Canberra 1954-1980

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G

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J_ 980 R e ferences and Bibliography

Eric Sparke

January 1987

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Chapter 1 — A MAKESHIFT PLACE

REFERENCES

1

Epigraph: Senator Victor Vincent, Senate Debates, vol.S7, 21 March 1956,

p.332.

1. H.B. (Joe) Gullett (Liberal, Hentv) , House of Representatives Debates,

vol.4, 9 September 1954, p .1115.

2. Ronald McKie, "Canberra — It's No Longer a City of Exile" in Australian Women's Weekly, 1 May 1957, p.34.

3. Henry Bland, Par 1iamentary Standing Committee on Public Works —

Commonwealth Avenue Bridge Inguiry, Minutes of Evidence, 1955, p.17. Short title: Bridge Inguiry Evidence.

4. Senate Select Committee on the Development of Canberra, Minutes of

Evidence, 1954-55, p.527. Short title: Select Committee 1955 Evidence.

5. That is, a pleasure garden, not a gambling casino. Walter Burley Griffin,

Report Explanatory of the Preliminary General Plan. October 1913, pp.5,7. Short title: Report Explanatory.

6. Select Committee 1955 Evidence, p.573.

7. Ibid. , pp.573-4.

8. An earlier proposal of the promoters, the Australian-American Association

to site the monument on Griffin's land axis north of the Molonglo, would have done infinitely more damage to his design. The memorial incidentally did not please the British High Commissioner in Canberra at the time, Sir Stephen Holmes, who thought it typified an "undesirable transfer of

admiration" from Britain to the USA. John Stevens, "War Memorial Symbol of Split" in Sydney Morning Herald, 2 January 1985, pp.1,4.

9. Report Explanatory, p.5.

10. O.H.K. Spate, "Social Structure and Function" in H.L. White (ed.),

Canberra — A Nation's Capital, Angus and Robertson, Svdney, 1954, p.236.

Short title: White (ed.), National Capital.

11. Robin Boyd, "Architect Finds Faults in our Jerry-built Bush Capital" in

Melbourne Herald, 2 June 1954. Ironically, no work of architecture stood

to Griffin's credit in Canberra except the grave of Major-General Sir William Throsby Bridges, first commandant of Duntroon Military College, who was killed at Gallipoli in 1915 and buried on the slopes of Mount Pleasant.

12. Canberra Times, 7 July 1954, p.2.

13. Senator John McCallum ((Liberal, NSW), Senate Debates, vol.Sl, 7 October

1953, p.371.

14. H.B. (Joe) Gullett, House of Representatives Debates, vol.4. 9 September

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Cnaoter 1 — A MAKESHIFT PlACE

16. Ibid., p .417.

17. Senate Select Committee on the Development of the A.C.T., Report, Senate

Paper S 2 , Canberra, 1955, p .37. Short title: Select Committee 1955

Report.

18. Senator James Buy ((Labor, Tasmania) 5enate Debates, vol.S4, 20 October

1954, p .902.

19. Select Committee 1955 Evidence, p.39. The exchange can still be seen

today, softened somewhat by shrubs and trees and largely obscured by bigger buildings all around it.

20. Ronald McKie, 1 oc.cit. , p.34.

22. Ibid., 0.899.

23. Ibid. , p.781.

24. Select Committee 1955 Report, p.29, para.206.

25. Ibid. , p.30, para.215-6; Select Committee 1955 Evidence, p.759.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid. , d.1685.

28. House of Representatives Debates, vol.7, 7 September 1955, p.462.

29. Select Committee 1955 Evidence, Dp.1680-1.

30. Ibid. , d.1682.

31. Ibid. , p. 1689.

32. R.J.K. Harris, Ibid. , p.749.

33. Ibid. , p . 1555. 34. Ibid. . p .14.

35. Ibid. , p .24.

36. Ibid. , p .59.

37. Ibid., p.57.

38. Ibid. . d.59.

39. Ibid. . p .1567.

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Chapter 1 — A, MAKESHIFT PLACE

42. Ibid. , p .46.

43. Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, Commonwealth Bridge

Inquiry Repo rt, Par 1iamentary Paper no. 53, 1954-55, p.12, para.55, giving reasons advanced by National Capital Planning and Development Committee. Short title: Bridge Inquiry Report.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. Bridge Inquiry Evidence, pp.37-8.

47. Bridge Inquiry Report, p.ll, para.47.

48. Bridge Inquiry Evidence, p.30.

50. The steps taken to eliminate West Lake are dealt with in detail in

evidence taken before the Public Works Committee on Commonwealth Avenue Bridge between 8 October and 1 December 1954 and before the Senate Select Committee on the Development of Canberra in 1954-55, notably the evidence of McLaren, John N.C. Rogers and Waterhouse.

53. Later amendments to the Seat of Government (Administration) Act reduced

the 30 days to 12 and the 15 sitting days to six.

54. Select Committee 1955 Evidence, pp.47-8.

56. Canberra Times,30 June 1953, p.2.

58. Ibid. , p.12, para.52; and Bridge Inquiry Evidence, pp.71-2.

59. Bridge Inquirv Report, p.ll, para.50.

60. Ibid.

61. Ibid. , p.12, para.52.

63. Joe Lvons in 1938. Roval Canberra Golf Club Jubilee History 1926-1976.

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Chapter 1 - A MAKESHIFT PLACE

4

65. Select Committee 1955 Evidence, p.127

66. Bridge Inauirv Evidence, p . 19.

67. Br idae Inouirv Report, p.ll, para.55.

68. Brldoe Inauirv Evidence, p.67.

69. Lindsay Pryor in "Caring -for Canberra's Parks and Gardens 1944-58", an address to the Canberra and District Historical Society, 13 March 1984.

70. Bridge Inquiry Report, p.12, para.53.

71. Senate Debates, vol.SIB, 22 September 1960, p.627.

72. Sir Robert Menzies, The Measure of the Years. Coronet Books, London, 1972,

p . 144.

73. Canberra Times, 26 October 1954, p.2. Curiously, Sir Leslie's evidence is

omitted from the Minutes of Evidence published by the Government Printer.

75. Ibid. , p.244.

76. Address to Canberra Historical Society, 13 March 1984.

77. Senator Dorothy (later Dame Dorothy) Tangney (Liberal, Western Australia),

Select Committee 1955 Evidence, p .70.

78. Senator Justin O'Bvrne (Labor, Tasmania), Senate Debates, vol.S7, 15 May

1956, P.736.

79. Senator Norman (later Sir Denham) Hentv ((Liberal, Tasmania), Ibid. , 21

March 1956, p.328.

80. Bridge Inquiry Evidence, pp.Bl-2.

81. Hugh Stretton, Ideas for Australian Cities, published by author, Adelaide,

1970, p.45. .

83. Trevor Gibson, "Planning and Development of Canberra 1948-1958",

unpublished paper held by Canberra and District Historical Society, p.21. Gibson's section, for instance, had no control over and did not see the plans for the development of commercial leases in Lonsdale Street which attracted considerable criticism.

84. Unpublished Gibson paper, p.4. v

85. Bridge Inquiry Report, p.16, para.93.

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C h a p t e r 1 — A MAKESHIFT F'LACE

5

8 7 . B r i d g e I n q u i r y E v i d e n c e , p . 4 .

8 8 . I b i d . , p p . 1 - 9 .

89. I b i d . , p . 7 4 .

90. I b i d . . p . 7 5 .

91. I b i d . , p . 5 .

9 2 . I b i d . , p . 17.

93. I b i d . , p . 1 0 9 .

94. I b i d . , p . 4 8 .

9 5 . I b i d . , p . 5 .

96. I b i d . . p . 4 9 .

97. I b i d . , p . 7 5 .

98. B r i d g e I n q u i r y R e p o r t , p . 1 4 , p a r a . 77.

99. I b i d . , P . 1 6 , p a r a . 91.

100. R o d e r i c k Cameron, Mv T r a v e l ' s H i s t o r y , Hami sh H a m i l t o n , L o n d o n , 1950,

p . 2 0 5 .

