!
"
! #
$
% & '
( )*+&,
-./ 0
1.../ 0 .23
!
! $
Æ
!"## !$ %&'&
' & ' '
( (&)* * "+
"#$ %
&
'
! ( ) *
+,,-. ( ) +,,- + /
!
!
! 0
0
&
1
0
! 2
'
0 )3455678
9 1):! +,,;.!()1
455<. +,,+ +
78 !
=
>?! ! '
= $ 78
&
&
!
@ :! )( 455+ 78
!
$ @ !
& &
/
!
3
&Æ
# " !
!
! 0
!
! $
'
= A / = # "
2 ;
# "
# "
=
(* )+,,A
# "
00
! /! 4566.
'
# " 00 = 00
2
00 A
8 ) " +,,-. B 455C. B
8)D+,,4
E !
+ 3
&
F ! =
! # "
2
00 &
/ 0 1 & ' &
2
! / 3 4 0 1 & 4
& &
2 # & 56
--7"58 --9" 8:; --.$ & '
6 '
6 &) ) <
!
" # "
C
! ! G 3 8E
@ 3 )8455- HE #F'
7 8 #F 78 ) H 4555
! !
" ) ( 4556. #! ) +,,+. +,,,
+,,, / ! =
# " Æ
= # "
9
&! !
# "
C,I
! 4,,,I.
,+A# "!
. = 5AI =
G
:
:=J
! J
: # "
00
:&# "
+
=
'
7 # & &
&' &
'& ' 6
:' 3 '
&'&& 6 & <%=
)> <(&
& 3 %&'
!
; '
# "
! @
#F 78 A
'C
<
2 6
! = !
= K !
+4 ++ 78
= 4 78 ! !
! = !
! =
=
2 +- !
=
&
K
2 %"
8
94566
/
/
&
2 %"
=!'4 02 %">?
L
' >? F !
K =
2 %"
J
J " ) 1 4555
!
!
'
4 =
! >?)
45A6 ! =
E
!
'
=
#1#
()84554
K !
0#1#
!
#1#EJ
E
! /
' 4
9 #1# ! 9
! (! 455A 455A
! $
G
.
. !%!
1#1#
(! )8455A (
! $! #1#
1#1# G
1#1#
= 4
/#1#1#1#
'
E
' =
!
# !
9 455< * 455A. 7 ) 455<
K " ) 8' 4554 K
* 455- >K ?
*#1 K
9 *#1 G
>'?
>=?
>'? 2 9 >
? 1L ) M 455C
9 !
! K
!!
'
!
9 '
K =
' =
!'
F
!
0! '
"#$ % &
78
!3 83 )8455- ! !
CC
& ! '
$
'
! @
&
!
!
! !
! !
Æ & !
@
!3 8
! !
0
!
!
3 8
! @
0
(, 4566
>?
# "
# "
3 8455- @
! # "
' ( $)
" #'" #F 78
+,,,K! !
"455C. *!!)*455A L
! / #F 78 &
& =
& !
!
!
#F 78 &
) H 4555
#F 78 !
E
K ! !
2
=
#F 78
#F 78
! @
ÆJ
! &Æ 0
! 2
E
'
! '
=
! +,,,
E
=++4
!
! 2 #F 78
+,,,
/
# " !
&
#F 78!
# "
' *
78
) +,,, 78
=
2!
! !
!
!
!
J
! E K
J
! /
! =
! !
4 Æ
:455+334555
#!+,,+ !
! /!
:455+ 3 3 4555
'
! ! #! +,,+
!
'
!
! &
% +#
B 8 D+,,4
E
! (#(# 2 ) L +,,4
/
E(#
/
' E
!
(#34555
=
9 & ' %
(#
! B +,,4 /
E
: '
= # "
F ! & B +,,4 2
! '
:
.
F
= 2
!
! !
! - / !
!.
!
, +
# "
8:)/&45C,
! / &
G
8 = >?
# " !
8
# "
= !
8 F
# " =
# "
! '
455<
@
!
2
! ' !
&
'
7 '
!
! &
$ %& !%! '
0! !
! &
! F# "
@ :!
) ( 455+
! !
K Æ
!
Æ * ) ( +,,+ /
! Æ
E >?
Æ! ")( 4556
4556 !
3
N Æ8)3! 4555.
