORT
G R A D U A T E D I P L O M A
S C U L P T U R E
I N T R O D U C T I O N
For the past e l e v e n y e a r s art h a s been my o v e r w h e l m i n g I n t e r e s t . I e n j o y e d d r a w i n g and p a i n t i n g as a child but had the m i s f o r t u n e to attend a s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l w h e r e art w a s c o n s i d e r e d ' l i m p - w r i s t e d ' , and not o f f e r e d . H a v i n g left s c h o o l a f t e r year 10, I was f o r t u n a t e to be a c c e p t e d into La T r o b e U n i v e r s i t y u n d e r the Early L e a v e r s S c h e m e in 1975 w h e r e I studied M u s i c , H i s t o r y and P o l i t i c s .
One of the p r o j e c t s in f i r s t - y e a r m u s i c w a s to r e c o r d f i f t e e n m i n u t e s of a m b i e n t n o i s e and r e p r e s e n t it v i s u a l l y - an e x e r c i s e in n o t a t i o n . The s o l u t i o n I e m p l o y e d i n v o l v e d u s i n g c o l o u r and form to d e s c r i b e s o u n d s . From t h i s p o i n t p a i n t i n g d o m i n a t e d at the e x p e n s e of my s t u d i e s . I left u n i v e r s i t y a f t e r second year and s p e n t the next year w o r k i n g and p a i n t i n g in my s p a r e time. D u r i n g this period I b e c a m e i n t e r e s t e d in s u r f a c e and began u s i n g t e x t u r e u s i n g glue and s a w d u s t to build up a r e a s .
In 1 9 7 8 , w i s h i n g to c o m b i n e e m p l o y m e n t and i n t e r e s t and to learn m o r e , I e n r o l l e d in the B a c h e l o r of E d u c a t i o n (Art and C r a f t ) c o u r s e at M e l b o u r n e S t a t e C o l l e g e . N i n e p r a c t i c a l a r e a s w e r e c o v e r e d in f i r s t year and I d i s c o v e r e d an a p t i t u d e for u s i n g clay to c r e a t e t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l w o r k s . The e n d l e s s t e x t u r a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s of clay p l u s the a t t r a c t i o n of m a k i n g o b j e c t s r a t h e r d i m i n i s h e d the a p p e a l of p a i n t i n g and by f o u r t h year I had b e c o m e c o m p e t a n t e n o u g h to w i n the W a l k e r ' s S c u l p t u r a l C e r a m i c s A w a r d .
For the n e x t two y e a r s , a f t e r a brief period of
m
D i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h i s s i t u a t i o n l e d m e to r e s i g n a n d
i n 1 9 8 4 I w o r k e d p a r t - t i m e . I r e s o l v e d t o m o v e a w a y f r o m
c e r a m i c s a s I f o u n d m y i d e a s w e r e b e i n g r e s t r i c t e d b y t h e n a t u r e
a n d p r o c e s s o f c l a y . T h e r e a l i t y h o w e v e r , w a s t h a t l a c k o f m o n e y
m e a n t f i n d i n g w a y s o f w o r k i n g t h a t w e r e i n e x p e n s i v e a n d I w a s
l i m i t e d b y l a c k o f k n o w l e d g e . D u e t o t h e c r a f t a t t i t u d e s
p r e v a l e n t i n c e r a m i c s , f o r t h e w o r k t o l o o k g o o d w a s e n o u g h , so I
w a s m a k i n g o b j e c t s t h a t s p o k e o f n o t h i n g m o r e t h a t p r e t t y
c o m p o s i t i o n . I b e l i e v e t h a t a m o r e a w a r e a n d a n a l y t i c a l
a p p r o a c h i s n e c e s s a r y ; a s t u d y o f t h e q u a l i t i e s o f t h i n g s , a n d
h o w o u r p e r c e p t i o n s g o v e r n o u r e x p e r i e n c e s of s u c h t h i n g s .
I b e g a n t h i s y e a r o f s t u d y f e e l i n g a n e e d to l e a r n to
a p p l y a m o r e r i g o r o u s a t t i t u d e , t o h o n e m y p e r c e p t i o n s , to
b r o a d e n a n d d e e p e n m y k n o w l e d g e b a s e , a n d I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e w o r k
T H E W O R K S
U p o n m y a r r i v a l a t t h e s c h o o l i n M a r c h , I d i s c u s s e d
w i t h R o n h o w I s h o u l d g o a b o u t m y p r o g r a m m e . H e s u g g e s t e d a
s e r i e s o f e x e r c i s e s + o g e t g o i n g a s h e f e l t m y p r e l i m i n a r y s k e t c h e s
w e r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y s t r o n g e n o u g h t o J u s t i f y c o n s t r u c t i o n .
I n r e f e r e n c e t o a c o m m o n c o m p o n e n t i n t h e s k e t c h e s , i t
w a s d e c i d e d t h a t t h e f i r s t e x e r c i s e b e ' t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a
l a d d e r i n s p a c e ' . A n i n t e n s i v e r e v i s i o n o f F u t u r i s m a n d
n u m e r o u s d r a w i n g s r e v e a l e d m y l a c k o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f b a s i c
s c u l p t u r a l c o n c e p t s . I h a d n e v e r b e f o r e h a d t o p u r s u e s o e x p l i c i t
a s o l u t i o n a n d h a d g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y p r o c e e d i n g a n a l y t i c a l l y . I
f o u n d m y s e l f c o n s t a n t l y s e e k i n g v i s u a l l y p l e a s i n g a n s w e r s t h a t
h a d l i t t l e t o d o w i t h t h e w a y i n w h i c h a l a d d e r o c c u p i e s s p a c e .
I e v e n t u a l l y p r o d u c e d a p i e c e t h a t r e f e r r e d t o a n u m b e r o f t h e
c o m p o n e n t s o f a l a d d e r b u t t h e u s e o f p o s i t i v e / n e g a t i v e w a s
c l u m s y , w i t h a p o s t w e d g e d b e t w e e n t w o b l o c k s , s u p p o s e d l y ' s p a c e
m a d e s o l i d ' . T h e r e w a s n o s u g g e s t i o n o f a d e v e l o p m e n t ; t h e c r u x
o f t h e p r o b l e m . T h e m a t e r i a l u s e d w a s w o o d a s I a m f a m i l i a r w i t h
t h e t e c h n i q u e s . T h e s u r f a c e w a s s t a i n e d b l a c k f o r n o b e t t e r
r e a s o n t h a n t h a t i t w a s r o u g h a n d w o u l d h a v e b e e n d i f f i c u l t t o
p a i n t . A l l i n a l l i t w a s a l o o s e n e r a n d l i t t l e else.
