A Restructured MMPI-2: Establishing Incremental Validity and Underlying Patterns of Performance in a Medico-legal Setting
Patricia Beaumont
Being a report of an investigation submitted as a requirement for the award of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southern Queensland
Restructured MMPI-2 ii Statement of Originality
I certify that the ideas, experimental work, results, analyses and conclusions reported in this dissertation are currently my own effort, except where due reference is made in the text. I also certify that this dissertation contains no material offered for any other award, except where otherwise acknowledged.
Signed: __________________________ Date: Patricia Beaumont
Restructured MMPI-2 iii Abstract
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is a popular assessment tool used for the psychosocial assessment of personal injury litigants. However, there are inherent structural problems found in the MMPI-2 that question the utility of this test. In 2006, Goh restructured the MMPI-2 at the item level in order to provide a more accurate and reliable assessment device. Using a large sample of personal injury litigants, Goh rebuilt the MMPI-2’s scoring and analysis system specifically for the psychosocial assessment of personal injury litigants. Called the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 for use with personal injury litigants (MMPI-2-PI), the
development of the MMPI-2-PI used contemporary methods with the goal of enhancing internal consistency and eliminating item overlap. A unique feature of the MMPI-2-PI were items that were weighted according to the relevance of the constructs they measured which resulted in independently weighted scales and subscales. Since Goh’s initial restructuring of the MMPI-2, Ben-Porath and Tellegen (2008) developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) also using contemporary methods to restructure the 2. Published in 2008, the MMPI-2-RF was developed as an alternative version of the MMPI-2 for routine clinical psychosocial evaluation. While the MMPI-2-PI appeared to be a promising new approach for assessing personal injury litigants, it was still in its infancy. As such, the goals of this dissertation were to examine the Incremental validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-2-PI by comparing it to the more traditional MMPI-2 and more
Restructured MMPI-2 iv interpretability for the MMPI-2-PI. This comparison not only showed the MMPI-2-PI to be comparable to the MMPI-2, but also to be a better measurement device while
demonstrating no evident scale redundancy and clear delineation of the constructs being measured. The second comparison indicated the MMPI-2-PI showed comparability to the MMPI-2-RF in assessing similar constructs. However, given some redundancy issues were evident in the MMPI-2-RF, incremental improvement was indicated for the MMPI-2-PI in assessing personal injury litigants. Further examination of the clinical and interpretive implications of using the MMPI-2-PI provided information on what constructs are more common (and not so common) within a medico-legal setting. Further to this, the majority of MMPI-2-PI scales and subscales demonstrated
sensitivity to the constructs they were measuring and the diagnostic groups commonly seen in medico-legal evaluations. Independant interpretation of the majority of the MMPI-2-PI subscales was also demonstrated and recommended given there were different item weightings between the scales and subscales. This was an important consideration, given the subscales of the more traditional MMPI-2 are not
Restructured MMPI-2 vi Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. Graeme Senior for his patience, sound advice, and guidance I received throughout this incredibly challenging and rewarding
experience…you will continue to be someone I look up to and turn to for advice as I continue to strive for excellence within my profession. I would also like to thank Dr. Roger Greene for providing access to his data, Dr. Greene’s patience and support was very much appreciated.
I would like to thank my sister-in-law Linda, who put aside some of her Christmas holiday time to assist with what seemed like endless data checks. I would also like to acknowledge and thank my friend Narelle, who made herself available for hours, after working all day, to help me with endless data input procedures when I thought I it was all behind me. I must also thank my sister Cheryl for helping me in my final hours of completion...welcome home. And to my father Bill…thanks for your support and for believing in me.
I could not have completed this project without my mother, June, who was an angel watching over me during some of my more challenging moments when frustration and lack of confidence was a threatening force. I must also thank and remember my dear friend Gloria, who was a source of inspiration for me from the outset of my studies.