7" 7 /!) 3! +,,, /
'
# "
2
!
& = 2 ! 7 +,,,
! ' & '
3 @
=
! 1 !
=
3 & !
& '! '
4566. #! 3! ) "!
&
= *
)3 +,,- ! '
2
' '
# "' / '
# ".# "'!
; 0
! !H) H455<
(! D) :! +,,;
M ) 4555 & &
'! / =
! '
' ! 2
'
!
!
= ! 0
# "
0
G &
!
!
Æ
'
0
9
9
J > ? "=
"
K
7
Æ
E
! / !
'
!
: ! A
# " 00
C
# "
0 2
! @ #F 78
!
& !
G
" Æ !()
/
!
)
0
1 # " &
*
!
! !
'!
!
!
! &
!
Æ
' =
A '
# " 00
# " =# "
F# " 0
;+ K 2 # "
' 0
!
K E
7 ! !
/
# "
!''
# "
=@ '
# " 0
@ #F 78
+ ,
@ !
' 78
! !
! 78 '
G =
= G
! G
! 0 78
G 1
'
( 4
O
)
(
4
, 4
0=
!
E >? = = '
G
O +
G
O
P
9
- '
0 !
/ !
! @
G P ; O A O C = P < : ! < :! ( Q
:! ) (455+G
Q ($ 4 Q
PR P
Q
S 6
/ P4
, 4 Q ! 3 K Q
:!)( 455+
6
+ - !%!
(
0 O
O
4 !
- E@ =@
L@
0 @
!"#$
0 @
@ =>&?
.
@
0 @
@ 3 )8
3:
O
3LE:!4565
$
E '
2 4 3
'
'
$
2 4
2 4
!
9
2 4
/ !
! ' '
# " =4
= 0
/
2 4
'
2
! ' '
'
C+
'
! = # "
!
? / ' & & '
' '
'
(c)
Allocate
Final route
(b)
(a)
Network
Call destination
Call source
drop call
no bandwidth with a3
a3
a2
a1
an sends connect message
an
a3
a2
a1
a2 forwards request
an
a3
a2
a1
a1 requests a2
an
a2
a1
pre
−
allocate
node / agent
de
−
allocate
(d)
2 4G
C ' ## !) " $ $ # "
0E3:
3: $ $
E 3:
$
@'6G
$ 4 $ P >? @ @ ' $ 4 O C- * 4 $ $
. A5&
C- E
E
/ 0 !
Æ !&
' ' F
/ &
# "
# " 0
G 0
! '
. .
'
/ &
# "
# "
3
# " =
! !
= 0
=!
'
>? @
'
@ & E
"#
@ 00 ++4
@ @7
($
E 3:
($
Q
($
O
($
($
P+
(
($
0
($
>?
($
'
P4 G
P4
4
P4 P Q
($
! E
2 4
2 4 @7
G @7 # "
'
'#$
#F 78 0 +,,,
#F 78 +,,,
G
4,, !
A, J =
<+ +,,,.
4,, C+
: #F 78
'
9
! @
!
!
3L@ 7 #F 78
=
!
@
$
'
($
@ 0 '
# " ;+4
" # #
00 :
=# "
=
. !
-!''
O
$
$
!
!
! G
$
!
$
!
!
$
! ;+
00 !'
!
'
# " 00
= &
E !
'
2 !
-
=
! !
' AC
' K !
>'? > ?
= : '
=
($
$
;+ 2
! '
;+
'
E! E
O !
G
O
O4 5
G
O O4 4,
0 2
!
&
'
! & !
'
! 0
'
&
F
7
!
E
&
E
&
. " - (
00 2
$ E! $ $
! 4 /
!
4 O+ &
'
4 0
;++
@7 00 !
!
O4 4 '
'
($
E !
2 '
($
+T '
($
T
($
!
T P+T 0 T
7 ;++
($ ($ + / ($ E ! ( ' ( ' ($ ( ! PT PT P+T
T+T
( ($ ( ' ( ' ( (
P+T+
P+T+
P+T
+
T+T 9 '
P+T '
4
T+TPT O 0T
P4T4
P+T
P4T4
P+TT
4
= 4
' $ ' E ! $
P+T4+ 4 /! '
$
'
- : 2 & BC& @
/ &
3 '
4G
$
P+T P+T
P+T+
PTP+T
PTP+T+
$
P+TP+T+
= / P+T
$
$
G
(,
$
O4 P+T P+TP+T+
TO+ 44
0 T ' 44
4
' T. T
2P+T 44
$
O4
P+T+
TO+ 4+
O
O4
4-4+ !