101. N i n a P u l l i a m , I T r a v e l l e d a L o n e l y L a n d , B o b b s - M e r r i 11, I n d i a n a p o l i s ,

1955, p . 2 0 8 .

102. P . J . H u r l e y , I n S e a r c h o f A u s t r a l i a , Dvmocks Book A r c a d e L t d . , S y d n e y ,

1953, p p . 5 3 - 5 .

103. I b i d . , p . 5 8 .

104. L i n d s a y P r y o r , " L a n d s c a p e and T r e e s i n C a n b e r r a " , p a p e r d e l i v e r e d t o t h e Town P l a n n i n g C o n g r e s s i n C a n b e r r a , 9 - 1 2 A u g u s t 1951, Re c o r d o-f

P r o c e e din g s , p . 20.

105. S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e 1955 R e p o r t , p . 1 7 , p a r a . 85.

106. Ip i d . , p . 2 6 , p a r a . 133.

107. S. C. B o l t o n , " G i a n t s ' Work" i n The Age M o n t h l y R e v i e w , A p r i l 1982.

108. Geor ge F a r w e l l , A u s t r a l i a n S e t t i n g . Evans B r o t h e r s L t d . , L o n d o n , 1 9 5 2 ,

p . 40.

109. S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e 1955 E v i d e n c e , p . 5 0 3 .

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ChaDter 1 - A MAKESHIFT PLACE

111. C.S. Dalev, "Canberra's Early Development" in Report of Proceedings of the Residential School, Canberra - Our National Capital at the Australian National University, 24-30 May 1964, p.l.

112. Editorial, "The Record of our Country", Canberra Times, 10 September 1954, p .2.

114. P.W.E. Curtin in White (ed.), National Capital, p.76.

115. W.E. Dunk, Select Committee 1955 Evidence, pp.481-2.

116. Ibid. , p .482.

117. Roy Bullock, Personal interview, 27 February 1984, via Hall, ACT.

118. Public Service Board, Submission to Select Committee 1955.

119. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, A.C.T. Statistical Summary

1963, p .39.

120. Ibid.

121. Department of Works, A.C.T., Submission to the Select Committee 1955.

123. Canberra Times, 19 August 1954, p.2.

125. House of Representatives Debates, vol.221, 18 March 1953, p . 1250.

126. Select Committee 1955 Evidence,P.16, para.85.

128. Canberra Times. 6 March 1954, p.2.

129. Department of the Interior, Annual Report 1953-54, pp.18-9.

130. Gavin Casey, "Jerrabomberra's Country" in The Bulletin, 16 September 1953, p .25.

131. Canberra Times, 28 October 1954, p.2.

132. Ibid. , 24 February 1954, p.2; 8 March 1954, p.2.

133. Ibid. , 28 July 1954, p.l.

135. Alan Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald's Canberra, Dalton Publishing Company,

Canberra, 1969, p.40.

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Chapter 1 - A MAKESHIFT PLACE

7

136. White (eri.), National Capital, p.232.

138. Benjamin Higgins, "Canberra: A Garden Without a City" in Royal

Architectural Institute of Canada Journal, September 1951, no.28.

139. Canberra Times, 25 June 1954, and 26 February 1954.

140. Gavin Casey, 1oc.cit., p.24. Perhaps the most plaintive plea was from

Senator John McCallum when he asked a Works Department officer if it would be possible to provide a small shop within the administrative area close to Parliament House. If he forgot to put anything in his baggage —

it might be a stud, a pocket comb, or a bottle of pills — he had to go to Kingston, Manuka or Civic. It was ridiculous that a person who wanted a

auite trivial thing had to travel miles to get it. "The lack of such facilities is one of the things that make Canberra an annoying place to many people who come here," he complained. To which the Works Officer diplomatically replied "Quite so." - Select Committee 1955 Evidence, p.517.

141. Select Committee 1955 Evioence, p.129.

142. Advisory Council meeting report, Canberra Times, 9 February 1954, p.l.

144. "The Gloucester, restaurant of distinction, Friday and Saturday cabaret

with Bruce Lansley": Canberra Times, 6 January 1954.

145. Bob Brissenaen, Personal interview, 4 July 1985, Yarralumla, ACT.

146. Bridge Inquiry Report, p.16.

147. Canberra Times, 10 August 1954, p.l.

148. Bob Brissenaen, Gough and Johnny Were Lovers, Penguin, Melbourne, 1984,

p . >; i .

149. Max Purnell, Personal interview, 16 July 1985, Hackett, ACT.

150. Canberra Times, 5 January 1954, p.2.

152. W.L. Hoffman, "A Short (but Significant) Period in Canberra's Musical

Development" in Canberra Historical Journal, New Series no.16, September 1985, p.15.

153. Submission of the A.C.T. Branch of the Commonwealth Public Service

Clerical Association to Senate Select Committee 1955, p.9.

154. W.L. Hoffman, loc.cit., p,8.

155. Ibid.

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Chapter 1 - A MAKESHIFT PlACE

8

157. Select Committee 1955 Evidence, pp.1014-5.

158. "It seems to be the accepted obligation on the Government to provide houses ... something like a quarter or one-third of the houses here have been allocated to people who are not civil servants." — Dunk, Ibid. , p.504.

159. Ibid. , p.491.

160. Ibid. , pp.24-5, 49.

161. Department of the Interior, Annual Report 1950-1951, Appendix C , p .2.

162. Canberra Times, 7 April 1954, p .2. The Parks and Gardens section of

Interior devised a hedge-clipping machine which, although elaborate, clumsy and subject to breakdowns, would cut the hedges faster than the teams of men following it could rake up the rubbish. The machine could not negotiate around obstructions like letter-boxes and these parts had to be clipped by hand. Many of the original hedges were cypress trees which took some vigour to cut as they matured. Some of these cypress hedges still remain.

163. Regarded as the most visible example of Canberra's featherbedding, the

hedge-clipping nevertheless had a history which made the angry public reaction almost understandable. Parks and Bardens planted the bushes and householders were forbidden to trim them — people had been encouraged to think of them as part of the city plan for which the authorities had accepted full responsib1ity. Even so, many tenants behaved rather badly in the first flush of rage at the new edict.

164. Deoartment of the Interior, Annual Report 1953-54, d d.13, 16.

165. C.S. Daley, "Early Development and Administration" in Canberra Planning 1908-1951, pamphlet prepared for the Federal Congress on Regional and Town Planning, Canberra, 9-12 August 1951, p.2.

167. Editorial, "Basic Condition for a National Capital", Canberra Times, 23 September 1954, p.2.

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Chapter 2 - TURNING POINT

REFERENCES

9

Epigraph: Senate Debates, vol.S7, 20 March 1956, p.292.

1. Sir Robert Menzies, The Measure of the Years, Coronet Books, London, 1972,

p.143.

2. Heather Henderson, Personal interview, 28 May 1984, Forrest, ACT.

3. Ibid.

4. Sir William Bunk, They Also Serve, privately published, Canberra, 1974,

p. 76.

5. Heather Henderson, Personal interview, 28 May 1984, Forrest, ACT.

6. Ibid.

7. Dunk, op.cit., p.76.

9. Menzies, op.cit., p.142.

10. Sir John Overall, "The Design and Development of a City - Canberra" in

Architecture Australia, vol.72, no.5, September 1983, p.66.

11. Peter Howson, Address to National Press Club, Canberra Times, 7 June 1984,

p.2; and The Howson Diaries : The Life of Politics, Penguin, Melbourne,

1984, entry 23 January 1966.

12. House of Representatives Debates, vol.15, 8 May 1957, p.1178.

13. "The broadcasting of proceedings, notwithstanding criticism, has

stimulated the interest of the casual person." William Dunbar, Director of the Canberra Tourist Bureau. Bridge Inquiry Evidence, p.34.