Restructured MMPI-2 vii
Table of Contents Statement of Originality ... ii
Abstract ... iii
Acknowledgements ... vi
List of Tables ... xv
List of Figures ... xxiii
CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction ... 1
1.2 Overview of Thesis. ... 5
CHAPTER TWO PERSONALITY TEST CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES TO THE MMPI-2 2.1 Approaches to Personality Test Construction ... 8
2.1.1. Rational Approach ... 9
2.1.2. Empirical Approach ... 10
2.1.3. Internal Consistency Approach ... 11
2.1.4. Construct Validation Approach ... 13
2.2 Development of the MMPI and MMPI-2 ... 14
2.2.1. The MMPI ... 14
2.2.2. The MMPI-2 ... 17
2.3 Continued Problems with the Test ... 23
2.3.1. Item Overlap. ... 23
2.3.2. Heterogeneous Item Content. ... 23
2.3.3. Length of Test. ... 24
Restructured MMPI-2 viii
2.4 MMPI-2 RC Scales ... 27
2.5 MMPI-2 RF ... 29
CHAPTER THREE THE MMPI-2-PI 3.1 Assessment of Personal Injury Litigants. ... 34
3.2 Restructuring the MMPI-2. ... 36
3.2.1. The MMPI-2-PI Eliminates Structural Problems. ... 40
3.3 Summary. ... 42
CHAPTER FOUR PSYCHOMETRIC AND INTERPRETIVE CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 Standardised Scoring ... 44
4.2 Demographic Norming ... 45
Method ... 48
Participants ... 48
Materials ... 49
Procedure ... 50
Results and Discussion ... 52
T Score Comparison ... 56
Demographic Considerations... 56
Scoring the MMPI-2-PI ... 58
4.3 Summary ... 59
CHAPTER FIVE INCREMENTAL VALIDITY Method ... 70
Restructured MMPI-2 ix
Results and Discussion ... 77
5.1 Alpha Coefficient ... 77
5.2 Reading Level ... 78
5.3 MMPI-2-PI and MMPI-2 Principal Components Analysis (PCA) ... 79
5.3.1. Assumptions for PCA ... 79
5.3.2. PCA Pattern Matrix ... 82
5.3.3. Component Analysis ... 85
Component 1 - Psychological Distress ... 85
Component 2 - Negative Interpersonal Attitude ... 89
Component 3 - Health Concerns ... 91
Component 4 - Social Anxiety ... 93
Component 5 - Psychotic Symptoms ... 95
Component 6 - Antisocial Behaviours ... 97
Component 7 - Anger Management Difficulties ... 98
Component 8 - Social Withdrawal ... 101
Component 9 - Family Difficulties ... 102
Component 10 - Fears ... 103
Component 11 - Lack of Positive Impression Management ... 104
Component 12 - Masculinity ... 106
Component 13 - Gastrointestinal Complaints ... 106
5.3.4. Component Correlations ... 107
5.3.5. Parent Scales ... 108
5.3.6. Non-Retained Scales ... 110
Restructured MMPI-2 x
CHAPTER SIX COMPARISON OF THE MMPI-2-PI AND THE MMPI-2-RF Method ... 117
Participants, Materials, and Procedure ... 117
Results and Discussion ... 121
6.1 Alpha Coefficients ... 121
6.2 Reading Level ... 122
6.3 MMPI-2-PI and MMPI-2-RF Principal Components Analysis (PCA) ... 123
6.3.1. Assumptions for PCA ... 123
6.3.2. PCA Pattern Matrix ... 123
6.3.3. Component Analysis ... 125
Component 1 - Psychological Distress ... 125
Component 2 - Psychotic Symptoms ... 128
Component 3 - Neurological Concerns... 129
Component 4 - Antisocial Behaviours ... 131
Component 5 - Passivity ... 133
Component 6 - Social Withdrawal ... 133
Component 7 - Elation ... 135
Component 8 - Negative Interpersonal Attitude ... 136
Component 9 - Fears ... 137
Component 10 - Positive Impression Management ... 138
Component 11 - Masculine Interests ... 139
Component 12 - Feminine Interests ... 140
Component 13 - Family Difficulties ... 141
Restructured MMPI-2 xi
6.3.4. Component Correlations ... 142
6.3.5. Parent Scales ... 143
6.3.6. Non-Retained Scales ... 146
6.4 Summary ... 147
CHAPTER SEVEN CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MMPI-2-PI 7.1 Structure of the MMPI-2-PI ... 149
Method ... 151
Participants, Materials, and Procedure ... 151
Common theme of each scale. ... 152
Demonstrating scale and subscale directionality. ... 152
Examining subscale independence. ... 154
Representation for each diagnostic category. ... 155
Results and Discussion ... 155
7.2 Emotional Domain ... 155
7.2.1. Psychological Distress (PsD) ... 155
7.2.2. Anger (Ang) ... 161
7.2.3. Fears (Frs) ... 164
7.2.4. Fear of the Dark (FOD) ... 167
7.2.5. Irritability (Irr) ... 168
7.2.6. Elation (Ela) ... 170
7.2.7. Financial Worry (FiW) ... 171
7.3 Physiological Domain ... 172
7.3.1. Somatic Complaints (SoC) ... 172
Restructured MMPI-2 xii
7.3.3. Sexual Concerns (Sex) ... 178
7.4 Cognitive Domain ... 179
7.4.1. Cognitive Difficulties (CoD) ... 179
7.4.2. Psychotic Symptoms (Psy) ... 181
7.4.3. Paranoia (Par) ... 185
7.5 Behavioural Domain ... 186
7.5.1. Alcohol Abuse (Alc) ... 186
7.5.2. Delinquency (Del) ... 188
7.5.3. Stimulus Seeking (StS) ... 189
7.5.4. Disciplined as Child (Dis) ... 190
7.6 Interpersonal Domain ... 192
7.6.1. Social Withdrawal (SoW) ... 192
7.6.2. Negative Interpersonal Attitude (NIA) ... 195
7.6.3. Timidity (Tim) ... 199
7.6.4. Dissatisfaction with Self (DWS) ... 202
7.6.5. Positive Impression (PoI) ... 206
7.6.6. Family Relationship Difficulties (FRD) ... 210
7.7 Gender Related Interests ... 211