F o r t h e s e c o n d p i e c e I a t t e m p t e d t o r e s p o n d t o t h e
s t a t e m e n t t h a t a r t s h o u l d ' s p e a k o f s o m e t h i n g ' . I r e s o l v e d t o
t r y t o p o r t r a y m o v e m e n t a n d t o i n c r e a s e s c a l e . C a l l e d ' F o l d ' ,
t h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o s e d t o s u g g e s t a p l a n e m o v e d t h r i c e w i t h l i n e s
r e c o r d i n g t h e p a t h t a k e n . A l t h o u g h a f a r b e t t e r e f f o r t , t h e r e
w e r e s t i l l b i g p r o b l e m s . T h e s k e t c h e s l o o k e d g o o d , b u t w h e n
t r a n s l a t e d i n t o t h r e e d i m e n s i o n s i t w a s i n f a c t a v e r y f l a t ,
s i m p l i s t i c a n d l a c k e d d y n a m i s m . A n o t h e r p r o b l e m r a i s e d w a s m y
LAODE'?.
p r o c e e d e d from s k e t c h to o b j e c t w i t h o u t s e e i n g a n y t h i n g in it o t h e r than w h a t I i n t e n d e d it to be. In f a c t , it w a s very o b v i o u s all that t h e r e w a s a s t r o n g f i g u r a t i v e e l e m e n t w h i c h d o m i n a t e d and my " S T O R Y " w a s r a t h e r o b t u s e in that it needed to be e x p l a i n e d b e f o r e b e c o m i n g a p p a r e n t . C r i t i c i s m c e n t r e d upon the p i e c e b e i n g a p a s t i c h e of a s c u l p t u r e , r a t h e r than e x h i b i t i n g an u n d e r s t a n d i n g of h o w s c u l p t u r e w o r k s ; it w a s an e x e r c i s e in how s c u l p t u r e l o o k s .
The o b j e c t of the third p i e c e thus b e c a m e to e l i m i n a t e a l l r e f e r e n c e to the f i g u r e . S u c h an e x e r c i s e is i n v a l u a b l e in t h a t it d e m a n d s a n a l y s i s and e n g e n d e r s an a p p r e c i a t i o n of both that w h i c h is e l i m i n a t e d and that w h i c h is r e t a i n e d . The
r e s u l t a n t w o r k w a s s u c c e s s f u l on the n a r r o w g r o u n d s of s a t i s f y i n g the s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e , but w a s very bland i n d e e d . C a l l e d " F r a m e " it s u f f e r e d from the fact that it w a s d o m i n a t e d , in my m i n d , by w h a t it w a s not s u p p o s e d to b e , and t h e r e f o r e the p o s i t i v e was s u b v e r t e d . In the end it b e c a m e a s p a c e d r a w i n g , an enclosingDp£W\ u n i n t e r e s t i n g v o l u m e . At t h i s s t a g e the task seemed of such
p r o p o r t i o n as to be i n s u r m o u n t a b l e . I w a s d i s p i r i t e d and it w a s s u g g e s t e d that I go for v o l u m e to w o r k out the p r o b l e m s . I felt I had f a i l e d to j u s t i f y my p o s i t i o n in the s c h o o l . Ron stated t h a t one h a s to take an act of f a i t h and p r o c e e d or go and do s o m e t h i n g e l s e .
" F a u l t " , the f o u r t h p i e c e , w a s c o n c e i v e d and m a d e more q u i c k l y t h a t p r e v i o u s w o r k s . My o b j e c t i v e s w e r e to m a k e it truly t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l , to use a v a r i e t y of c o m p o n e n t p a r t s , and to c l e a r l y speak of an a c t i o n . I tried to s h o w two s i m i l a r u n i t s , c o m p r e s s e d and p u s h i n g a g a i n s t one a n o t h e r . T h e r e w a s a
s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t in that d e s p i t e l a c k i n g i m p a c t , the piece s h o w e d m o r e a p p r e c i a t i o n of the use of s p a c e , line and p l a n e , and
O n c e a g a i n m y s t o r y w a s u n c l e a r a n d i t f a i l e d t o a d d r e s s t h e
p r o b l e m s o f g r a v i t y . I t w a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t I h a d a p r e
-o c c u p a t i -o n w i t h p -o i s e a s -o p p -o s e d t -o u s i n g g r a v i t y t -o e m p h a s i z e
t h e i n t e n t o f t h e o b j e c t . T h e w h o l e p i e c e t e n d e d t o b e a h o r i z
-o n t a l c -o m p -o s i t i -o n s t a n d i n g -o n t i p t -o e s . I f c -o m p r e s s i -o n w e r e t -o
b e c e n t r a l , t h e n t h e v e r t i c a l m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d . D e s p i t e t h e s e
s h o r t c o m i n g s , t h e w o r k w a s a t l e a s t a d e q u a t e e n o u g h t o p r o v i d e a
b a s i s f o r u s e f u l c r i t i s m .
A t t h i s s t a g e i t w a s m o s t h e l p f u l t o t r a v e l t o
W o l l o n g o n g a n d S y d n e y t o s e e R o n ' s r e t r o s p e c t i v e a n d t h e B r i t i s h
S h o w . W o l l o n g o n g g a v e m e t h e c h a n c e t o a p p l y t h e p h i l o s o p h y t o
t h e w o r k - a n e n l i g h t e n i n g e x p e r i e n c e . I b e g a n t o s e e h o w a l l
p a r t s m u s t c o n t r i b u t e t o w a r d s t h e s a m e e n d ; a f u n d a m e n t a l l e s s o n .
F o r t h e n e x t p i e c e , t h e e x e r c i s e w a s t o p r o d u c e a n
o b j e c t w h i c h s u g g e s t e d a n o r i g i n a l f o r m , a n a c t i o n a n d a r e s u l t .
I a t t e m p t e d t o d o t h i s b y s h o w i n g t w o s i m i l a r o b j e c t s a f t e r a
c o l l i s i o n , o n e b e n t a n d t h e o t h e r t w i s t e d . I s t a r t e d w i t h t h e
b e n t p a r t a n d t r i e d t o w o r k o u t t h e o t h e r p a r t a s I w e n t . O n c e
a g a i n i t a l l g o t t o o f a n c y w i t h t h e d e c o r a t i v e b e i n g t h e d o m i n a n t
c r i t e r i a . R i g o u r i s l e a r n e d a n d I f i n d t h e n e e d t o c o n s t a n t l y
w a t c h m y s e l f a n d q u e s t i o n m y m o t i v e s i n m a k i n g a e s t h e t i c d e c i s i o n s .
