Tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Eastern Fold Belt, Mount Isa, NW Queensland, Australia
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(2) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES (SECTION B) Plan view orthogonal refolding: resolving problems associated with timing folds that form near perpendicular to one another using foliation intersection axes preserved within porphyroblasts (FIAs) Table 1. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 26. Table 2. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 38. Figure 1. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 24. Figure 2. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 25. Figure 3. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 27. Figure 4. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 28. Figure 5. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 29. Figure 6. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 30. Figure 7. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 31. Figure 8. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 32. Figure 9. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 33. Figure 10. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 34. Figure 11. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 35. Figure 12. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 36. Figure 13. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 37. Figure 14. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 39. Figure 15. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 40. Figure 16. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 41. Figure 17. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 42. Figure 18. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 43. Figure 19. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 44. 23.
(3) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 1. (a) Location within Australia plus a map of the Mount Isa Inlier showing the Western Fold Belt, Kalkadoon-Leichhardt Belt, and Eastern Fold Belt. Small black rectangle in is location of map shown in (b). (b) Structural geologic map of the area (indicated by arrow in (a)) shows four groups of folds with different orientations.. 24.
(4) 140 45. 140 39 N. La n. ds bo ro ug. Hi gh w. ay. 73. 66. 139. 19 00. 80. 141 00. 50 Km. Study area. FB KFB K. 62. 00. WFB. h. GRM. 52. 85. Cre. Mt Isa. 74. 21 00. ek. Sync. line. 68. (a). 70. 58. e Anticline tain Hom. Moun. 55. 20 51. line. Fig. 7. Sync. vis Da. EFB. To ole. 65. y urr nc Clo r ea Sh Zo. 82. ne. 65 48 32. 82. 65. 50. 55 45. LEGEND. 70. Fig. 8. Mount Norna Quartzite. k. ee. 80. t. Saxby Granite. 43. Cr. Doherty Formation. 112. ke. ul Frray cu on Cl. Tool Creek Volcanics. 62 76. (CS 2). Llewellyn Creek Formation Amphibolite, Metabasalt, Metadolerite. Sna. CS 3 Soldiers Cap Group. STRATIGRAPHY. STRUCTURES. 80. An. 33. tic. Strike and dip. lin. ONW-SEFolds. e. O W-E Folds. Overturned bedding. O N-S Folds. Fault. OSW-NE Folds. Gilded Rose Mine. 54. GRM. 2 Km. (b). Figure 1. 20 57.
(5) ~ SW. a ~ NW. b Figure 2.
(6) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 2. (a) Llewellyn Creek Formation showing steeply dipping porphyroblast-poor psammitic layers with sharp base alternate with porphyroblast-rich pelitic layers. The girl’s height is about 100 cm (b) Porphyroblast-poor psammitic layer alternates with porphyroblastrich pelitic layers. The marker’s lid is 5 cm. Llewellyn Creek Formation, Snake Creek anticline.. 25.
(7) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Table 1. Compiled deformation schemes of the Snake Creek anticline area compared with to the present study.. 26.
(8) This study D00a D00b D00c D00d D00e D1a D1b D1c D1d D2a D2b D2c D3. Loosveld (1989a). AdsheadBell (1998). Bell & Hickey (1998). Rubenach & Lewthwaite (2002). Giles et al. (2006). O’Dea et al. (2006). Rubenach et al. (2008). -----. -----. -----. -----. -----. -----. -----. ----D1 -----. D1 ---------. D1 ---------. D1 D2 -----. D1 D2 -----. D1 ---------. Dbp D1 -----. D2 -----. D2 D3 D4 D5. D2 D2.5 D3 D3. D3 D4 D5 D5. D3 -----. D2 ----D3. D2a D2b D3. -----. Table 1.. -----.
(9) TCS. E D. S. E L O. C. C A. E M. S0. T. N. S1. NNW. (a). (b) Figure 3.
(10) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 3. (a) Sketch shows the nappe model, where a nappe, the Snake Creek Anticline (SCA) has a frontal zone crumpled by upright folds, Toole Creek Syncline (TCS) developed due to NW-directed shortening. Modified after Loosveld (1989). (b) Development of the Snake Creek Anticline in cross-section, as an overturned nappe, with upright W– E-trending folds in its frontal zone during second-generation folding (after Giles et al. 2006).. 27.