$
=
!
G
O4
TPT 4;
00 # "
.$ " - ( "
# " A+
!
$
!
'
# "
! !
!
n
t
1
2
3
Agent
Information transmission
n communicating to n
−
1
2 communicating to 1
t + (n
−
2)
t + (n
−
2)
−
tc
t + (n
−
2)
−
2 tc
t
−
2 tc
t
−
tc
Time
t
t
t
2 +G # "
$
!
P
P+
1
$
PT PTP
PTP+
T
$
9
!
$
P+TP+TP
P+TP+
2 + =
$
'
T
$
'
G
$
O
4TO4 4A
4-&
4A
$
=
G
OT 4C
4C4;
# " 00
.+ " - ( " !
A- # "
!
T4C 00
E 4
TPT
4; "
%
&&
4
+TT4
TPT 4<
!
T $
/ # " 00
/ # " Æ
00 # "
.. -! ' "
Æ # "
' # " 00 !
! / $$
4 O
: 1 : 00
# " A;
# " = G
* ' O
O 4 ! O $
/ ( !$
$ &
G P4 ($ 46
L P4 &
P4
&
; 3 & &
&' & &D
$ '
& / &
' :'
0 $
E >=?
= O
/ 46
' &
A; # "
00
% &&
!
.0 ! "& '
A+A-!
4;
4C !
!
00 4;
00
" A+
4; O $ )$ +T 45 $
$ A; 4C 45 G
++T )$ +, $ )
% &&
/E
3 '' 6@ /
& '
+,4
+T
+4
#- 4
!
# " 00
AA !
! # "
00
+ ) %
&&
' # "
: # "
!00
# "
!
$ %
&'
=
& '
!
# " @7 #F 78
;+ 2
# " ;+4
0
: 0
!M )3+,,;
0
0
" %
E G F !
9 9
= := 9
0 !%!
;+ '
/
;+ &
G '
' ' ' = =
G !
$
O .
O . @ G
R, 4S @
E . G
. G .
G ! . ! . #F
78&@
#F 78 & ! E E@ G > ?
>? ;+- =
! ($ $ /
:2 - $
4 ! + A ; $ -- -; -C -= = !
! <
6 O4, 5 ($
4, !
= 44 4+ 4- $ A, @ .
#F 78 A+ A;
' AA A< 2 A6 / $ ! !
4; 4C
+4
;+ ;5
.
/ #F 78
+4
+,. #F 78
# "
C-4 C-+
46 ;< $ 9 # "
! /3 &'' =
% ' &
2 A5' %&' 36
3 $ : A5
' #'
& ' ' (#
! ! ½
" !
! #!
" "
·½
#"$ !
½ ! !! !
!" %&'&(%&'&)
#
! $!%&' *&)&'
"#
½
" !
! +,"!
#!$% & , ! $!%&' #% ·½ ·½
"!
(& *&)&)
!
"#
' ) ¾Ã % % (% ( - & , " ½ ../
! $!%&'# !/-/, ) ) ·½ ´ µ ´ µ % ·½ ·½ (% ·½ ·½ () !
!" %&'&(%&'&)
!0
) ) ·½ ´ µ ´ µ % ·½ (% ·½ () # " ½ -./1 ! $!%&' % ·½ ·½ (% ·½ ·½ ( % ·½ (% ·½ (
" "
·½ & , ½
! $!%&' 2 $/-/,
* # !"
* % ++# ! ½
!0
;A C-4 C-+ =
@;C
@ ;4
F ' +; =
E @
G O ' ) ++
0 ' ++ # " @7
#F 78
@ ' ++ / "
>? G R,4S &
@ &
" ! 3L
:!4565 '
+A
+6 @7
-4
' K
, -@ . ;++ '
-+ #F 78
@
+<
' ' #F 78
0 #F 78
2
! C,
C4 E = -6
2 - 9
C- C;
$
'-5
# "@;,
#F
78 @
A< :
- =
=
& !
@
!
!
# " =# $
0$ " 1
C+ # "
>?