B y c u t t i n g b a c k t o t h e p a r t s e s s e n t i a l 4 o t h e i n t e n t , i t b e g a n t o
w o r k . W i t h t h i s p i e c e i t a l l s t a r t e d t o f i n a l l y c o m e t o g e t h e r .
N o t o n l y w a s t h e s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m a s a t i s f a c t o r y o n e , b u t
i t w a s i n t e r e s t i n g , d y n a m i c , b o l d a n d e c o n o m i c a l . T h e f i r s t r e a l
s c u l p t u r e i n f a c t . C r i t i c i s m w a s p o s i t i v e , t h e n e g a t i v e p o i n t s
b e i n g r e g u l a r i t y o f l i n e a n d l a c k o f s c a l e . I t w a s d e c i d e d t h a t
e x e r c i s e s w e r e n o l o n g e r n e c e s s a r y . T h i s , t h e f i f t h s c u l p t u r e ,
T o m i n i m i s e e x p e n s e a n d t o f a c i l i t a t e e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n ,
I d e c i d e d to m a k e t h e n e x t p i e c e v i a a m a q u e t t e . BalSft w a s u s e d
t o r e s o l v e a n i d e a w h i c h b e g a n a s a p l a n e m o v i n g b e t w e e n t h r e e
r o l l e r s , b u t w h i c h b e c a m e t w o s q u a r e c o l u m n s b e i n g c u t , p u s h e d
a n d p e n e t r a t e d by t w o p l a n e s . I i n t e n d e d t o m o v e a w a y f r o m m y
d e p e n d e n c e u p o n l i n e a n d u t i l i z e p l a n e s , i n c r e a s e s c a l e a n d
e x p l o r e v o l u m e . A s t h e m a q u e t t e r e s o l v e d , t h e o t h e r c r i t i c a l
f a c t o r w a s g r a v i t y , w i t h t h e d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e c o l u m n s a n d t h e i r
p r e c a r i o u s s t a t e s u g g e s t i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r c o l l a p s e , a n d o n e
p l a n e p u s h i n g a g a i n s t t h e g r o u n d . I v i s u a l i s e d t h e w o r k a s b e i n g
a b o u t f i v e a n d a h a l f f e e t t a l l , b u t w a s e n c o u r a g e d t o g o b i g g e r .
T h e f i n a l r e s u l t w a s J u s t o v e r s e v e n f e e t .
C o n s t r u c t i o n n o w b e c a m e a f a r m o r e i n v o l v e d p r o c e s s ,
a n d I e n l i s t e d a f r i e » * A t o h e l p . T h e c o l u m n s w e r e b u i l t f i r s t a n d
p r o p p e d i n t o p o s i t i o n . W e t h e n u s e d c a r d b o a r d a n d p o l y s t y r e n e t o
m a k e f u l l - s c a l e m o c k - u p s o f t h e p l a n e s . A l l a d j u s t m e n t s w e r e
m a d e a t t h i s s t a g e , t h e r e s u l t s b e i n g u s e d a s t e m p l a t e s .
F o u r t e e n m i l l i m e t r e p l y w a s u s e d f o r t h e p l a n e s a n d p i n e f o r t h e
c o l u m n s . A l l J o i n s w e r e s c r e w e d a n d g l u e d a n d t h e s t r u c t u r e i s
r e a s o n a b l y s t r o n g . H o w e v e r , if t h e w o r k h a d b e e n a c o m m i s s i o n ,
s t e e l w o u l d h a v e b e e n m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e . I d o n ' t t h i n k i t w o u l d
t r a v e l w e l l a s i t i s , b u t t h e c o s t a n d w e i g h t o f s t e e l c o n s t r u c t
-i o n m a k e -i t u n s u -i t a b l e a t t h -i s s t a g e . T h e r e s p o n s e to t h -i s p -i e c e
c a l l e d " T w o b y T w o " w a s v e r y p o s i t i v e . S c a l e , c o l o u r a n d m e t h o d /
q u a l i t y o f c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t wi4V\ u n i v e r s a l a p p r o v a l . I t w a s
s u g g e s t e d t h a t p e r h a p s t h e i d e a c o u l d h a v e b e e n p u s h e d a l i t t l e
f u r t h e r +0 i n c r e a s e t e n s i o n a n d t h a t t h e c u t t i n g o f f o f t h e
c o l u m n m a d e i t l o o k a l i t t l e l i k e p r o p s f o r t h e u p p e r p l a n e . I
f o u n d i t v e r y s a t i s f y i n g t o b u i l d s u c h a l a r g e s t r u c t u r e a n d w a s
p l e a s e d b y t h e w a y i t w o r k e d o u t s i d e , d o m i n a t i n g t h e s p a c e a n d
"Two by T w o " w a s a very hard act to f o l l o w . It did not in itself s u g g e s t a next s t e p , but I did h a v e in mind the e l i m i n a tion of s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s in f a v o u r w o r k s m a d e e n t i r e l y of p l a n e s and the i n t r o d u c t i o n of c u r v e s . The n e x t piece w a s decided upon after s e v e r a l m a q u e t t e s had been m a d e and r e j e c t e d . H a v i n g had some s u c c e s s with the p o r t r a y a l of m o v e m e n t , I w i s h e d to f u r t h e r e x p l o r e this area and a r r i v e d at a s o l u t i o n w h e r e p l a n e s moved out of and around a f r a m e . It related to the floor as both s u p p o r t and spring b o a r d , and pushed out in three d i r e c t i o n s , only to r e t u r n , c r e a t i n g c i r c u l a r m o v e m e n t . H a v i n g been pleased w i t h large scale in the p r e v i o u s w o r k , I a g a i n d e c i d e d upon a t a l l e r - t h a n - h u m a n size s t r u c t u r e m a d e from ply.
C o n s t r u c t i o n w a s fairly s t r a i g h t forward a l t h o u g h the ease with w h i c h balsa can be m a n i p u l a t e d does tend to lead one into a n g l e s and joins w h i c h c a u s e p r o b l e m s when a p p l i e d to t i m b e r and a l a r g e r s c a l e . Some m o d i f i c a t i o n s w e r e n e c e s s a r y as the s c a l i n g up p r o c e s s r e v e a l e d some p r o b l e m s w i t h the b a l a n c e of m a s s b e t w e e n the lower and upper s e c t i o n s . Once a g a i n steel would p r o b a b l y have been b e t t e r as some j o i n t s are not as strong as I would l i k e .