(11) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 4. (a) Vertical face looking east shows W– E-trending sub-vertical differentiated crenulation cleavage, SW– E, that is axial planar to W– E-trending FW– E0,00 fold and overprints and crenulates the earlier foliation parallel to bedding S0//S00. Alternating quartzite and garnet mica schist, Toole Creek Volcanics. Gilded Rose Mine. Coin diameter is 2.5 cm. (b) Vertical face looking SE shows W– E-trending fold in Mt. Norna quartzite with sub-vertical cleavage, SW– E. The fold axis plunges 60° at 115°.. 28.
(12) S. 00. //. S. 0. ~S. SW-E. a ~ SW. SW-E. b Figure 4.
(13) C D. E a ~ SW. Fig. 11. b. Figure 5.
(14) ~ NE. c. ~W. SN-S. d Figure 5 (continued).
(15) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 5. (a) Sub-vertical face looking NE shows the divisions of a typical Bouma sequence: E, pelitic rich; C, cross-bedded and D, finely-laminated, in the turbiditic Llewellyn Creek Formation. (b) Vertical face looking SE in the Llewellyn Creek Formation. Sigmoidal quartz veins suggest top to the SW shear. The veins were formed during a deformational phase that pre-dates that associated with the shearing described. (c) Sub-vertical face looking NW in the Llewellyn Creek Formation. Curvature of thin vein from in the strain shadow of a large andalusite porphyroblast shows top to the SW shear. (d) Sub-vertical face looking due N in the Llewellyn Creek Formation. Tight upright N–S-trending fold with sub-vertical axial plane cleavage, SN– S. The fold axis plunges 77° at 180°.. 29.
(16) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 6. (b, c) Plan view photo and sketch shows the differentiated crenulation cleavage, SN– S, crenulating the earlier S0//S00 foliation. Gilded Rose Mine.. 30.
(17) a. S0 // S00. SN-S. S Plan view. b. Figure 6.
(18) (c). N. Axial plane cleavage (S. S0. 0,00. FW-E. Axial pla. ne cleavage (S ) W-E. (d). N. N-S ). (b). L W-E. L N-S. S N-S. N. N = 24. LSW-NE. FSW-NE. (a). N. ne. cle a. va ge. (S. SW -N. E). N = 56. pla. 0,00. Ax. ial. FNW-SE ial. e an. pl. 0,00. Ax. L NW-SE. S. cle. av. ag. N = 25 N N. 0. III. S. I. 0,00. L SW-NE. 0 0,. e( S. NW) -S E. N = 261. N N N. ,00 L 0NW-SE 0,00 L W-E 0,00 L N-S ,00 L 0SW -NE. Axial. ) (S W-E. FW-E. 0,00. age. leav. c plane. S. S 0,00. 0,00. II. 0,00. FW-E. Axial plane cleava ge(S. W-E ). N = 208 (f) N. S. ) Axial pla ne cleavage (S N-S. N = 245. 2. (e). Davis N = 16 (g). Figure 7.
(19) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 7. Lower hemisphere stereographic projections of the different structural elements in the area around the Gilded Rose Mine.. 31.
(20) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 8. Lower hemisphere sterographic projections of different structural elements in the Snake Creek anticline.. 32.
(21) 0,00. N 0,00. LN-S 1. L2. ial Ax. 65. S. 65. 50. 0,00. e (SN-S). ge (SN-S) ava. 82. 32. avag. e cle. LN-S. N-S. L N-S. e cle. 48. N-S. n pla S2. 1. 0,00. FN-S a ln al p Axi. N. 0 LLW-E. N. 55 45. N = 482. 70. (a). II. N = 492. 62. 76. k Sna. 112. e 43. III. ee. 80. Cr. V. k. 80. tic. An lin e 54. Figure 8. (b).
(22) ~ SE. a ~ SE. b Figure 9.
(23) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 9. (a) Vertical face looking NE shows kink with vertical axial plane in quartzite schist close to Gilded Rose Mine. The kink axis plunges 56° at 32°. (b) Sub-vertical face looking SE shows kink with sub-horizontal axial plane in Mt. Norna Quartzite. The kink axis plunges 20° at 92°.. 33.
(24) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 10. Photomicrograph (a) and line drawing (b) showing garnet porphyroblasts preserving a W–E-trending FIA in the core and a N–S-trending FIA in the rim. The W–E FIA is defined three sets of nearly orthogonal foliations, (OW–ESa) “a”, (OW–ESb) “b”, and (OW– ES c ). “c” truncated by a steeply-pitching (ON–SSa) “d” that is continuous with the steeply. pitching N–S-trending matrix foliation, ON–SSA.The latter is crenulated by the more gently dipping ON–SSB foliation. Younger andalusite porphyroblasts host inclusion trails defining a N–S-trending FIA that are continuous with the steeply pitching ON–SSA matrix foliation. Vertical thin section with single barbed arrow showing strike and way up. Plane polarized light.. 34.