:
# "L # " !
# "
$
- ' !) . /'#0
2 -
# "
G
O
%
%
# $ 2 - '
@
>?
- ' !) + /'#+0
# " G
2
# "
G
OP4 +;
#F 78
7 % 7 '
' &'
3 ' 3&
' 6 3 & &
@ & )D 46
( )* )
3 C
& # " !@7 #F
78
'
2
0
1 &2 ) )
K !
&
' ! O
!
!!
! !
:
>-3?D(! =
D(
= % $
'
4 !
O
+
$
! D(
+
+
D(
=
D(
D(
! ! =
9 /F)
''
? : /F)
1 ) $ ) %))
<44
/ &
'
"
A
'
=
! !
'
!
O
&
2 &
& !
&
&
1 $ !) +
& C+
/
!
!
'
@7
' ;++
# "
C-4 C-+
0
$*
& ' F
. #' &A5
' & BC
A>6C+%&' & & A5
2 ;G -C
#F 78
' @ <+
&
# "/ #F 78
Æ
J
Æ
=
E !
O
&
$7 $
2 AG 7 !
2 !
@7# " # " #F 78
9 & !
2 ; A
-C J A,
2 A 4,, 2 A -C
78 !
++ !
= A A &L $+
=
E 0
!
G O ,,- 3L " O ,4
-CA, 4,, = ;A A
:
L ! +,
>?!
! &
& ! "
:
: &
& # "@7 #F 78
'
A,,,,,
2 ;4,,,,,, 2 A+,,,,,,
2 A 7 4, =
= 5AI =
4,
<+4 &
<++
<+-1 ') 3 $
:
/
D(
=
- G && ' '
! : G
D(
D(
4,
2
!
+G " J 2 ;
&
9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<(
.1 3.64 ...45 82-- 3.65 ...8- 8211 ...32 8.23 2384 ...22 6638
.2 7241 ...74 -.-6 72-4 ...78 -.3- ...76 355- 1664 ...1- 68-3
.4 1666 ...15 3378 2.28 ...21 3327 ...2 3286 1452 ....6 5644
.- 1458 ...12 3458 13.8 ...11 3744 ...14 3.- 1132 ...12 532
-G " J 2 A
&
9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<(
.1 3871 ...42 5183 3513 ...32 51-8 ...32 5.6 1215 ...28 6666
.2 7811 ...2 -683 7872 ...25 -587 ...2- -577 1.21 ...11 665
.4 2265 ...12 -144 2773 ...12 -2- ...17 -.47 84- ....8 665
.- 1818 ...1 355 1848 ....6 -126 ....5 3837 -11 ....4 665
;G " J 2 A
&
9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<( 9 ( :;<(
.1 7386 ...72 --32 735- ...74 -335 ...7 -2-3 537 ...71 6655
.2 2418 ...18 3841 243- ...2 3615 ...14 3428 -12 ...17 6657
.4 1355 ...11 34.1 1-1- ....8 3337 ....5 3.82 486 ....- 666
+
& D( & !
: : & & ' &
&3 $ B6' & '
& ' B6' %&' '
2 ; - ;
2 A A
> ?
# " & !
2 + ,4 # "
A46AI # " A,56I @7 A,5;I #F 78 +A<;I
A # "
! # " !
!
= # "
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
% improvement of deviation from IZDS (relative to QR)
Call origination probability
PTC-A / QR
PTC-M / QR
$A5 BC
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
% improvement of deviation from IZDS (relative to TPORL)
Call origination probability
PTC-A / TPOT-RL
PTC-M / TPOT-RL
$A5 A>6C+
2 CG D(@7 #F 78
J 2 ;
:
# " @7 #F 78 =
D( O
+
+
<44 '
! G
%)
,
%)