W i t h the e i g h t h s c u l p t u r e I decided-fa try to produce a more d y n a m i c feel using the same m a t e r i a l and s c a l e . The o r i g i n a l idea was to have a spring w o r k i n g v e r t i c a l l y a g a i n s t g r a v i t y , c o m p r e s s e d at the base and b r e a k i n g free at the top. H o w e v e r the m a q u e t t e w o r k e d better on its side so after a re-d e s i g n to c l a r i £ y its r e l a t i o n s h i p with the f l o o r , I p r o c e e re-d e re-d w i t h this o r i e n t a t i o n . To give the feeling of s p r i n g i n g , the a n g l e s had b e c o m e m o r e a c u t e and t h i s p r e s e n t e d some p r o b l e m s in c o n s t r u c t i o n . Once a g a i n what had been easily achieved on a small s c a l e w i t h balsa w a s very d i f f i c u l t when scaled up. The r i b b o n - l i k e e f f e c t of p l a n e s joined end to end n e c e s s i t a t e d Joins being very clean or there would be p r o b l e m s with s t r e n g t h . My p l a n i n g t e c h n i q u e i m p r o v e d no e n d . Some m o d i f i c a t i o n was
n e c e s s a r y for s t r u c t u r a l s t r e n g t h as w e l l as a l e s s e n i n g of very a c u t e a n g l e s w h i c h proved i m p o s s i b l e to a c h i e v e . The piece was very d i f f e r e n t from " B l u e " in that it w o r k s out into space as o p p o s e d to being s e l f - c o n t a i n e d , but similar in the way each p l a n e r e l a t e s to the n e x t . I hoped that when viewed from the b a c k , one would feel that it w a s going away and that from the f r o n t it would be coming at you. I a l s o made it so that each view a r o u n d 3 6 0 ° did not tell the w h o l e story and it demanded to be w a l k e d a r o u n d with each side giving fresh and i n t e r e s t i n g p e r s p e c t i v e s .
C r i t i c i s m centred around the loss of t e n s i o n in the t r a n s l a t i o n from m a q u e t t e to full s c a l e . The s p r i n g i n g forward w a s limited by the l e s s e n i n g of some a n g l e s due to t e c h n i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s and this d i m i n i s h e d the o v e r a l l effect of the w o r k . Also the c o n t i n u e d use of shaped planes gave the piece an 'old' f e e l i n g . Scale and colour were c o n s i d e r e d s u c c e s s f u l and the way it worked off the floor c o n t r i b u t e d p o s i t i v e l y . Some saw
I n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e o v e r a l l s h a p e a n d i t s p l a c e i n t h e y e a r ' s
s e q u e n c e , I c a l l e d i t " E i g h t " .
I n r e s p o n s e to p r e v i o u s c o m m e n t s I d e c i d e d t o u s e o n l y
v e r y b l a n d s h a p e s f o r t h e n e x t p i e c e . R e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s a n d
b e a m s w e r e u s e d t h u s a b a n d o n i n g s h a p e d e d g 6 s t o g i v e a s e n s a t i o n
o f m o v e m e n t . I f o u n d t h i s n e w c h a l l e n g e b o t h s t i m u l a t i n g a n d
d a u n t i n g a n d h a v i n g f i d d l e d w i t h t h e m a q u e t t e , I r e a l i z e d t h a t
e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n h a d t o b e d o n e f u l l s c a l e t o g a i n a n a c c u r a t e i d e a
o f t h e e f f e c t b e i n g a c h i e v e d . M y p r i o r i t i e s w e r e t o c r e a t e a
s e n s a t i o n o f m o v e m e n t a n d t o h a v e t h e p i e c e w o r k o u t i n t o t h e
s p a c e o c c u p i e d b y t h e v i e w e r . I a l s o h o p e d t o m a k e g r e a t e r u s e
o f t h e f l o o r p l a n e b y w o r k i n g h o r i z o n t a l l y a n d b e l o w e y e l e v e l .
C o n s t r u c t i n g t h e b a s i c c o m p o n e n t s c a u s e d n o p r o b l e m s
b u t t h e j o i n i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s u n i t s w a s v e r y d i f f i c u l t . I
r e j e c t e d m e t a l b r a c k e t s a s t h e y w o u l d h a v e d i s r u p t e d t h e f e a t u r e
-l e s s s u r f a c e t h a t I w a s t r y i n g t o a c h i e v e a n d s m a -l -l c o n t a c t a r e a s
d e m a n d e d p i n n i n g o f s o m e k i n d . M y s o l u t i o n o f s e t t i n g b o l t s i n t o
o n e s u r f a c e w o u l d h a v e w o r k e d b e t t e r w i t h s l e e v e s r a t h e r t h a n
J u s t h o l e s t o f i t i n t o . I f e e l t h i s i s t h e m a j o r p r o b l e m w i t h
t h e w o r k .
T h e c r i t . s e s s i o n c o n f i r m e d t h i s o p i n i o n , t h e p i e c e
b e i n g r e c e i v e d v e r y f a v o u r a b l y . I t w a s p r a i s e d f o r i t s l a n g u i d
m o v e m e n t , i t s r h y t h m a n d i t s e f f e c t i v e u s e o f s p a c e , a n d
c r i t i i c i z e d f o r t h e i m p r e c i s e m a t i n g o f t h e u n i t s , a p r o b l e m
c a u s e d b y t h e p i n n i n g s y s t e m . A f t e r a d e a l o f t h o u g h t a n d a
n u m b e r o f s u g g e s t i o n s , I c a l l e d i t " T u m b l e r " . W i t h t h i s w o r k I
f e e l I a n s w e r e d a l l p o i n t s o f c r i t i c i s m l e v e l e d a t t h e p r e v i o u s
" F l e x " , t h e t e n t h p i e c e o f w o r k f o r t h e y e a r , w a s b e g u n
a t t h e e n d o f t h e s e c o n d s e m e s t e r a n d h a s n o t b e e n c o m m e n t e d
u p o n b y s t a f f . I d e c i d e d t o c o n t i n u e t o u s e p l a t e s a n d b e a m s a n d
w o r k i n g f r o m a m a q u e t t e s o u g h t t o p o r t r a y a f l e x i n g b e a m s e t t i n g
o f f a c a s c a d e o f s q u a r e p l a t e s . T h e m a q u e t t e c o n s i s t e d o f a ' V
s h a p e d b e a m , f i v e p l a t e s w i t h a p l a n k s l i d i n g f r o m t h e t o p to
e m p h a s i z e t h e d i s r u p t i o n . T h e pl«.ce i s r a t h e r m o r e c o m p a c t t h a n
p r e v i o u s w o r k s a n d l o w t o t h e g r o u n d . H a v i n g p u t i t t o g e t h e r a s
p l a n n e d , I d i s c o v e r e d t h a t n o t o n l y w a s t h e c a s c a d e u n c o n v i n c i n g ,
b u t t h e b a l a n c e w a s v e r y p r e c a r i o u s . T o r e s o l v e t h e s e p r o b l e m s a
m a j o r r e b u i l d w a s n e c e s s a r y .