7.7.1. Masculinity (Mas) ... 211
7.7.2. Femininity (Fem) ... 214
7.8 Summary ... 218
CHAPTER EIGHT ILLUSTRATIVE CASE EXAMPLES 8.1 Case Illustration of Ms. X ... 225
Restructured MMPI-2 xiii
Psychiatric interpretation. ... 226
Psychological interpretation ... 228
8.1.2. RFST Interpretation for Ms. X ... 229
8.1.3. PIST Interpretation for Ms. X. ... 231
8.1.4. Structural Comparisons and Recommendations for Ms. X. ... 233
8.2 Case Illustration of Mr. Y ... 237
8.2.1. STND Interpretation for Mr. Y ... 238
Psychiatric interpretation. ... 238
Psychological interpretation ... 240
8.2.2. RFST Interpretation for Mr. Y ... 241
8.2.3. PIST Interpretation for Mr. Y. ... 244
8.2.4. Structural Comparisons and Recommendations for Mr. Y ... 246
8.3 Summary ... 249
CHAPTER NINE DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 9.1 Evaluating the MMPI-2-PI ... 251
9.2 Comparison with the MMPI-2 ... 253
9.3 Comparison with the MMPI-2-RF ... 254
9.4 Clinical Implications for the MMPI-2-PI ... 254
9.5 Illustrative Case Examples ... 255
9.6 Strengths of the MMPI-2-PI ... 256
9.7 Limitations ... 258
9.8 Future Directions ... 259
References ... 260
Restructured MMPI-2 xiv
Appendix B ... 281
Appendix C ... 302
Appendix D ... 311
Appendix E ... 314
Restructured MMPI-2 xv
List of Tables Table 2.1. MMPI-2 Scales and Subscales ... 19
Table 2.2. MMPI-2-RF Scales ... 31
Table 3.1. Components and Facets for the MMPI-2-PI. ... 39
Table 3.2. Items in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-PI’s Suicide Scales ... 42
Table 4.1. Diagnostic Representations of 1,842 Profiles in the Analysis in Order of Frequency ... 50
Table 4.2. Descriptive Statistics for the MMPI-2-PI Components and Facets ... 53
Table 4.3. Significant Correlations and T Test Scores for Demographic Variables ... 57
Table 4.4. Gender Adjusted and Non-Gender Adjusted Frequency Rates for Fem, Frs Del, Mas, and StS ... 59
Table 5.1. MMPI-2-PI and MMPI-2 Scales and Subscales Used in the PCA ... 73
Table 5.2. Average Alpha Coefficients for the MMPI-2-PI and the MMPI-2 (N = 2,989) ... 77
Table 5.3. Alpha Coefficient Range for US Normative Sample (N = 2,600) ... 78
Table 5.4. Lexile Range for the MMPI-2-PI and MMPI-2 Comparison ... 79
Table 5.5. Component Loadings for MMPI-2-PI (45 scales) and MMPI-2 (71 scales) Comparison ... 83
Table 5.6. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component One – Psychological Distress ... 86
Table 5.7. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component One – Psychological Distress ... 87
Table 5.8. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component One – Psychological Distress ... 88
Restructured MMPI-2 xvi Table 5.10. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component 2 – Negative
Interpersonal Attitude ... 90 Table 5.11. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 2 –
Negative Interpersonal Attitude ... 91 Table 5.12. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 3 – Health Concerns ... 91 Table 5.13. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 3 – Health
Concerns ... 92 Table 5.14. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component 3 – Health
Concerns ... 93 Table 5.15. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 4 – Social Anxiety ... 94 Table 5.16. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component 4 – Social
Anxiety ... 95 Table 5.17. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 4 – Social
Anxiety ... 95 Table 5.18. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 5 – Psychotic Symptoms ... 96 Table 5.19. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 5 –
Psychotic Symptoms ... 96 Table 5.20. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component 5 – Psychotic
Symptoms ... 97 Table 5.21. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 6 – Antisocial Behaviours ... 97 Table 5.22. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component 6 –Antisocial
Behaviours ... 98 Table 5.23. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 7 – Anger Management
Restructured MMPI-2 xvii
Table 5.24. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component 7 – Anger Management Difficulties ... 100
Table 5.25. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 7 – Anger Management Difficulties ... 100
Table 5.26. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 8 – Social Withdrawal ... 101
Table 5.27. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component 8 – Social Withdrawal ... 102
Table 5.28. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 9 – Family Difficulties ... 102
Table 5.29. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2 Scales Retained in Component 9 – Family Difficulties ... 103
Table 5.30. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 10 – Fears ... 104
Table 5.31. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 11 – Lack of Positive Impression Management ... 105
Table 5.32. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 11 – Lack of Positive Impression Management ... 105