,-,)*
,
,-,)*
2 C
D( # "@72 C #F 78
2 C 2 ; 0=
)*+ ,- .-/
% 2 =
# "@7 #F 78&!
= 5AI = 2
>8? O ,4 + ,4
D(+C+I O
$*
# " +55I O
+
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
% improvement of deviation from IZDS (relative to QR)
Call origination probability
PTC-A / QR
PTC-M / QR
$A5 BC
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
% improvement of deviation from IZDS (relative to TPORL)
Call origination probability
PTC-A / TPOT-RL
PTC-M / TPOT-RL
$A5 A>6C+
2 <G D(@7 #F 78
J 2 A
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
% improvement of deviation from IZDS (relative to QR)
Call origination probability
PTC-A / QR
PTC-M / QR
$A5 BC
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
% improvement of deviation from IZDS (relative to TPORL)
Call origination probability
PTC-A / TPOT-RL
PTC-M / TPOT-RL
$A5 A>6C+
2 6G D(@7 #F 78
@7 # " 4+-<I O
++
++
D(
@7 D(# "
@7 # " #F 78 # "
+C+ID( = #F 78<;4AI
O
++
++
# " C;CCIO
$
$
D( #F 78 # " # "
@7 #F 78
A '
# " D( @7
# " @7 #F 78
2 C # " @7 4+-<I ,4
-<I ,C 2 C # " C;CCI
#F 78 ,4 466+I ,C 0
!
' A
!
& # "
: # " !
2 < 2 A
2 6 2 A
!
!
2 5
# " @7 #F 78
,4 ,C
2 ; $
# " # ".# "
# "@7 #F
78 ,4 OA,
,C OA, &
+ :
2 5
= & G ,4 ,+ ,; ,C ,6
# "
# " @7 #F 78 0 &
G ,4 ,C
= #
!
&
#'3 &
' % &
Æ # "
!
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Call success rate
Time
PTC-M
QR
TPOTRL
$#
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Call success rate
Time
PTC-M
QR
TPOTRL
$# 7
2 5G @7 # " #F 78 !
J 2 ;
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
1
2
3
4
5
6
% Difference in call success rates of QR and PTC-M
Degree of dynamism
min
avg
max
2 4,G & @7 # "
! J 2 ;
0 & !
=
> ? 22 5
+ 2 5 A
#F 78 # " G
%)
,"
,"
,-,)*
,"
,"
0 &
# " =
&
'
&
&
2 2 5
& O ,4
O ,C '
& 2 4,
@7 # "
#F 78 # "
@7 #F 78 # "
L 2 4,
& =
+ ,4,+.- ,4,+
,;. ;,4 ,+ ,;,C. A,4,+ ,; ,C,6
&
=
&
2 6I
+ ;AI A
/
+ 0
& # " =
24,+I+ 5AI
A
(
0 2
D( 4+-<I# " @7 CAI
# " #F 782 # "
4,I@7=&
1 ') 3 $ ) ) %))
<+4 # "
@7 #F 78 &
!
<4+ =
7 :
<+4
AG " J 2 ;
& (
$
1 2 7 4 3 - 8 5 6 1.
.1
'+ .-7 .31 .42 .78 .733 .747 .744 .74
)=9 .5-7 .845 .-72 .31- .42- .784 .733 .743 .745 .734
)=$ .538 .837
)*+& .-77 .372 .73- .215 .1-4 .145 .12- ..64 ..81 ..36
.2
'+ .44 .71 .222 .185 .135 .148 .148 .176
)=9 .887 .357 .44 .713 .271 .151 .1-4 .133 .131 .131
)=$ .8-5 .357
)*+& .354 .4-2 .2-- .176 .1.1 ..65 ..5- ..-- ..3- ..45
.4
'+ .2-- .1-1 .1.7 ..84 ..-4 ..3-7 ..37 ..3
)=9 .-83 .418 .282 .18 .111 ..51 ..-5 ..- ..33 ..35
)=$ .--8 .41-
)*+& .46- .783 .165 ..5- ..36 ..-7 ..34 ..4 ..78 ..26
.-'+ .153 .1.7 ..-2 ..43 ..78 ..7 ..26 ..28
)=9 .-1 .727 .16 .111 ..-5 ..48 ..4 ..73 ..72 ..7
)=$ .36- .722
)*+& .415 .7.1 .145 ..-3 ..47 ..4- ..78 ..27 ..13 ..17
CG " J 2 A
& (
$
1 2 7 4 3 - 8
.1
'+ .- .3.4 .425 .786 .737
)=9 .58- .84- .35- .463 .42- .751 .7-3
)=$ .587 .837
)*+& .158 .126 .11 .1.2 .1.4 .176 .2.7
.2
'+ .781 .2-5 .168 .1-1 .141
)=9 .88 .3-1 .7-6 .2-3 .2 .1-7 .143
)=$ .8-- .3-4
)*+& .214 .128 ..53 ..-3 ..33 ..- ..-1
.4
'+ .757 .2.7 .12 .852 .35 .462
)=9 .-45 .2.5 .12- .525 .-71 .37
)=$ .-4 .754
)*+& .2.2 .1.6 ..34 ..23 ..21 ..24 ..45
.-'+ .25- .177 .812 .425 .7.3 .246
)=9 .3-- .14 .851 .451 .748 .258
)=$ .338 .258
)*+& .188 ..63 ..4- ..18 ..11 ...8. ...3.