T h e c r i t i c a l f a c t o r w a s t o h a v e e n o u g h p o i n t s t o u c h i n g
t h e g r o u n d t o g i v e s t a b i l i t y w i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n g t h e f l o w . T h e
p l a n k w a s e l i m i n a t e d a n d I a t t e m p t e d t o h a v e t h e p l a t e s m o v i n g
d o w n b o t h s i d e s . A f t e r m u c h e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n i t b e c a m e c l e a r t h a t
a n e x t r a a r m s h o u l d b e a d d e d t o t h e b e a m . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r
t h e m i t r e w e r e v e r y d i f f i c u l t , t h e r e s u l t b e i n g t h a t t h e a r m d i d
n o t t o u c h t h e g r o u n d . T h i s p r o b l e m w a s s o l v e d b y h a v i n g t h e a r m
s l i c e d b y a p l a t e w h i c h a l s o e n a b l e d s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r e .
I n t h e e n d I u s e d s e v e n p l a t e s a n d h a d t h e f l o w w o r k i n g d o w n b o t h
s i d e s . T h i s s t a b i l i z e d t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d i m p r o v e d i t i n t e r m s o f
i t s i n t e r e s t i n t h e r o u n d .
I a m p l e a s e d w i t h t h i s p i e c e . A l l c o m p o n e n t p a r t s
r e i n f o r c e t h e ' s t o r y ' w i t h n o s u p e r f l u o u s d e c o r a t i v e e l e m e n t s .
T h e i n t e n t i s c l e a r a n d t h e c o m p a c t n a t u r e o f t h e s c u l p t u r e i s
s o m e t h i n g n e w i n m y w o r k . G r a v i t y i s t h e c e n t r a l f a c t o r w i t h t h e
p l a t e s f l o w i n g d o w n a n d t h e b e a m p u s h i n g a g a i n s t t h e g r o u n d
-s t r o n g v e r t i c a l m o v e m e n t i n w h a t i -s f u n d a m e n t a l l y a h o r i z o n t a l
T h e f i n a l e f f o r t f o r t h e y e a r r e f l e c t e d l e s s o n s l e a r n t t h r o u g h " T u m b l e r " . A l t h o u g h on a l a r g e r s c a l e , it w a s a n a t t e m p t to r e a l i z e t h e l e s s d r a m a t i c a p p e a l of t h e e a r l i e r w o r k . It e x p l o r e d o n c e a g a i n t h e u s e of n e u t r a l c o m p o n e n t s a n d t h u s r e l y -ing e n t i r e l y u p o n t h e i r j u x t a p o s i t i o n . I w i s h e d to d e a l w i t h v e r t i c a l r h y t h m s , l a y e r s w o r k i n g t h e i r w a y up to a s t r o n g
h o r i z o n t a l in an a l m o s t r a n d o m w a y , a s if t h e r e h a d b e e n m i n i m u m h u m a n i n t e r v e n t i o n . T h e s t r u c t u r e is in f a c t h i g h l y o r g a n i z e d w o r k i n g up to s u p p o r t t h e b o x on t h e u p p e r m o s t c o r n e r a b o v e t h e p i l e d e n d s of t h e b e a m s . A l l b e a m s a r e of e q u a l l e n g t h , a s a r e t h e b o x e s , b u t h a v e d i f f e r i n g w i d t h s ® ' ^ d e p t h s a n d so a l l a r e s i m i l a r b u t h a v e d i f f e r i n g v i s u a l w e i g h t . I t r i e d to u s e t h i s f a c t o r to e n c o u r a g e p e r c e p t i o n of b o t h t h e u p w a r d c l i m b a n d t h e d o w n w a r d p r e s s u r e .
T E C H N I C A L
W o o d w a s t h e m a t e r i a l u s e d f o r a l l w o r k s t h i s y e a r . A s
I a l r e a d y h a d s o m e a b i l i t y i n t h e u s e o f t h i s m e d i u m a n d f e l t
u n d e r p r e s s u r e o n t h e g e n e r a l s t a n d a r d o f m y w o r k , I c h o s e n o t
t o l e a r n t h e u s e o f n e w m e d i a ( s t e e l , c e m e n t f o n d u e , f i b r e g l a s s )
a l t h o u g h I i n t e n d t o e x p l o r e t h e s e a r e a s i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e .
I h a v e v i e w e d t h e m a i n r e s o u r c e o f t h e s c h o o l a s b e i n g
k n o w l e d g e i n s c u l p t u r a l t h e o r y .
T h e i n c r e a s i n g c o m p l e x i t y o f i d e a s d i d , h o w e v e r , l e a d
t o t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f a n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s of h a n d l i n g
t i m b e r . T h e f i r s t t h r e e p i e c e s w e r e d o w e l l e d a n d g l u e d . T h i s
m e t h o d p r e s e n t e d d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t h a t a n g l e j o i n s a r e v e r y d i f f i c
u l t t o c l a m p t o a c h i e v e m a x i m u m s t r e n g t h s o I u s e d t w o - i n c h
s c r e w s . T h o s e e a r l y s t r u c t u r e s w e r e v e r y s i m p l e b u t a r e - t h i n k
w a s r e q u i r e d i n t a c k l i n g " T w o b y T w o " w i t h i t s e x t e n s i v e u s e o f
p l y . D o w e l s , w i t h t h e n e e d f o r a c c u r a t e a l i g n m e n t , w e r e n o t
s u i t a b l e , s o s c r e w i n g a n d g l u e i n g b e c a m e t h e s o l e j o i n i n g
m e t h o d s . T h e l a t e r b o x a n d p l a t e w o r k s w e r e e a s i l y m a d e b u t a s
m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e j o i n i n g o f u n i t s w i t h s m a l l c o n t a c t
a r e a s p r o v i d e d p r o b l e m s . T o u s e a s y s t e m o f s t e e l p i n s i n w o o d e n
s t r u c t u r e s i s n o t i d e a l , s t e e l b e i n g h a r d e r t h a n t i m b e r a n d
t e n d i n g t o b r u i s e , m a r k a n d t e a r . W o o d p i n s a r e u n s u i t a b l e d u e
t o l a c k o f s t r e n g t h w h e n d e a l i n g w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l p r e s s u r e s .