14. Canberra Times, 22 February 1954, p.2.

15. Charles Morgan (Labor, Reid), guoted in Canberra Times, 10 September 1954,

p. 3.

16. W.A. Sinclair, The Process of Economic Development in Australia, Cheshire,

Melbourne, 1976, p.247. A.M.C. Waterman, Economic Fluctuations in

Australia 1948 to 1964, ANU Press, Canberra, 1972, p.99.

17. Charles Morgan (Labor, Reid), House of Representatives Debates, vol.16, 29

August 1957, p. 141.

IB. Bridge Inquiry Evidence, p.33.

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21. William Dunbar, director of the Canberra Tourist Bureau, met large numbers

of the visitors and told a Parliamentary Committee in 1954 that Canberra's attractions definitely had "a spiritual aspect." Bridge Inquiry Evidence, p. 34.

23. Roy Bullock, then a Senate officer, believes the Queen's visit, which "had a marked impression" on Members, may have been the factor which encouraged Senator John McCallum to move for the Senate Select Committee on the

Development of Canberra. Personal interview, 27 February 1984, via Hall,

ACT.

24. Senator Dorothy Tangney (Labor, Western Australia), Senate Debates,

vol.S7, 16 May 1956.

26. Senate Debates, vol.S4, 16 September 1954, p.360.

27. Senator George Rankin (Country Party, Victoria).

28. Senate Debates, vol.S 7 , 10 May 1956, p.615. The incident over the rural

leases is discussed in Anthony Fusaro, "Australian Senate as a House of Review: Another Look" in the Australian Journal of Politics and History, Brisbane, December 1966, p.397.

29. Senate Debates, vol.SI, 7 October 1953, pp.369-375.

30. Ibid. , vol.S4, 3 November 1954, pp.369-375.

31. Though the Leader of the Opposition, Senator Nicholas McKenna, put forward

an amendment, it simply attempted to make the committee a joint one of both Houses. He strongly supported the inquiry, speaking of Canberra in

glowing terms as a sacred trust and "a great national project, born of national sentiment." Ibid. , 4 November 1954, pp.1244-5.

32. Journals of the Senate, 1954-55, no.29, pp.99-100.

33. Select Committee 1955 Report, p.77.

34. J.L. Mulrooney, Select Committee 1955 Evidence, p.147.

35. Select Committee 1955 Report, p.74.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

40. Ibid. , d.546.

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C h a p t e r 2 - TURNING POINT 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 11

I b i d . , p . 3 3 , p a r a . 248.

I b i d . , p . 2 1 , p a r a . 130.

I b i d . , p . 1 6 , p a r a . 85.

I b i d .

I b i d . , p . 1 7 , p a r a . 87.

I b i d . , p . 1 7 , p a r a . 8 5 .

I b i d . , p . 1 7 , p a r a . 86.

I b i d . , p . 2 7 , p a r a . 191.

I b i d . , p . 3 1 , p a r a . 225.

I b i d . , p . 3 2 , p a r a . 325.

I b i d . , p . 3 2 , p a r a . 23 6 ; and p . 3 3 , p a r a . 24 6 .

I b i d . , p . 4 8 , p a r a . 371.

I b i d . , p . 5 7 , p a r a . 458.

See comments o f J . N . C . R o g e r s , S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e 1955 E v i d e n c e , p p . 3 2 3 - 3 2 3 A .

McLar en t o l d t h e S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e t h a t he d i d n o t t h i n k an o v e r a l l p l a n had " r e a l l y been b o t h e r e d a b o u t . " I b i d . , p . 3 5 A .

S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e 1955 R e p o r t , p . 5 9 , p a r a . 474.

I b i d . , p . 5 9 , p a r a . 475.

I b i d . , p . 5 9 , p a r a . 477.

I b i d . , P . 2 5 , p a r a . 1 72 .

I b i d . , p p . 5 2 - 3 , p a r a . 4 1 1 - 4 ; p . 7 5 , r e c o m m e n d a t i o n n o . 60.

I b i d . , p . 5 4 , p a r a . 43 0 .

I b i d . , p . 7 , p a r a . 1 .

The g u a r d i a n o f t h e C a n b e r r a p l a n "was n o t t h e p u b l i c s e r v a n t c h a r g e d w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r d u t y i n C a n b e r r a , n o t t h e d e p a r t m e n t o r a u t h o r i t y

a d m i n i s t e r i n g C a n b e r r a , n o t t h e M i n i s t e r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r C a n b e r r a , n o t even t h e C a b i n e t , b u t P a r l i a m e n t i t s e l f . " — I b i d . , p . l l , p a r a . 42.

I b i d . , p . 7 2 , p a r a . 585.

I b i d . , p . 7 2 , r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s n o s . 1 and 2.

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C h a p t e r 2 - TURNING POINT

67.

6 8. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.

8 4.

12

I b i d . , p . 6 B , p a r a . 547.

I b i d . , p . 7 0 , p a r a . 570.

S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e 1955 E v i d e n c e , pp. 785 and 816.

I b i d . , p . 5 6 7 .

Roy B u l l o c k , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 27 F e b r u a r y 1984, v i a H a l l , ACT.

S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e 1955 R e p o r t , p . 7 2 , r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s n o s . 3 t o 8.

W h i l e r e c o g n i s i n g t h e p a r a m o u n t r o l e o f t h e S e n a t e S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n made by t h e e a r l i e r r e p o r t o f t h e Par 1 i a m e n t a r y S t a n d i n g C o m m i t t e e on P u b l i c Works s h o u l d n o t be o v e r l o o k e d . I t s e x a m i n a t i o n o f b r i d g e p r o p o s a l s f o r C a n b e r r a i n e v i t a b l y w i d e n e d i n t o i s s u e s i n v o l v i n g t h e G r i f f i n p l a n f o r t h e c e n t r a l a r e a s . E v i d e n c e b e f o r e t h e P u b l i c Works

i n q u i r y ended on 1 December 1954, s i x d a y s b e f o r e t h e S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e began i t s h e a r i n g s , and t h e c o m p l e t e d b r i d g e r e p o r t a p p e a r e d i n J a n u a r y

1955. The P u b l i c Works C o m m i t t e e u n c o v e r e d t h e m a n o e u v r es w h i c h had e v a p o r a t e d West L a k e , demanded i t s r e i n s t a t e m e n t and made p r e s c i e n t

j u d g e m e n t s a b o u t t h e p r a c t i c a l i t y o f t h e Lake Scheme. More t h a n t h a t , i t s o u g h t p r o p e r s a f e g u a r d s f o r t h e C a n b e r r a p l a n i n f u t u r e and u r g e d t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o p r o v i d e e x t r a f u n d s " t o p e r m i t o r d e r l y p l a n n i n g o f C a n b e r r a on a n a t i o n a l s c a l e . " [ B r i d g e I n q u i r y R e p o r t , p p . 1 6 - 7 . 1 A l t h o u g h t h e b r i d g e

i n q u i r y c a n n o t be seen as p r e - e m p t i n g t h e S e n a t e S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e ' s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i t was a s i g n i f i c a n t f o r e r u n n e r .

S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e 1955 R e p o r t , D i s s e n t by S e n a t o r Wood, p . 7 8 .

I b i d . , p . 7 9 . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d i n p a s s i n g t h a t t h e A u s t r a l i a n P l a n n i n g I n s t i t u t e s t a t e m e n t does n o t s u p p o r t W o o d ' s v i e w o f t h e F r e n c h c o n n e c t i o n ; on page 4 i t s a y s t h a t t h e G r i f f i n theme "owes l i t t l e t o i t s h i s t o r i c a n t e c e d e n t s a t V e r s a i l l e s and W a s h i n g t o n . "

C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 30 Se p t e m b e r 1955, p . 2 .