# " <+4
&
<G " J 2 A
& (
$
1 2 7 4 3 - 8 5 6 1. 11 12
.1
'+ .724 .248 .2.5 .183 .146 .12 ..58 ..52
)=9 .56 .846 .356 .472 .718 .248 .22 .168 .1-6 .141 .111 .1
)=$ .55 .825 .365 .447
)*+& .22 .182 .14 .1.4 ..86 ..38 ..31 ..43 ..78 ..26 ..25 ..26
.2
'+ .156 .127 ..65 ..86 ..-1 ..48 ..7- ..26
)=9 .578 .-25 .43 .258 .185 .124 .1 ..58 ..81 ..3- ..4- ..76
)=$ .527 .-22 .445 .262
)*+& .2.2 .135 .11 ..82 ..48 ..72 ..26 ..23 ..1- ..12 ...5
...-.4
'+ .18 ..64 ..38 ..41 ..71 ..22 ..18 ..11 ..12
)=9 .8-- .454 .265 .1-1 ..6 ..38 ..42 ..74 ..2- ..21 ..143 ..13
)=$ .84- .48- .7.7
)*+& .156 .141 ..6 ..3- ..74 ..2 ..1-8 ..11 ...- ...7 ...2 1. 4
.-'+ .112 ..- ..7 ..24 ..15 ..12 ...6 ...- ...3
)=9 .8.- .767 .21- .1.6 ..38 ..71 ..23 ..168 ..14 ..118 ...5 ...83
)=$ .-55 .75- .221
)*+& .181 .128 ..86 ..48 ..28 ..13 ..1 ...- ...7 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4
AC <!
& >
?
& ! = ; A A
2
- @7 # " /
# "
@7 # " #F 78
# " @7 #F 78
!
# "
@7 #F 78
,.
%)
%)
,.
,-,)*
,-,)*
( ) 2
44 !
# "@72 44
# " @7 2 44 # " #F 78 2 44 # "
#F 782 44
2 ; 9
= & 2 4+
4- 2 A A
2 = 44 44
>
? 4 + @7 # "
# " 2 ,C @7
AI # " 4 2
44 /
> ? -
# " @7 2
2 44 ,C # " 4AI
@7 6
# " &
= 44
44 # "# " #F 78
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 BC
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 BC
0
100
200
300
400
500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 A>6C+
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 A>6C+
2 44G " J 2 ;
# "
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 BC
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 BC
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 A>6C+
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 A>6C+
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 BC
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 BC
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 A>6C+
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
% improvement in success rates
Minimum hop count
load 0.1
load 0.2
load 0.4
load 0.6
$A56 A>6C+
!
!
:
# " A
!
@7 # "
@7
Æ
1
!
2 44 # "
&@7 #F 78 # "
& # " @7
#F 78 # " @7
2 44# " @72 44
# " #F 782 44 # " #F 782 44
2 44 = 4+ 4-
= !
K
<+4
0
@7 #F 78 # "
@7 #F 78 # "
# " / !
# "
! 2 2 44 6
!
+AI ,4 4AI ,C
(
A,I # " @7
4+ 4,, !
,C 2 4- 2 # "
#F 78 4,,,I 2
4-1 ') 3 !) + $
<4- =
!
7=
! 6
2 ; 5 4,
> ? =
# " @7 #F 782 6,+A
# ",+C# " ,-5 @7 ,A+- #F 78 ,4
>I ? # "
,.
%)
%)
,.
,-,)*
,-,)*
( ) 2 6 ,4
# " -ACI O
$+
+
@7 A+I
O
$
#F 78/
6,-I O
*$
$
@7 <+6I O
*$
$
#F 78 ,C !
@7 #F 78
# " 6 ,-5
4;A @7J +<+I ,A+- 4,A #F 78 J 4,4I
,+A4 ,+6A # " J 4-AI J ,4
,C
6G J 2 ;
!