E v e n s t e e l s l e e v e s t o r e c e i v e t h e p i n s a r e i n c l i n e d to b r e a k
l o o s e w h e n p u t u n d e r p r e s s u r e . T h e a n s w e r i s t h a t l a r g e
s t r u c t u r e s s h o u l d b e c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m s t e e l , a s o l u t i o n w h i c h
i n t u r n r a i s e s t h e n e w d i f f i c u l t i e s o f e x p e n s e a n d w e i g h t .
T h e h e a v i l y m a r k e d s u r f a c e of s e c o n d - g r a d e p l y p r o v i d e d
p r o b l e m s o n l y i n t h e l a t e r w o r k s w h e r e n e u t r a l ' s k i n ' w a s
With such p i e c e s as " M a r r i a g e " , " B l u e " , and " E i g h t " , I saw no need to d i s g u i s e the m a t e r i a l u s e d . The type of w o r k s made do not rely upon w h a t they are m a d e o f , t i m b e r being used only for c o n v e n i e n c e and the s u r f a c e no m o r e than a p l a t f o r m for c o l o u r .
Finding a d u r a b l e , w e a t h e r - p r o o f s u r f a c e p r o v i d e d p r o b l e m s . The s c a l e o ? l a t e r w o r k s m e a n t that l a r g e a r e a s w e r e needed for display w h i l s t the m a t e r i a l r e q u i r e d p r o t e c t i o n from the e l e m e n t s . I a t t e m p t e d to s o l v e this p r o b l e m w i t h " S t a c k " by first p a i n t i n g with two part floor p l a s t i c and then k e y i n g the surface for an a c r y l i c final c o a t . The p a i n t s t i c k s well to the plastic and should p r o v i d e a tough s u r f a c e . W i t h s m a l l e r s t r u c t u r e s , a coating of f i b r e - g l a s s could be the a n s w e r and I shall e x p l o r e the p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h i s coming y e a r .
All t e c h n i q u e s used this year w e r e in r e s p o n s e to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of each piece and t h e r e w a s no policy of
P H I L O S O P H Y
The m a i n c a u s e of the i m p r o v e m e n t in my work during t h i s year has been the d e v e l o p m e n t of a m o r e r i g o r o u s and a w a r e t h o u g h t p r o c e s s . W h a t we see is g o v e r n e d by how we see and how we see is limited by our l e v e l of a w a r e n e s s of the n a t u r e of t h i n g s i . e . how t h i n g s are o r g a n i z e d , their p a t t e r n s and q u a l i t i e s , the n a t u r e of s p a c e , of light and c o l o u r .
In both n a t u r e and the o u t p u t of m a n , there are s y s t e m s of o r g a n i z a t i o n . From the strata in rocks to the
a r t i c u l a t e d arm of a b a c k - h o e , t h e r e is an order dictated by the type of m a t e r i a l , its p u r p o s e and its r e s p o n s e to the rules of g r a v i t y . We see s i m p l i c i t y and c o m p l e x i t y , c o m b i n a t i o n s of c o m p o n e n t parts s t r u c t u r e d to a n s w e r the s t r e s s e s and s t r a i n s of e x i s t e n c e and the d e m a n d s of f u n c t i o n . W i t h i n these s t r u c t u r e s lie p a t t e r n s - the r e p e t i t i o n of a s h a p e or the c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n o p p o s i t e s c r e a t i n g r h y t h m s and f l o w s . All t h i n g s have q u a l i t i e s they may be l i g h t or h e a v y , s m o o t h or r o u g h , hard or soft. T h i s i n f i n i t e s o u r c e b e c o m e s a v a i l a b l e to the a r t i s t only when
o b s e r v a t i o n is a c c o m p a n i e d by a n a l y s i s , and a p p l i c a t i o n is ruled by c o h e s i v e i n t e n t .
The d i s c i p l i n e has also resulted in a r e a p p r a i s a l of the entire c r e a t i v e p r o c e s s . P r e v i o u s l y the way a piSce looked w a s governed by the d e s i r e to p r o d u c e a c e r t a i n b a l a n c e or v i s u a l h a r m o n y . The e f f e c t of that a t t i t u d e w a s , that a l t h o u g h the w o r k s looked g o o d , the level on w h i c h they existed was purely d e c o r a t i v e . The big c h a n g e t h i s year is that I h a v e come to c o n s i d e r each c o m p o n e n t part as to its r e l e v a n c e in r e i n f o r c i n g the 'story' or o b j e c t i v e of the s c u l p t u r e . The e l i m i n a t i o n of the s u p e r f l u o u s and the 'red h e r r i n g s ' h a s m a d e the w h o l e p r o c e s s p u r p o s e f u l so w h i l s t it is a l w a y s a p r o b l e m - s o l v i n g a c t i v i t y , with e v e r y t h i n g from d e s p a i r to e l a t i o n , a clear o b j e c t i v e d i m i n i s h e s the d e g r e e of b l u n d e r i n g and f r u s t r a t i o n . It a l s o r e s u l t s , h o p e f u l l y , in good s c u l p t u r e .
C O L O U R
I h a v e e n d e a v o u r e d to u s e c o l o u r i n t e l l i g e n t l y as I f e e l it m u s t a l s o w o r k w i t h i n t h e r u l e of w o r k i n g t o w a r d s an e n d . W i t h " B l u e " , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of c o l o u r m a d e a s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e to h o w t h e w o r k w a s s e e n t r i g g e r i n g t h e f l o w a r o u n d t h e s c u l p t u r e . U n p a i n t e d , it h a d s e e m e d s t a t i c a n d I f e e l a d a r k e r a n d / o r h e a v i e r c o l o u r w o u l d h a v e s t o p p e d it d e a d , w h e r e a s a l i g h t e r t o n e w o u l d n o t h a v e a l l o w e d t h e v a r i a t i o n of t o n e c a u s e d by s h a d o w s a n d w o u l d h a v e f l a t t e n e d t h e p i e c e .
T h e o n l y v e n t u r e i n t o p o l y c h r o m e w a s " F l e x " . I h a v e g e n e r a l l y r u l e d o u t m o r e t h a n o n e c o l o u r on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t s e p a r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e w o r k s w e r e o b v i o u s d u e to f o r m a n d f u r t h e r e m p h a s i s w o u l d be v i s u a l l y t a u t o l o g i c a l . T h i s c o u l d be s a i d of " F l e x " , b u t I hoped-te s u g g e s t t h e p l a t e s a s b e i n g a p p a r t f r o m t h e b e a m w i t h it b e c o m i n g a d a r k p a s s a g e t h r o u g h . B e c a u s e of t h e c o m p r e s s e d n a t u r e of t h e work, t h a t s e p a r a t i o n c o u l d be l o s t if an a l l - o v e r c o l o u r w e r e u s e d a n d s o m e c o n f u s i o n c e r t a i n l y e x i s t e d w h e n t h e w o r k w a s u n p a i n t e d .