A v i e w e x p r e s s e d i n one f o r m o r a n o t h e r by a l l t h e n e w s p a p e r s e x c e p t t h e C a n b e r r a T i m e s .

S u n , M e l b o u r n e , 30 Se p t e m b e r 1955, p . 6 .

A g e , M e l b o u r n e , 30 S e p t e mb e r 1 955, p . 2 .

Sydney M o r n i n g H e r a l d , S y d n e y , 30 S e p t e m b e r 1955, p . 2 .

A d v e r t i s e r , A d e l a i d e , 3 O c t o b e r 1 955, p . 2 .

A g e , M e l b o u r n e , 30 Se p t e m b e r 1955, p . l .

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86. Herald, Melbourne, 29 September 1955, p.l.

87. A ge, Melbourne, 30 September 1955, p.2.

88. Ibid.

89. Sun, Melbourne, 30 September 1955, p.6.

90. Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, 30 September 1955, p.2.

91. Senators Norman Henty and Justin O'Byrne. Senate Debates, vol.S7,

21 March 1956, pp.327-8, and 15 May 1956, pp.736-7.

92. Select Committee 1955 Report, p.75, recommendation no.60.

93. Senate Debates, vol.S7, 21 March 1956, p.327.

94. Ibid. , pp.278-92.

95. Ibid. , p .290.

97. Ibid. , p.48, para.371.

98. Ibid. , p.55, para.440.

99. Ibid. , p. 17, para.87.

101. Frederick Howard, Kent Hughes, Macmillan Company of Australia, Melbourne,

1972, p .183. 102. Ibid. , p .161.

103. Ibid., p .146.

104. Ibid. , pp.181-3.

105. Ibid. , p . 156.

106. Canberra Times, 10 May 1954, p.2.

107. Ibid. , 17 November 1954, p.2.

108. Ibid. , 11 November 1955, p.2.

109. Ibid. , 25 October 1955, p.2.

110. Ibid. , 18 November 1955, p.2.

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14

112. Alan Reid, The Gorton Experiment, Shakespeare Head Press, Sydney, 1971,

P

■ 72.

113. Canberra Times, 4 April 1956, p.2.

114. Ibid. , 16 April 1956, p.l.

115. Ibid.

116. Ibid. , 4 April 1956, p.l.

117. House of Representatives Debates, vol.16, 28 August 1957, p.73.

118. National Library, Menzies Papers 4936, Series I, Box 16, Folder 139.

119. House o-f Representatives Debates, vol.16, 28 August 1957, p.73.

120. Ibid., vol.13, 8 November 1956, p.2135.

121. Ibid.

122. Senate Debates, vol.S9, 8 November 1956, p.1217.

123. John McCallum and Jim Fraser had in fact submitted notice of motions on

20 September: McCallum for a Senate standing committee on the A.C.T. and Fraser for a committee of the House of Representatives. Overtaken by Fairhall's proposal, which they both accepted, their motions lapsed.

124. John Knight, "Committee's Development Seen as Response to Community

Wishes" in Canberra Historical Journal, no.8, September 1981, p.32.

125. House of Representatives Debates, vol.14, 4 April 1957, pp.476-7.

126. Canberra Times, 5 April 1957, p.l.

127. Ibid. , p.2.

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Cnao t e r - SHOULDERS OF TODAY

15

REFERENCES

E p i g r a p h : S i r W i l l i a m H o i f o r d , O b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e F u t u r e D e v e l o p m e n t o f C a n b e r r a , G o v e r n m e n t R r i n t e r , C a n o e r r a , 28 D e c e m b e r 1 9 5 7 , p . 5 .

S h o r t t i t l e : H o l f o r d O b s e r v a t i o n s .

1. " H o l f o r d M e m o r i a l A d d r e s s " , S t P a u l ' s C a t h e d r a l , 30 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 6. 9^ _{I b i d .}

3 . P e t e r H a r r i s o n , " W i l l i a m H o l f o r d i n A u s t r a l i a " , 1 9 7 8 . H a r r l s o n was o r g a n i s i n g s e c r e t a r y o f t h e

p e r s o n a l m e m o i r , J a n u a r y c o n f e r e n c e .

4. J o h n Redmond, P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 8 A u g u s t 1984 , D e a k i n , ACT.

5 . H o l f o r d O b s e r v a t i o n s , p . 1 3 . 6 . I b i d . , p . 5 .

7. I b i d .

8. I b i d . , p . 1 3 . 9. I b i d .

10. I b i d . , p . 6 .

11. I b i d . , p . 1 0 .

12. " F i n a l l y t h e y d r o v e away i n s t a t e i n an o p e n c a r t o t h e R o y a l R e s i d e n c e a t T h a r w a . " I n t h e W e t , Pan B o o k s , L o n d o n , 1 9 5 3 , p . 1 7 1 .

13. A r t h u r C a l w e l l , t h e n D e p u t y L e a d e r o f t h e O p p o s i t i o n , r i d i c u l e d t h e

s u g g e s t i o n t h a t A u s t r a l i a s h o u l d b u i l d and m a i n t a i n a R o y a l P a v i l i o n t h a t w o u l d be o c c u p i e d " f o r a f o r t n i g h t e v e r y f i v e t o t e n y e a r s . " " Y a r r a i u m i a , "

he c o n t i n u e d , " w i t h i t s 24 s e r v a n t s and 14 g a r d e n e r s i s s u r e l y b i g e n o u g h f o r t h e G o v e r n o r - G e n e r a l and a n y member o f t h e R o y a l F a m i l y who m i g h t v i s i t A u s t r a l i a f r o m t i m e t o t i m e . " Q u o t e d i n C a n b e r r a T i m e s ,

12 May 1 9 5 8 , p . 2 .

14. S i r J o h n O v e r a l l , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 23 A u g u s t 1 9 8 4 , Red H i l l , ACT.

15. P e t e r H a r r i s o n , " W i l l i a m H o l f o r d i n A u s t r a l i a " , J a n u a r y 1 9 7 8 .

16. S i r J o h n O v e r a l l , A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o r a l h i s t o r y i n t e r v i e w , 24 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 3 .

17. H o l f o r d O b s e r v a t i o n s , p . 6 .

18. I b i d .

19. I b i d . , p . 7 .

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Chapter 3 - SHOULDERS OF TODAY

16

21. He was also an important influence on the Australian Prime Minister. After

talks with Holford in London in July 1957, Menzies sent a telegram to Fairhall praising Holford's opinions as "impressive and lively" and a strong reinforcement of the view that Canberra must have a "special and powerful new authority."

22. When he died in 1975 he became one of the tiny band of architects to be commemorated, with Wren himself, in St Paul's Cathedral. — Lord Esher, "Holford Memorial Address", 30 September 1976.

23. Allen Fairhall, Second Reading Speech, House of Representatives Debates,

vol.16, 28 August 1957, pp.43-7.

24. "Urban Management Processes — A.C.T." in Proceedings of Unesco Seminar, Adelaide, 22-25 August 1977, p.109.

25. Measure of the Years, p.145.

26. Sir William Dunk, They Also Serve, privately published, Canberra, 1974,

P ■ 77.

27. Dunk says Menzies was ill. Menzies himself says (Measure of the Years,

p.145) that he was overseas.

28. Dunk, op.cit., p.77.

30. Letter from Menzies to Fairhall, 14 August 1957, in Submission by the NCDC

to the Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration, Technical

Paper 6, February 1975, pp.111-3.

31. Ibid.

32. Wilfred Coutts ((Labor, Griffith). House of Representatives Debates,

vol.16, 28 August 1957, p.77.

33. Hugh Leslie (Country Party, Moore). Ibid. , 29 August 1957, p.140.

34. Ibid. , p . 139. 35. Ibid. , p . 138. 36. Ibid. , p . 134. 37. Ibid. , p . 147. 38. Ibid. , p . 124. 39. Ibid. , p. 121.