'+ )=9 )=$ )*+& !"%.
(&
!"%/
(&
!"%.
! $!%&'
!"%/
! $!%&' 9 ( 9 ( 9 ( 9 (
.1 .76 ...45 .2- ...16 ...16 .327 ...27 7777 73-4 3.25 32..
.2 .-- ...86 .251 ...2 ...22 .-57 ...26 3842 3577 3553 3687
.4 11 ..1 .256 ...15 ...1- .561 ...7- 8787 8415 -83- -512
.- 143 ..123 .2564 ...18 ...13 1.3 ...88 5..4 5.74 8247 8253
5G J 2 A
!
'+ )=9 )=$ )*+& !"%.
(&
!"%/
(&
!"%.
! $!%&'
!"%/
! $!%&' 9 ( 9 ( 9 ( 9 (
.1 .77 ...27 .27 ...12 ...14 .836 ...34 7.7. 7.7. -6-6 -6-6
.2 .33 ...45 .2- ...17 ...12 142 ...84 3287 3433 51-6 5276
.4 .6 ...46 .28 ...1 ....6 21-7 ...61 8.. 8111 5831 5868
.- 12 ...34 .282 ....8 ...12 28. ..1.- 8877 8883 5662 6.11
0 @7
#F 78
#F 78
4,G J 2 A
!
'+ )=9 )=$ )*+& !"%.
(&
!"%/
(&
!"%.
! $!%&'
!"%/
! $!%&' 9 ( 9 ( 9 ( 9 (
.1 .35 ..118 .214 ....6 ...14 142 ..15 -71. -786 5462 5321
.2 .57 ..112 .273 ...1 ...1 216 ...61 81-6 8241 5628 5634
.4 12- ...65 .246 ...1 ....5 265 ...-1 5.24 5.58 61-4 6161
.- 1-7 ...63 .237 ....8 ....5 778 ...86 5445 5468 6246 6282
# "
=
3
@7 #F 78
= # "
@7 #F 78 3
# "
!
<+4
!
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Message rate
Time
PTC-M
QR
TPOTRL
$#
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Message rate
Time
PTC-M
QR
TPOTRL
$# 7
2 4;G @7# " #F 78!
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1
2
3
4
5
6
% Difference in message rates of QR and PTC-M
Degree of dynamism
max
avg
min
$BC A56
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1
2
3
4
5
6
% Difference in message rates of TPOTRL and PTC-M
Degree of dynamism
max
avg
min
$A>6C+ A56
2 4AG &@7 #F 78# "
! J 2 ;
2 4; # " @7 #F 78
,4 ,C 2 ;
2 4; ,4 ,+,; ,C ,6 '
3 = # "
= @7 #F 78
2 !@7 #F 78
# " =
@7 #F 78
#F 78 /
!
#F 78
@7 : #F 78 @7
@7 <+4 #F 78 Æ
@7 #F 78
#F 78
@7
& @7 # " #F 78 # "
= 4A 4A =
L
@7 #F 78 # "
2 4, 2 4A 4A
&
2 2 4A 4;,I +
C,I A 0 &
2 & 4A4I
-+4I2 4A+,,I+6;I2 4A
# "
@7 #F 78
2
! 123$ (
! 122$
4
2 # " 6,I
@7<+I #F 78
! 2 = !
# " -+,I @7 +6;I #F 78
# " Æ
+ ,
! '
' !
!
0 Æ
Æ K
K
/
1 &
"
@
=
J ! J
E
2
# "
! :
!
&! ! 7
!
C,I 4,,,I
= -,,I
!
: # "
A
# " # "
!
; # "
!
=
= !
'
&
!
' ! 7 ) 0 +,,+
!(#
(9"(# 3! D 8 ) 1 +,,-. 3 1
)D+,,+ !
= = (9"(#
3
'
'
F !
:! B 8 1
( 3 2
9#7" K.5)% &!
F/" 017%7-+C5<%,4 !
(03#3*(9/MM!"
0 ) ":+,,+ " G
)) 31- +CU-A
3 * ) 3 # 8 4555 ( G 1
7
9 0 $
3! 7 D 8 H ) 1 " H +,,-
L ! )
6 % ! 2778$
;4U;6 " #0 V!