Table 5.33. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 12 – Masculinity ... 106
Table 5.34. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 13 – Gastrointestinal Complaints ... 107
Table 5.35. Component Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI/MMPI-2 Comparison ... 108
Table 5.36. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI and MMPI-2 ―Parent‖ Scales ... 109
Table 5.37. Non-Retained Scales in the MMPI-2/MMPI-2-PI Comparison ... 111
Table 6.1. MMPI-2-PI Scales and Subscales and MMPI-2-RF Scales Used in the PCA.... 120
Restructured MMPI-2 xviii Table 6.3. Alpha Coefficient Range for US Normative Sample ... 122 Table 6.4. Lexile Range for the MMPI-2-PI and MMPI-2-RF Comparison ... 122 Table 6.5. Component Loadings for MMPI-2-PI (45 scales) and MMPI-2-RF (43 scales)
Comparison ... 124 Table 6.6. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 1 – Psychological Distress ... 126 Table 6.7. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-RF Scales Retained in Component 1 –
Psychological Distress ... 127 Table 6.8. Correlations for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 1 – Psychological
Distress ... 128 Table 6.9. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 2 – Psychotic Symptoms ... 128 Table 6.10. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-RF Scales Retained in Component 2 –
Psychotic Symptoms ... 129 Table 6.11. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 3 – Neurological Concerns ... 130 Table 6.12. Correlations for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 3 – Neurological
Concerns ... 131 Table 6.13. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-RF Scales Retained in Component 3 –
Neurological Concerns ... 131 Table 6.14. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 4 – Antisocial Behaviours ... 132 Table 6.15. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-RF Scales Retained in Component 4 –
Antisocial Behaviours ... 132 Table 6.16. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 5 – Passivity ... 133 Table 6.17. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 6 – Social Withdrawal ... 134 Table 6.18. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 6 – Social
Restructured MMPI-2 xix
Table 6.19. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-RF Scales Retained in Component 6 – Social Withdrawal ... 135
Table 6.20. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 7 – Elation ... 136
Table 6.21. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 8 – Negative Interpersonal Attitude ... 136
Table 6.22. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 9 – Fears ... 137
Table 6.23. Correlations for MMPI-2-PI Scales Retained in Component 9 – Fears ... 138
Table 6.24. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 10 – Positive Impression Management ... 138
Table 6.25. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 11 – Masculine Interests ... 139
Table 6.26. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 12 – Feminine Interests ... 140
Table 6.27. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 13 – Family Difficulties ... 141
Table 6.28. Scales and Loadings Retained in Component 14 – Gastrointestinal Complaints ... 142
Table 6.29. Component Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI/MMPI-2-RF Comparison ... 143
Table 6.30. Correlation Matrix for MMPI-2-PI and MMPI-2-RF ―Parent‖ Scales ... 144
Table 6.31. Non-Retained Scales in the MMPI-2-PI/MMPI-2-RF Comparison ... 147
Table 7.1. Proportion of Profiles for the Psychological Distress Scale and Subscales ... 158
Table 7.2. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the Psychological Distress Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 160
Table 7.3. Proportion of Profiles for the Anger Scale and Subscales ... 162
Table 7.4. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the Anger Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 164
Restructured MMPI-2 xx Table 7.6. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Fears Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 167 Table 7.7. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Fear of the Dark Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 168 Table 7.8. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Irritability Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 169 Table 7.9. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Elation Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 171 Table 7.10. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Financial Worry Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 172 Table 7.11. Proportion of Profiles for the Somatic Complaints Scale and Subscales ... 174 Table 7.12. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Somatic Complaints Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 176 Table 7.13. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Gastrointestinal Problems Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 177 Table 7.14. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Sexual Concerns Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 179 Table 7.15. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Cognitive Difficulties Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 180 Table 7.16. Proportion of Profiles for the Psychotic Symptoms Scale and Subscales ... 182 Table 7.17. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Psychotic Symptoms Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 184 Table 7.18. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Restructured MMPI-2 xxi Table 7.19. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Alcohol Abuse Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 187 Table 7.20. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Delinquency Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 189 Table 7.21. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Stimulus Seeking Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 190 Table 7.22. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Disciplined as Child Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 191 Table 7.23. Proportion of Profiles for the Social Withdrawal Scale and Subscales ... 193 Table 7.24. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Social Withdrawal Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 195 Table 7.25. Proportion of Profiles for the Negative Interpersonal Attitude Scale and
Subscales ... 197 Table 7.26. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Negative Interpersonal Attitude Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 199 Table 7.27. Proportion of Profiles for the Timidity Scale and Subscales ... 200 Table 7.28. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Timidity Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 202 Table 7.29. Proportion of Profiles for the Dissatisfaction with Self Scale and Subscales .. 203 Table 7.30. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Dissatisfaction with Self Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 206 Table 7.31. Proportion of Profiles for the Positive Impression Scale and Subscales ... 207 Table 7.32. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the
Restructured MMPI-2 xxii
Table 7.33. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the Family Relationship Difficulties Scale (T ≥ 65) ... 211
Table 7.34. Proportion of Profiles for the Masculinity Scale and Subscales ... 212
Table 7.35. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the Masculinity Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 214
Table 7.36. Proportion of Profiles for the Femininity Scale and Subscales ... 216
Table 7.37. Proportion of Individuals within each Diagnostic Category Elevating the Femininity Scale and Subscales (T ≥ 65) ... 218
Table 7.38. Summary of the Clinical Implications for the MMPI-2-PI’s Scales and Subscales ... 220
Table 8.1. MMPI-2 Profile of Ms. X ... 227
Table 8.2. MMPI-2-RF Profile of Ms. X ... 230
Table 8.3. MMPI-2-PI Profile of Ms. X ... 232
Table 8.4. Items for the PIST and RFST Anxiety Related Scales ... 235
Table 8.5. Items for the PIST and RFST Shyness Related Scales ... 236
Table 8.6. MMPI-2 Profile of Mr. Y ... 239
Table 8.7. MMPI-2-RF Profile of Mr. Y ... 242
Table 8.8. MMPI-2-PI Profile of Mr. Y ... 245
Table 8.9. Items for the PIST and RFST Social Avoidance Scales ... 248
Restructured MMPI-2 xxiii
List of Figures Figure 5.1. Flow chart of the MMPI-2-PI/MMPI-2 validation process ... 76
Figure 5.2. Scatterplot of Psy-De and SoC-HC. ... 80
Figure 6.1. Flow chart of the MMPI-2-PI/MMPI-2-RF validation process. ... 118
Figure 7.1. The six domains of the 25 components in the MMPI-2-PI (N = 400 items) ... 150
Figure 7.2. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Psychological Distress scale ... 159
Figure 7.3. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Anger scale ... 163
Figure 7.4. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Fears scale ... 166
Figure 7.5. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Somatic Complaints scale ... 175
Figure 7.6. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Psychotic Symptoms scale ... 183
Figure 7.7. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Social Withdrawal scale ... 194
Figure 7.8. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Negative Interpersonal Attitude scale ... 198
Figure 7.9. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Timidity scale ... 201
Figure 7.10. Proportion of subscales demonstrating clinical significance (DWS-Fe, T ≥ 65 and T ≤ 35; DWS-Ap, T ≤ 35) within the Dissatisfaction with Self scale ... 205
Figure 7.11. Proportion of subscale elevations (T ≥ 65) within the Positive Impression scale ... 208
Figure 7.12. Proportion of subscale elevations (Mas-SI, T ≥ 65; Mas-NI, T = 57-64) within the Masculinity scale ... 213