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C h a n t e r 3 — SHOULDERS DF TODAY

17

42. P e t e r F u n d a , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 28 S e p t e mb e r 19B4, Red H i l l , ACT.

43. S i r J ohn O v e r a l l , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 21 S e p t e m b e r 1984, Red H i l l , ACT.

44. I b i d .

45. Hugh S t r e t t o n , I d e a s -for A u s t r a l i a n C i t i e s , p u b l i s h e d by a u t h o r , A d e l a i d e , 1970, p . 3 1 .

46. P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 21 S e p t e mb e r 1984, Red H i l l , ACT.

47. S i r John O v e r a l l , "The De s i g n and De v e l o p me n t o f a C i t y — C a n b e r r a " i n A r c h i t e c t u r e i n A u s t r a l i a , v o l . 7 2 , n o . 5, S e p t e m b e r 1983, p . 7 0 .

48. B a r r y Br owni ng i n The S p o i l e r s , NCDC S o c i a l Cl ub Ma g a z i n e , December 198u.

50. I b i d .

51. A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o r a l h i s t o r y i n t e r v i e w , 10 Au g u s t 1973.

53. A d d r e s s a t o p e n i n g o f f i r s t R u s s e l l O f f i c e , 17 November 1960.

54. C l i v e P r i c e , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 3 0 c t o b e r 198 4, Red H i l l , ACT.

55. See t r i b u t e by K h a l i d S h i b l i of P a k i s t a n N a t i o n a l P l a n n i n g Commi s s i on in A u s t r a l i a n P l a n n i n g I n s t i t u t e J o u r n a l , v o l . 5 , n o . 2, A p r i l 1967, p p . 2 7 - 8 .

56. "The P l a n n e r s and t h e P e o p l e " i n I b i d . , p . 4 2 .

57. " No t e s f o r a P o r t r a i t of G r e n f e l l Ru d d u c k " , i n I b i d . , p . 3 4 .

58. "When I s a i d t o him i n t h e e a r l y ' s i x t i e s , you mus t l ook a h e a d and p l a n f o r a Q u a r t e r of a m i l l i o n , t h e n h a l f a m i l l i o n , Gren became v e r y u p s e t , " P r o f e s s o r Gordon S t e p h e n s o n r e c a l l e d . "He d i d n ' t wa nt C a n b e r r a any

l a r g e r . " P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 27 May 1985, C i v i c , ACT.

59. S e l e c t Commi t t e e 1955 E v i d e n c e , p . 1857.

60. A r t i c l e i n A r c h i t e c t u r e i n A u s t r a l i a , March 1965.

61. A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o r a l h i s t o r y i n t e r v i e w , 10 Au g u s t 1973.

62. C l i v e P r i c e , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 3 O c t o b e r 1984, Red H i l l , ACT.

63. I b i d .

64. P e i e r Fu n d a , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 28 S e p t e m b e r 1984, Red H i l l , ACT.

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Chapter 3 - SHOULDERS OF TODAY

18

66. "Not too Late to Save Burley Griffin Plan" in Canberra Times, 23 October 1956.

67. Bruce Juddery, "Town Planner with the Seven-Year Itch" in Canberra Times, 6 November 1968, p.20.

68. Quoted by William Holford in "Notes for a Portrait of Grenfell Rudduck" in Australian Planning Institute Journal, vol.5, no.2, April 1967, pp.27-B.

70. Figures from NCDC annual reports.

71. National Capital Development Commission, Second Annual Report 1958-59,

p.17.

72. Minutes of the inaugural meeting of the National Capital Planning

Committee, 16 April 1958, p.2.

73. Sir John Overall, Australian National Library oral history interview, 10

August 1973.

74. Attached to a letter from Overall to Fairhall, 30 June 1958. Australian

Archives, CRS A451, 1958, 58/4455. 75. Ibid. , p. 1.

76. Ibid. , p .3.

77. National Capital Development Commission, First Annual Report, 1 March - 30

June 1958, p.4. 78. Ibid. , p .15.

79. Bob Lsnsdown, Personal interview, 3 December 1984, Belconnen, ACT.

80. Ibid.

81. Ibid.

82. Sir John Overall, Australian National Library oral history interview,

10 August 1973.

83. Bob Lansdown, Personal interview, 3 December 1984, Belconnen, ACT.

84. Holford Observations, p.16.

10 August 1973.

86. Ibid.

87. McLaren to Overall when he sought help to find office accommodation. Sir

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C h a p t e r 3 - SHOULDERS OF TODAY

19

88. M c L a r e n ' s a d v i c e t o some o f h i s s t a f f . I b i d .

89. B i l l A n d r e w s : " N o n - c o o p e r a t i o n f a d e d a w a y . " P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 26 Se p t e m b e r 1984, ANU.

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C h a p t e r 4 - NOT S I B E R I A

20

REFERENCES

E p i g r a p h : "How T h e y a r e F i n d i n g T h i n g s i n C a n b e r r a " i n A u s t r a l i a n A r m y , v o l . l , n o . 2 , 24 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 9 , p . 8 .

1. C h a r l e s D a l e y , " A s I R e c a l l " i n C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 7 May 1 9 6 6 , p . 2 4 .

2. B r i a n S h i n e , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 14 D ec e mb e r 1 9 8 4 , L y n e h a m , ACT.

3 . C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 31 A u g u s t 1 9 5 4 , p . 2 .

4. S i r W i l l i a m D u n k , T h e y A l s o S e r v e , p r i v a t e l y p u b l i s h e d , C a n b e r r a , 1 9 7 4 , p p . 7 4 - 5 .

6 . P u b l i c S e r v i c e B o a r d , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 4 9 - 5 0 .

7 . S e l e c t C o m m i t t e e 1955 E v i d e n c e , p . 4 8 6 .

8. P u b l i c S e r v i c e B o a r d , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 5 1 - 5 2 , p p . 6 - 7 .

9. D u n k , o p . c i t . , p . 7 6 .

11. D u n k , h o w e v e r , s a y s h i s c h a n g e t o c i g a r s was f o r m e d i c a l r e a s o n s , o p . c i t p . 1 1 8 .

12. J o h n C o n w a y , p e r s o n a l a s s i s t a n t t o D u n k , i n l e t t e r t o a u t h o r , 2 May 1984 13. C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 28 A p r i l 1 9 5 4 , p . 2 .

14. C a b i n e t S u b m i s s i o n , n o . 6 9 4 , 21 J u n e 1 9 5 4 .

15. C a b i n e t D e c i s i o n , n o . 1 0 3 5 , 6 J u l y 1 9 5 4 .

16. C a b i n e t S u b m i s s i o n , n o . 8 4 , 24 A u g u s t 1 9 5 4 .

17. C a b i n e t D e c i s i o n , n o . 8 7 , 10 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 4 .

18. A . S . B r o w n , S e c r e t a r y t o C a b i n e t , t o D u n k , 8 O c t o b e r 1 9 5 4 . AA: CRS A 4 5 1 , 1 9 5 4 - 5 5 , 5 8 / 3 1 6 3 .

19. I n t e r i m R e p o r t o f W o r k i n g P a r t y on T r a n s f e r o f D e f e n c e D e p a r t m e n t s t o C a n b e r r a . J a n u a r y 1 9 5 5 . AA: CRS A 4 5 1 , 1 9 5 4 - 5 5 ; 5 8 / 3 1 6 3 .

2 0 . J . E . C e i l i n g s , 28 J a n u a r y 1 9 5 5 . I b i d .

2 1 . L e t t e r t o A . S . B r o w n , S e c r e t a r y P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' s D e p a r t m e n t , 14 O c t o b e r 1 9 5 4 . I b i d .