3 ( 1 7 0 ) D +,,+
L ! . -
3 " 4555 '
) 6 % 4 )
!)6%)99$ ;<6U;6A !
3* )8 8455- #! !G
"*( 1) * 9
& ) H CC<4UC<6
"M )1 84555 " : 1 9
: + 4 ) +55U
--, #"
" 1 ( )( 4556 0G (
! 6 4 ) - 9 -4<U-CA
" 1 ( ) ( 4556 &
! )+) %
+ % A;4UA;C 9(% " #
" 3 455A %
% 8;44
;5UA-"!( ) * 07455C G =
FE/1 #)* 079 <
+ 4 ) -45U-;; :
"#7 )8' / *4554 ! & 8=; ;6<UA4+
" =
" /8"97 78)"+,,4 )
+ +;G # #
(! M 455A 9G !
FE/ 1 ) * 0 9 <
+ 4 ) 4C:
(!M455A
#( $
(! M ) 8 H 7 455A (
< ) % <-U6,
2
(!3D):!#+,,; 5
H +<;;%+,,; / & %
4,, U 4,5
H /
(9/)8H4554 # G !
) %
23A
44C<U446-(#( 17* 07)8+,,; "
7
46U+-( #* 07)8+,,A '
! !
< ) 6 %
! $
( # 8 ) * 0 7 +,,- 2
# )6%)2778
% ) ;CUAA
( # ) +,,- 2 % -
- +44U++4
9(1):!8+,,; #G7
! ) 394 ;+<U ;-A
2 9 ) L +,,4 5 + :
M #
1L 3 ) M 455C " 4
) ;>+ +C5U-A<
/! " 4566 - ) !-<% 37=;$ 0! :! 1
9 2
* ) ( " +,,+ #G
!$ #
4;U+A
* 0 7 455- " G
? -;- ++-U+A,
* 0 7 455A "
K 4 ) 1=+ 45AU+;,
* 07)3+,,- )%
@ 28- C4U<;
* 0 7 0 * ) 2 # 4556 G
% )'.+21; -+U-5
M ) 3 +,,; # & FE7 : (
8M)3! 4555 ) )&<.%.
!3$ +-AU+;A
8H7 ) 98 ( 4566 (G
3 / )189 - + 4 )
4+,U4-5 M "
! 0 ( ) 1 455<
< ) / % +,+U+4,
M
7 8 H ) / 3 +,,- "
! 2778$
" #
* 4566 - % )
-%; A+AUA-,
*1 ) / 45A6 .@ *:)
" 7 455C /
= ) %
""+C ;C; U
0MM/)#4555 " !
< %
H 30 -A;,CAA<6C
455< / 4-G7 8 1/
#! / H( 3! ( ) "! * +,,4 G 2
' ) %
;4 ;AUA6
#!8)H+,,+ 7
) 6 % & & !)6%&&$
7 H " 7 7 /! 3 ) 3! 7 +,,,
Æ )% % ) Æ
7 " ) " 8 455< "F88 190G :
< ) % ! A91$
+6;U+54
7*)0 #+,,+ 4 ) : +
4<G! " ( # /
* 8 H ) " 0 +,,- L
3! L(# )
6% !2778$
C<6UC6A " #
# *!! ) * 455A 7
1 L! ( ) 8 9 &
) H < -C4U-C6 #
#+,,, #F 78 ! )%/ 2777
5-AU5;+
# )H 4555 '
% +,CU+4+
7 ( ) V +,,, #
& )
32
7 4566 8 &
7 ) 3 1 4556 - /: ) !
% /$ #
!9) !V+,,- &
2+ -+-U--6
455< ! 6 4 ) - 1
6-U4+;
+,,- % & ;
AG 0! 8
# /# 7
/+,,+ 7 '
! /9+ 444U4-5
H7)H#M455< (G#
) H 6A4
A;UC-::9):#+,,- (LG !
' 6 4 ) -
39 A4-UAC<
:! " * " / 4565 / #( # (
$ "
:!" * "/ )( #455+ G @ /;
+<5U+5+
: 3 ) /& 9 45C, #%.& %
- )B 5CU4,;
: 7 * 455+
/;- ++5U+AC
B V455C !
L 4 ) ;14+ +5AU-;+
B# 8H )D+,,4 "
G < ) %