" E i g h t " by c o n t r a s t , w o u l d h a v e b e e n s u b v e r t e d by a n y b r e a k d o w n of t h e s e n s e of u n i t y . R e d w a s c h o s e n to g i v e an i m -p r e s s i o n of a c t i o n , e n e r g y a n d r e a c t i o n , w h e r e a s t h a t c h o i c e w o u l d h a v e m a d e " T w o by T w o " i m p o s s i b l y h e a v y a n d c l o g g e d , or " T u m b l e r " d e n y t h e v e r y e s s e n c e of i t s r e l a x e d n a t u r e .
By l o o k i n g at each p i e c e In t e r m s of its n a t u r e and i n t e n t , w o r k m a d e this year h a s been at l e a s t c o h e s i v e and h a s u s u a l l y improved by the a p p l i c a t i o n of c o l o u r . T h e r e is m u c h to e x p l o r e in the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c o l o u r and form but a
M A Q U E T T E S
T h e u s e of m a q u e t t e s b e c a m e n e c e s s a r y d u e to the e x p e n s e of l a r g e s c a l e e x p e r i m e n t , a n d d e s i r a b l e b e c a u s e of the e a s e w i t h w h i c h o n e c a n r e c o r d r a w i d e a s . D r a w i n g is a l w a y s a g o o d s o u r c e of f o r m s b u t f i d d l i n g w i t h t h e j u x t a p o s t i o n s of t h o s e f o r m s in s p a c e i s f a r m o r e r e v e a l i n g . " T w o by T w o " , the f i r s t p i e c e d e v e l o p e d v i a a m a q u e t t e , b e g a n as a r i b b o n f e e d i n g b e t w e e n three r o l l e r s , b u t f i n i s h e d v e r y d i f f e r e n t l y , h a v i n g g o n e t h r o u g h a p r o c e s s of r e f i n e m e n t t h a t w o u l d h a v e b e e n i m p o s s i b l e to a c h i e v e in t w o d i m e n s i o n s a n d e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y w a s t e f u l a t f u l l s c a l e .
" T u m b l e r " in c o n t r a s t , r e f e r s to t h e o r i g i n a l m o d e l o n l y by w a y of i t s c o m p o n e n t p a r t s . W h e n m a k i n g w o r k s t h a t t e n d to be s e l f - r e f e r e n t i a l , t h e m a q u e t t e p r o c e s s is v e r y h e l p f u l . W o r k i n g o u t t h e i n t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , t h e b a l a n c e of p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e is m o s t s u i t e d w h e r e a s w h e n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e v i e w e r a n d t h e s c u l p t u r e , e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n i s t h e o n l y t r u e m e t h o d . " T u m b l e r ' s " p a c e a n d r h y t h m o n l y b e c a m e c o n c r e t e a t f u l l s c a l e . T h u s " T w o by T w o " , " B l u e " and " E i g h t " a r e a l l b a s i c a l l y f a i t h f u l to t h e o r i g i n a l m o d e l . " T u m b l e r " , " S t a c k " a n d " F l e x " a r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y d i f f e r e n t .
I N F L U E N C E S
D e f i n i n g i n f l u e n c e s is a d i f f i c u l t task in that q u i t e often those a r t i s t s that prompt a r e t h i n k of a t t i t u d e s , w o r k in areas and w a y s totally d i s s i m i l a r to one's own w o r k . The r e s u l t of the i n f l u e n c e can also be quite o b t u s e . W i t h t h i s in m i n d , I shall a t t e m p t to give some idea of the a r t i s t s w h o s e w o r k I find s t i m u l a t i n g and e n l i g h t e n i n g .
O r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h i n a w o r k is an area I have paid m u c h a t t e n t i o n to this year and have found l e s s o n s in the w o r k s of the f o l l o w i n g a r t i s t s - P h i l l i p K i n g , C a r o , Ron Robertson-Swann., David S m i t h , M o n d r i a n and L i c h t e n s t e i n . T h o s e that have e m p h a s i z e d the q u a l i t i e s of t h i n g s i n c l u d e B r a n c u s i , A r p , C h r i s t o , C h i l l i d a and C a l d e r . The use of p a t t e r n s by M o n d r i a n , M o t h e r w e l l , David S m i t h , Matisse, and Frank S t e l l a g i v e s e n c o u r a g e m e n t w i t h the r h y t h m i c p o t e n t i a l of f o r m , w h e r e a s the e x p l o r a t i o n of the n a t u r e of s p a c e by C a r o , Tony S m i t h , B r a n c u s i , King and even M e a d m o r e h a s p r o v e n m o s t s t i m u l a t i n g .
The c h a r a c t e r and p r o b l e m s of c o l o u r h a v e been l a r g e l y the realm of p a i n t e r s and the e x p l o r a t i o n s of J o s e f A l b e r s , Matisse, Stella and the s c u l p t o r s C a r o and C a l d e r h a v e been m o s t h e l p f u l . The vast n u m b e r of e x c i t i n g w o r k e r s in t h i s area m e a n s a list of all those enjoyed and a p p r e c i a t e d would r e s u l t in a huge n u m b e r of n a m e s r e n d e r i n g the p r o c e s s m e a n i n g l e s s . The a r t i s t s listed are those who have t r i g g e r e d a c h a n g e or e x p a n s i o n in t h i n k i n g but d o u b t l e s s o t h e r s could h a v e been i n c l u d e d as the w h o l e p r o c e s s is rather a r b i t r a r y .
C O N C L U S I O N
M y o b j e c t i v e in a t t e m p t i n g t h i s y e a r ' s s t u d y w a s to g a i n s u f f i c i e n t k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l to be a b l e to p u r p o s e f u l l y p u r s u e my i n t e r e s t in s c u l p t u r e . I had f o u n d m y s e l f in a
s i t u a t i o n w h e r e l a c k of r i g o u r and u n d e r s t a n d i n g g a v e l i t t l e h o p e of s y s t e m a t i c d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t h e b e s t s o l u t i o n s e e m e d to be to r e t u r n to s t u d y . I c h o s e t h e C a n b e r r a S c h o o l of A r t a s t h e e x p e r t i s e of t h e s t a f f g u a r a n t e e d a s s i s t a n c e in a r e a s w h e r e I w a s m o s t in n e e d of a d v a n c e m e n t .