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Chapter 4 - NOT SIBERIA

21

23. The submission was drafted by Dunk.

24. Cabinet Submission, 16 March 1955.

25. Cabinet Decision no.371, 13 April 1955.

26. This was in spite of a letter to him from Dunk which drew attention to "doubtful elements" in the Melbourne figures. Why did Supply need to bring a large contract organisation? And the Army's top officers had suggested "huge supporting staffs." Must the Master-General of Ordinance Branch in Army be supported by a staff of 480 and the Adjutant-Genera 1 by 173? — Letter from Dunk to McBride, quoted by Dunk in Minute to Prime Minister, 7 June 1955, AA: CRS A451, 1954-55, 58/3163.

27. Letter to Dunk, 10 June 1955. AA: CRS A451, 1954-55, 58/3163.

28. Final Report of Working Party -Sub-Co m m i t t e e on Amenities Required, 14 June 1955. AA: CRS A451, 1955-55, 58/3164.

29. Brian Shine, Personal interview, 14 December 1984, Lyneham, ACT.

30. John Conway, in letter to author, 2 May 1984.

31. Dunk to Kent Hughes, 23 August 1955. AA: CRS A451, 1955-55, 58/3164.

32. House of Representatives Debates, vol.15, p.1240, 9 May 1957.

33. Ibid. , v o 1.14, p.577, 4 April 1957.

34. McBride to Dunk, 8 July 1955. AA: CRS A4 5 1 , 1955-55, 58/3164.

35. Cabinet Submission no.550, 31 August 1955.

36. Kent Hughes summed up the fate of "Operation Admin" (the transfer programme) to that point when he said that "like most of the rivers in Northern Australia that run west from the Australian Alps, Lit] had run

into the desert sands of frustration, changes of policy, and the stresses and strains of the public servants who did not want to move at all." —

House of Representatives Debates, vol.16, 28 August 1957, p.74.

37. Cabinet Decision no.556, 2 November 1956.

38. Cabinet Decision no.647, 20 September 1955.

39. William McGregor, Personal interview, 12 December 1984, Griffith, ACT.

40. Ibid.

41. The Commissioner, John Butters, in his foreword for the 1926 booklet

(which he sprinkled with odd little homilies like "Don't grumble more than is humanly possible") had to grapple with the awkward fact that his

(23)

42. Department of the Interior, Canberra Today, Canberra, 1957, p.7.

43. Commonwealth Bureau of Census Statistics, A.C.T. Statistical Summary

1963, p .39.

44. Ibid.

45. £5,397,000. National Capital Development Commission, First Annual Report,

1 March - 30 June 1958, p.7.

46. Peter Funda, Personal interview, 28 September 1984, Red Hill, ACT.

47. Ibid.

48. In 1965-66 the number of serviced blocks produced reached 2510;

in 1969-70, 3451; and in 1974-75 a peak of 5400. National Capital

Development Commission, Annual Report 1982-83 Statistical Summary, p.6B.

49. William Andrews, Personal interview, 17 October 1984, ANU, ACT.

10 August 1973.

51. William Andrews, Personal interview, 17 October 1984, ANU, ACT.

52. In 1966-67, private building provided 66 per cent of the total;

in 1969-70, 64 per cent. National Capital Development Commission, Annual Report 1982-83, Statistical Summary, p.67.

53. Australian Bureau of Statistics, A.C.T. Statistical Summary 1976, p.5.

54. House of Representatives Debates, vol.19, 6 May 195B, p.1508.

55. Canberra Times, 11 February 1958, p.6.

56. National Capital Development Commission, Annual Report 1962-63, p.27.

57. Commonwealth Bureau of Census & Statistics, Canberra Statistical Summary

1963, p .39.

59. For example: “Absolute priority must be given to those affected by the

transfer." House of Representatives Debates, vol.20, 26 August 1958, p .768.

60. "Report by Delegation to Canberra", in Victorian Viewpoint, Melbourne, circa June or July 1958.

61. A g e , Melbourne, 10 July 1958, p.10. 62. S u n , Sydney, 1 August 1958, p.5.

63. Ibid.

22

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Chapter 4 — NOT SIBERIA

23

65. Ibid. , 24 July 1958, p.2.

66. Personal interview, 21 September 1984, Red Hill, ACT.

67. Menzies, House of Representatives Debates, vol.20, 26 August 1958, p.76B.

68. Co-ordination and Steering Committee meeting, 24 June 1958. AAs CRS A451,

1956-58, 58/3165.

69. Brian Shine, Personal interview, 14 December 19B4, Lyneham, ACT. Shine was

the Trans-fer Liaison 0 + ficer for the Department of Air.

70. AA: A451 1956-58 58/3165.

71. AA: A451 1959-60 59/2706.

72. Ibid.

74. Ibid.

75. Age, Melbourne, 9 October 1958, p.5.

76. "Notes on Transfer of Defence Group to Canberra", 6 September 1963.

AA: A451 1961-63 61/2240. Not everybody thought the system just. One man

whose name began with a "W" protested angrily that, because of an accident of birth, he had little chance of drawing a low number. Mathematicians in Defence laboratories, called in to help, worked out the probability scale and presented a written report showing there was really no fairer way. "W" remained unconvinced, even though, when his turn came to draw, the marbles

for 2, 3, 6, 8 and 9 were still in the barrel. He drew a number in the fifties and got a house in Campbell which was what he had always wanted.

77. Geoff Levey, Personal interview, 8 March 1985, Downer, ACT.

78. "Notes on Transfer of Defence Group to Canberra", 6 September 1963, AA: A451 1961-63 61/2240.

79. Barwick won Parramatta in a by-election in March 1958.

80. Canberra Times, 9 December 1958, p.l.

81. Ibid. , February 1958, p.14.

82. Ibid. , 9 December 1958, p.2.

83. Sir John Overall, Personal interview, 21 September 1984, Red Hill, ACT.

84. Sydney Morning Herald, 23 December 1958.

85. Canberra Times, 10 December 1958, p.l; and 24 January 1959, p.l.

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24

87. Bill Brey-Reitz, Personal interview, 21 February 1985, Campbell, ACT. Most

of the material on the organisation of the move came from Brey-Reitz and Brian Shine.

89. Public Service Board, Annual Report 1958-59, p.6.

92. Australian Army, 24 September 1959, vol.l, no.2, p.B.

93. "Notes on Transfer of the Defence Group to Canberra", 6 September 1963.

AA: A451 1961-63 61/2240.

94. Kenneth Slessor, Canberra, Rigby Ltd., Sydney, 1966, p.21.

96. Ibid.

(26)

Cnapter 5 — THE BIG PUSH

REFERENCES

25

Epigraph: Sir John Overall, Australian National Library oral history interview, 10 August 1973.

1. Richard Clough, "Ornamental Waters for the National Capital" in

Canberra 63, a collection of papers presented at the 1963 Canberra

Convention, Canberra Division of the Royal Australian Planning Institute, Canberra, 1973, p.1.

2. In 1959 private enterprise spent about £3.3 million; in 1964 £9.5 million.

National Capital Development Commission, Annual Report 1958-59, p.15, and

Annual Report 1963-64, p.9.

3. National Capital Development Commission, The Future Canberra, Angus and

Robertson, Sydney, 1965, p.27.

4. Canberra Times, 14 March 1960, p.l.

6. The Future Canberra, p.31.

7. Officially opened on 25 November 1965.

B. Age, Melbourne, 28 August 1958, p.2.

9. Editorial, 16 March 1960, p.2.

10. Canberra, Dalton Publishing Co., Canberra, 1972, p.176.

11. The fluoridation issue raised considerable public controversy. Efforts to

secure a referendum failed even though, at one stage (18 March 1965), the House of Representatives carried a resolution supporting an A.C.T. poll on

the issue.

12. Patricia Edgar, The Politics of the Press, Sun Books, Melbourne, 1979,

pp.23 and 25-6. Murdoch's avowed intention of putting the Canberra Times out of business failed. A Canberra supplement to the Australian known as

"The Little Digger" did not continue for long.

14. "Government Development in Canberra" in Royal Australian Planning

Institute Journal , August 1980, p.81.

15. "National Capitals", a talk to the Professional Officers' Association,

Canberra, 28 May 1959.

16. Canberra in Crisis, Dalton Publishing Company, Canberra, 1971, p.174.

1/. "Planning objectives" in uanberra — The Next E>ecade: Three Studies,

Federal Capital Press, Canberra 1962, p.29.

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Chapter 5 - THE BIG PUSH

26

20. Personal interview, 3 December 1984, Belconnen, ACT.

24 September 1973.

23. Personal interview, 29 November 1984, Reid, ACT.

24. They were later called, more accurately, Development Reports.

25. Personal interview, 29 November 1984, Reid, ACT.

26. National Capital Development Commission, Planning Report for

Period 1959-1964, February 1959, p.3.

27. The Commission admitted its tendency to understate growth in its early

years, and offered the opaque explanation that this was "because of the major change in the character of the growth rate of the city, and the resultant incidence of unpredictable new employment opportunities." — National Capital Development Commission, Annual Report 1964-65, p.6.

29. Peter Harrison, Personal interview, 29 November 1984, Reid, ACT.

30. NCDC achieved absolute precision with one forecast it made in 1964 that

Canberra would achieve 250,000 in 1985. Annual Report 1964-65, p.27.

31. Raymond Bunker, Canberra's Economic Base, NCDC, April 1964, pp.i-ii.

32. John Gilchrist, Woden-Weston Creek New Town, a thesis for the Degree of

Master of Science Architecture (Town Planning), University of Sydney, 1985, p.59.

33. Peter Harrison, Personal interview, 29 November 1984, Reid, ACT.

34. Ibid.

35. Gilchrist, op.cit., p.60.

36. Ibid., p .68.

37. Ibid., p .73.

38. National Capital Development Commission, Planning Report February 1961,

P ■ 7.

39. "Pioneering In a New Suburb" in Canberra Times, 12 March 1964, p.43.

40. Peter Funda, Personal interview, 24 September 19S4, Red Hill, ACT.

(28)

Chapter 5 - THE BIB PUSH

27

42. Foreword to Kenneth Slessor, Canberra, Rigby Limited, Sydney, 1966, p.7.

43. Sir John Bunting, formerly Secretary of Prime Minister's Department and

Secretary to Federal Cabinet, Personal interview, 19 March 1985, Red Hill, ACT.

44. Canberra Times, 31 December 1983, p.2.

45. Ibid. , 11 May 1964, p.1.

46. Peter Funda, Personal interview, 24 September 1984, Red Hill, ACT.

47. NCDC Minute "References to Walter Burley Griffin", 18 May 1964.

48. Ibid.

49. Except in the name "Lake Burley Griffin".

50. Lionel Wiqmore, Canberra, Dalton Publishing Company, Canberra, 197Z,

p . 185.

51. Report of the National Library Inquiry Committee 1956-57, Par 1iamentary

Paper no.30, April 1957, p.13.

52. National Capital Development Commission, The Development of the Central

A r e a , material presented to Parliamentarians on 13 May 1964, p.3.

54. National Capital Development Commission, The Parliamentary Triangle and

Capital Hi l l , March 1962, pp.6-7.

55. "National Centre — Capital Hill", Report by Richard Gray (of Hoi ford ?< Partners) and Grenfell Rudduck, 22 November 1962.

57. National Capital Development Commission, Report on Holford's Observations,

30 June 1958, p.4.

58. National Capital Development Commission, Planning Report for Period 1959-

1964, February 1959, p.ll.

59. Grenfell Rudduck, "The National Mint" in Australian Numismatic Journal, vol.14, no.3, 1963, p.127.

60. Speech at official opening of the Mint, Canberra Times, 23 February 1965,

p . 13.

61. Canberra Times, 3 June 1964, p.l.

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C h a p t e r 5 - THE BIG PUSH

28

63. K . S . I n g l i s , " C e r e m o n i e s i n a C a p i t a l L a n d s c a p e : Scenes i n t h e Ma k i ng o f

C a n o e r r a “ i n S t e p h e n R. G r a u b a r d , A u s t r a l i a : The D a e d a l u s S y m p o s i u m , Angus and R o b e r t s o n , S y d n e y , 1985, p . 1 0 4 .

64. C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 31 December 1 983, p . 2 .

65. S t r e t t o n , I d e a s f o r A u s t r a l i a n C i t i e s , p u b l i s h e d by a u t h o r , A d e l a i d e ,

1970, p . 4 7 .

66. R i o t e r s d e s t r o y e d t h e o r i g i n a l , e r e c t e d a t P o r t S a i d i n 1 932, d u r i n g t h e Suez C r i s i s i n 1956. The s e c on d m e m o r i a l t o be e r e c t e d i n Anzac P a r a d e was u n v e i l e d on 15 March 1973 t o mark t h e 5 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e f o u n d i n g o f t h e R o y a l A u s t r a l i a n A i r F o r c e ; a t h i r d , t o h o n o u r t h e R a t s o f T o b r u k , on

13 A p r i l 1983; and a f o u r t h t o commemorate t h e 7 5 t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e R o y a l A u s t r a l i a n Navy on 3 Mar ch 1986.

67. I n one i m p o r t a n t r e s p e c t t h e P a r a d e d i f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m w ha t was

i n t e n d e d . A f t e r t h e d e c i s i o n was t a k e n t o t o p t h e w i d e p r o c e s s i o n a l way w i t h c r u s h e d b r i c k , t h e s u p e r v i s i n g e n g i n e e r b r o u g h t t wo s a m p l e s t o t h e NCDC o f f i c e i n h i s p o c k e t s , one s a m p l e a v e r y r i c h r e d , t h e o t h e r an o c h r e

o r o r a n g e s hade n o t u n l i k e t h e c o l o u r o f t h e g r a v e l o f t h e d i s t r i c t ' s r u r a l r o a d s . P e t e r H a r r i s o n c h o s e t h e o c h r e , b u t t h e e n g i n e e r mi xed t h e

s a m p l e s o r p o c k e t s and c o v e r e d t h e P a r a d e i n r e d . " F o r t h e f i r s t f ew y e a r s a f t e r i t was l a i d , " H a r r i s o n s a i d , " i t was a b s o l u t e l y l i v i d and t u r n e d t h e c o l o u r o f i a m b ' s f r y when i t r a i n e d . " — P e t e r H a r r i s o n , P e r s o n a l

i n t e r v i e w , 29 November 1984, R e i d , ACT.

68. N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 4 - 6 5 , p . 2 6 .

69. Swan La k e ( A c t T w o ) , The D i s p l a y ( b a l l e t by R o b e r t Hel pmann) and M e l b o u r n e

Cup ( c h o r e o g r a p h y by Rex R e i d ) .

70. C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 25 June 1 9 6 5 , p . l .

71. Now c a l l e d "The F a c u l t i e s " .

72. P r o f e s s o r Manni ng C l a r k , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 24 May 1985, F o r r e s t , ACT.

73. " C a n b e r r a as a C e n t r e o f S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h " , P r o c e e d i n g s o f R e s i d e n t i a l S c h o o l C a n b e r r a o u r N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , C a n b e r r a , 2 4 - 3 0 May 1 964, p . 8 .

7 4 . C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 25 Mar ch 1960, p . l .

75. I b i d . , 12 Mar ch 1 960, p . 3 .

76. F o r e x a m p l e , Kim B e a z l e y ( L a b o r , F r e m a n t l e ) i n t h e House o f

R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . — C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 31 Mar ch 1960, p . 3 .

77. M e n z i e s , q u o t e d i n I b i d . , 25 Mar ch 1960.

78. I b i d . , 1 A p r i l 1960, p . 3 .

79. R o y a l A u s t r a l i a n I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t s A . C . T . C h a p t e r , An A r c h i t e c t u r a l G u i d e t o A u s t r a l i a ' s C a p i t a l , C a n b e r r a , 1 982, p . 5 .