T h e i m p r o v e m e n t s h o w n in t h e q u a l i t y of my w o r k a n d i t s e x e c u t i o n h a s b e e n d r a m a t i c a n d d u e to t h e a b i l i t y to c r i t i c a l l y a p p r a i s e a n d a n a l y s e w h y t h i n g s s u c c e e d or f a i l . M a n y of t h e a t t i t u d e s I h a v e l e a r n t t h i s y e a r n o w s e e m s i m p l e and s e l f - e v i d e n t b u t b o t h t i m e a n d r e i n f o r c e m e n t h a v e b e e n n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n s to b e c o m e a p p a r e n t . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t l e s s o n s a r e the n e e d to s p e a k of s o m e t h i n g and the e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e d e c o r a t i v e , t h o s e p a r t s t h a t s e r v e o n l y to c o n f u s e a n d
o b s c u r e t h e o b j e c t i v e in t h e n a m e of v i s u a l a t t r a c t i o n . W h e n a w o r k in p r o g r e s s is v i e w e d w i t h t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s in m i n d , t h e p r o c e s s of r e s o l u t i o n d e p e n d s far l e s s on the l u c k y b r e a k or t h e h a p p y a c c i d e n t , a n d b e c o m e s d e l i b e r a t e . S t r u g g l e , e l a t i o n a n d d e s p a i r r e m a i n b u t if o n e u n d e r s t a n d s the b a s i s of t h e p r o b l e m , t h e s o l u t i o n b e c o m e s a t t a i n a b l e by m e a n s of a n a l y s i s a n d
p e r s i s t a n c e . If o n e c o m p a r e s t h e i n t e n t and r e a l i z a t i o n of " F o l d " a n d " T u m b l e r " o n e c a n see h o w n e w a t t i t u d e s h a v e t r a n s -f o r m e d t h e w o r k -f r o m s i m p l i s t i c a n d i n e p t to i n t e r e s t i n g and well-c o n s i d e r e d .
h a s p r o v i d e d a n i n v a l u a b l e r e s o u r c e w i t h o u t w h i c h t h e l e v e l o f
l e a r n i n g w o u l d h a v e b e e n f a r l e s s s u b s t a n t i a l .
I n t h e f u t u r e I w i s h t o p u r s u e m y i n t e r e s t i n m a k i n g
o b j e c t s w h i c h r e l a t e t o t h e u n i v e r s a l i t y o f a c t i o n a n d f e e l i n g ,
t h e e x p l o r a t i o n o f f o r m s w h i c h c o m m u n i c a t e h o w w e r e l a t e t o t h e
p h y s i c a l w o r l d a n d t o s e e k t o u n d e r s t a n d w h y w e r e l a t e a s w e d o .
I s h a l l h a v e t o w o r k o n a s l i g h t l y s m a l l e r s c a l e d u e t o s p a c e
l i m i t a t i o n s , a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o c e d u r e s w i l l h a v e t o b e a d j u s t e d
to t h e s h o r t - c o m i n g s o f a b a c k - y a r d o p e r a t i o n .
I n c o n c l u s i o n I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k a l l a t t h e s c h o o l
w h o , d u r i n g t h e y e a r m a d e m e w e l c o m e a n d o f f e r e d t h e i r o p i n i o n s .
I t h a s b e e n a t e s t i n g t i m e b u t o n e t h a t h a s g i v e n m e a n e x c e l l e n t
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
A N D E R S O N , J . - " A r t a n d R e a l i t y " , H a l e a n d I r e m o n g e r , S y d . 1 9 8 2
A R N A S O N , H . H . - " A H i s t o r y o f M o d e r n A r t " , T h a m e s a n d H u d s o n , L o n . 1 9 8 1 .
B O U R D O N , D . - " C a l d e r " , M c M i l l a n , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 0 .
B R U Z E A U . M . - " C a l d e r " , A b r a m s , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 7 9 .
D U N C A N , P . D . - " V i v a P i c a s s o " , V i k i n g P r e s s , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 0 .
F R I E D E N T H A L , R . ( E d . ) - " L e t t e r s o f t h e G r e a t A r t i s t s " , T h a m e s &
H u d s o n , L o n d o n 1 9 6 3 .
G O O S S E N , E . C . - " H e r b e r t F e r b e r " , A b b e v i l l e P r e s s , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 1 .
G O L D W A T E R , R . - " W h a t i s M o d e r n S c u l p t u r e ? " , M . O . M . A . N e w Y o r k , 1 9 6 9 .
G O R D O N , J . E . - " S t r u c t u r e s " , P e l i c a n , 1 9 7 9 .
H O R T O N , M . - " A u s t r a l i a n P a i n t e r s o f t h e S e v e n t i e s " , O r e S m i t h , S y d n e y , 1 9 7 5 .
I R V I N G , D . J . - " S c u l p t u r e , M a t e r i a l a n d P r o c e s s " , V a n N o s t r a n d , N Y ' 8 1 .
K N E P P E R S , H . - " C o l o u r A t l a s " , B a r r e n s , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 2 .
L U C I E - S M I T H , E . - " A r t i n t h e S e v e n t i e s " , P h a i d o n , O x f o r d , 1 9 8 0 .
M I T C H I N S O N , D . ( E d . ) - " H e n r y M o o r e - S c u l p t u r e " , M c M i l l a n , L o n . ' 8 1 .
P A S S E R O N , B . - " C o n c i s e E n c y c l o p a e d i a o f S u r r e a l i s m " , O m e g a , U K , ' 7 5 .
P A S S M O R E . J . - " T h e P e r f e c t a b i l i t y o f M a n " , D u c k w o r t h , L o n . 1 9 7 1 .
R E A D , H . - " A C o n c i s e H i s t o r y o f M o d e r n S c u l p t u r e " , T h a m e s a n d H u d s o n , L o n d o n , 1 9 8 3 .
R E A D , H . - " T h e M e a n i n g o f A r t " , F a b e r & F a b e r , L o n d o n , 1 9 8 2 .
R I C H A R D S O N , A N D S T A N G O S , N . - " C o n c e p t s o f M o d e r n A r t " , P e l i c a n , ' 7 4 .
R I S S O T T I , H . - " C o l o u r " , P e n g u i n , 1 9 8 3 .
S M E E T S , R . - " S i g n , S y m b o l s a n d O r n a m e n t s " , V a n N o s t r a n d , N Y , 1 9 8 2 .
T U C K E R , W . - " T h e L a n g u a g e o f S c u l p t u r e " , T h a m e s a n d H u d s o n , 1 9 8 1 .