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C h a p t e r 5 - THE BIG PUSH

8 1

.

82.

83.

84.

85.

8 6

.

87.

8 8.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

29

Mary M u r p h y , C h a l l e n g e s o f Change: The Lend L eas e S t o r y , Lend L e a s e , S y d n e y , 1 984, p . 5 4 .

C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 7 March 1 963, p . 5 .

Quot ed i n Mary M u r p h y , o p . c i t . , p . 6 4 .

Opened by t h e G o v e r n o r - G e n e r a l , V i s c o u n t De L ' I s l e , 14 December 1964.

G . J . R . L i n g e , C a n b e r r a : S i t e and C i t y , ANU P r e s s , C a n b e r r a , 1 975, p . 3 1 .

B i l l M c G r e g o r , P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , 14 December 1984, G r i f f i t h , ACT.

N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 3 - 6 4 , p . l l .

B i l l M i n t y , " P u b l i c L i g h t i n g and N a t u r a l Gas" i n A l a n F i t z g e r a l d ( e d . ) , C a n b e r r a ' s E n g i n e e r i n g H e r i t a g e , C a n b e r r a , 1983, p . 1 4 2 .

N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 , p . 3 1 .

N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 5 - 6 6 , p p . 1 3 - 4 .

M i n u t e t o E x e c u t i v e A r c h i t e c t a t NCDC, 22 O c t o b e r 1960.

S i r John O v e r a l l , A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o r a l h i s t o r y i n t e r v i e w , 9 O c t o b e r 1973.

N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 3 - 6 4 , P - 7 .

N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 , p . l l

N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 3 - 6 4 , p . 9 .

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Chapter 6 — ORNAMENTAL WATERS

30

REFERENCES

Epigraph: Quoted in Frederick Watson, A Brief History of Canberra, Federal

Capital Press, Cahberra, 1927, p.127.

1. Canberra Times, 27 March 1934, p.2F.

2. Griffin's herse-and-dray earthworks defined part of his West Basin and a

portion of the south bank of the Central Basin. He had the work done before his post of Federal Director of Design and Construction was abolished in 1920. His modest mounds soon disappeared beneath the bulldozers.

3. National Capital Development Commission, First Annual Report,

1 March - 30 June 195B, p.13.

4. "Urban Management Processes — A.C.T." in Proceedings of UNESCO Seminar,

Adelaide, 22-25 August 1977, p .110.

5. Canberra Times, 15 April 1958, p.3.

6. Report of Engineering Sub-committee of NCF’C , 24 July 1958.

7. National Capital Development Commission, First Annual Report,

1 March - 30 June 1958, p.13.

8. Clive Price, Personal interview, 30 October 1984, Red Hill, ACT.

9. Sir Robert Menzies, The Measure of the Years, Coronet Books, London, 1972,

p .146.

10. Ibid., p .147.

11. Scrivener, a District Surveyor of the New South Wales Lands Department,

later became the Director of Commonwealth Lands and Survey and the first Commonwealth Surveyor-Benera1. His role is commemorated by a plaque on the dam.

12. Clive Price, Personal interview, 3 October 1984, Red Hill, ACT.

14. Bill Minty, Project Engineer for the lake, Personal interview, 5 July

1985, Campbell, ACT.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Speech at opening of first Russell Office, 17 November 1960.

19. For instance, Senator Ian Wood (Liberal, Queensland) quoted in Canberra

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Chapter 6 — ORNAMENTAL WATERS

31

20. Country Party, McPherson. House of Representatives Debates, vol.25, 17

October 1959, p.2283.

21. Liberal, Morton, Ibid. , vol.24, 29 September 1959, p.22B3.

22. Canberra Times, 12 March 1962, p.l.

23. For the bridge-building details see W.C. Andrews, "Roads and Bridges" in

Alan Fitzgerald (ed.), Canberra's Engineering Heritage, Canberra Division of The Institution of Engineers, Canberra, 1983, pp.30-34.

24. Speech at inauguration of Lake Burley Griffin, Regatta Point, 17 October

1964.

25. Clive Price, "Lakes and Dams" in Canberra's Engineering Heritage, p.93.

26. Clive Price, Personal interview, 22 May 1985, Red Hill, ACT.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Menzies, The Measure of the Years, p.146.

31. Royal Canberra Golf Club Jubilee History 1926-1976, Canberra, 1977, p.32.

32. Though due for demolition, as part of the lake foreshore development, the

Yacht Club was still using the building when it burnt down on 12 May 1965. Plans had already been drawn up, however, for a new clubhouse for

yachtsmen at Lotus Bay which was ready for occupation in March 1966.

33. Canberra's Engineering Heritage, p.94.

35. Bill Minty, Personal interview, 5 July 1985, Campbell, ACT.

36. Robin Boyd, "The Architecture of Canberra", paper delivered to Residential

School Canberra Pur National Capital, Canberra, 24-30 May 1964, p.12.

37. Editorial, 12 March 1964, p.2.

38. Ray Donnellan. Canberra Times, 1 May 1964, p.15.

39. Health claimed any person swimming in the lake, particularly for prolonged

periods, faced a risk of infection because the water was contaminated to

some degree by sewage effluent. Letter from Minister for Health, Senator

Harrie Wade, to Minister for the Interior, Doug Anthony, quoted in

Canberra Times 16 October 1964, p.2. In its Annual Report 1968-69, p.19,

NCDC claimed the lake could be used for swimming "with complete

confidence", and the following year the Department of Health withdrew its

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C h a p t e r 6 - ORNAMENTAL WATERS

T O

U J L

4 0 . C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 5 May 1 9 6 4 , p . l .

4 1 . 26 N o v e mb e r and 30 D e c e m b e r .

4 2 . C a n b e r r a T i m e s , 17 D c t o b e r 1 9 6 4 , p . l .

4 3 . N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 3 - 6 4 , p . 19 4 4 . N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m i s s i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 , p . 1 7

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33

REFERENCES

Epigraph: Tony Powell, laken at a Point in Time, Walter Burley Griffin

Memorial Lecture 1984, p.22.

1. Canberra Times, 17 May 1966, p.3.

2. Id ld. , 30 September 1965, p.l.

3. For example, a survey by a senior lecturer in Economics from the

University of Western Australia. Ibid. , 28 January 1965, p . 16. 4. Dr F.L.Jones, "Social Aspects of Canberra's Growth" in Report of

Proceedings of the Residential School Canberra - Qur National Capital, ANU, 24-30 May 1964.

5. Peter Luck, "Canberra - The Two-Job City" in Canberra Times, 18 June 1966, p. 2.

6. "It was true frontier land," wrote Alan Fitzgerald. "The sheep were at our backs, the dust was in our eyes, and around us lay the drought-blasted

landscape not yet raped and subdivided beyond Hughes by contractors to the NCDC." Alan Fitzgerald, "Pioneer of '64" in Some of the Best Fitzgerald, Dalton Publishing Company, Canberra, 1970, p.94.

7. Max Purnell, "The Citizens Make Canberra Tick" in Souvenir Booklet for 1965 Jubilee, p .13.

8. Bob Brissenden, Gough and Johnny Were Lovers, Penguin Books, Melbourne,

1984, p.xiv.

9. Canberra Times, 27 May 1964, d.3.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. , 29 May 1964, p.3. 12. Ibid. , 12 March 1965, p.3.

13. Max Purnell, Personal interview, 16 July 1985, Hackett, ACT.

14. Llewellyn's initial staff comprised Larry Sitsky, Vincent Edwards, William

Herbert and Bill Hoffman.

15. Bureau of Census and Statistics, A.C.T. Statistical Summary 1965, p.61.

16. Ibid. , 1969, p .99.

17. Dr F.L.Jones, op.cit.