(25) G3 000. 1mm 1mm. a. And ON-SSB. ON-SSA. Bi d. c. a. d. b b Grt And. d b. Figure 10.
(26) 160 000 G390. 1 mm. a. b Grt. c. b And. a St. c c. b a. ON-SSA. Bt Bt. b Figure 11.
(27) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 11. Photomicrograph (a) and a line drawing (b) showing garnet porphyroblasts with a W–E-trending FIA in the core and a N–S-trending FIA in the rim. The inclusion trails in the core curve anticlockwise from a 40° north pitch in the upper right intergrown garnet porphyroblasts and a 20° north pitch in the lower left garnet porphyroblast labelled “a” (OW– ES a ). to a gentle pitch labelled “b” (OW–ESb) with a truncational character that is most obvious. in the intergrown porphyroblasts (top right garnet porphyroblasts) . They are truncated by a foliation with a relatively steep pitch labelled “c” (OW–ESc) in their rims that defines a N–Strending FIA and which is continuous with the N–S-trending matrix foliation ON–SSA. The andalusite and staurolite porphyroblasts preserve the same steep foliation “c” ON–SSc that is continuous with the matrix foliation ON–SSA. Vertical thin section with single barbed arrow showing strike and way up. Plane polarized light.. 35.
(28) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 12. (a) Garnet porphyroblast preserving W–E-trending FIA set 1 defined by welldeveloped stair case-shaped inclusion trails consisting of nearly horizontal trails in the core that curve into nearly vertical trails in the rim. Note the continuity of the foliation in the left and right rims with that in the matrix. Vertical thin section with single barbed arrow showing strike and way up. Plane polarized light. Vertical thin section with single barbed arrow showing strike and way up. Plane polarized light.. 36.
(29) 150 G464 160. 0.5 mm. Figure 12.
(30) 0 00. ND. 03. 0. E TR A I F. 060. 090. (a). 15 0 12. 0. FIA 2 (n = 35). FIA 00 (n = 6). FIA 1 (n = 59). (b). FIA 3 (n = 13) N = 116 Class interval = 10. Figure 13.
(31) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 13. (a) Schematic diagram shows determination of the FIA trend by detecting the flip in the asymmetry of the inclusion trails in differently oriented vertical thin sections looking in the same direction around the compass. (b) Rose diagram shows the trend of the first and second FIAs.. 37.
(32) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Table 2. Sample location with respect to the Australian Map Grid (AMG 86/66) coordinates, shows the different FIA trends measured in the different porphyroblasts within these samples (symbols after Kretz 1983)).. 38.
(33) FIA Sets Trends Sample No.. Northing. C131 C174 D131 D433 D434 E179 E191 E200 F345 F512 G3 G4 G5 G6 G58 G90 G292 G390 G391 G464 G482 L5 L5` L38 L40 L104 L178 L210 L259 L354 L486 M81 N11 N14 N17 N24 N37 O91. 7685000 7685500 7686800 7687100 7687000 7677800 7678500 7679300 7685500 7686000 7702500 7702500 7702500 7702057 7702800 7701800 7702200 7702500 7701800 7700400 7702500 7682000 7682000 7681500 7681500 7681100 7679800 7679700 7679900 7681000 7686483 76821500 7686250 7686200 7686000 7688993 7687902 7678000. Easting 467000 467500 466600 465800 466000 469700 471000 470400 465700 465700 460300 460300 460300 460484 460100 461300 466300 460300 460800 465800 460300 469000 469000 466600 466300 469100 496400 467700 468400 464200 461373 464800 462000 462450 462250 461237 460751 470600. Gnt Core 135 105. Rim 135. 105. St pFIA. Rim. And pFIA. 105 165. 105 165. 90 90 90. 90 90. Crd. FIA 15. pFIA. 30 100 105 170. 165 100 105. FIA. Cld pFIA. FIA. 105. 90 90. 100 149 110 95 95 95 130 90 90 80 100 45 80. Core. 90 145. 170. 95 95 95 130 165 110 80. 165. 165. 105 15. 15. 90 40 165. 90. 0 60 45. 90 165. 105 0 170. 170 165. 90. 90. 90 15. 165. 90. 90 15. 165. 165 75.
(34) O92 P12 Q130 743 813 814 519.7 Sc 4 Sc 5 Sc 6 Sc 11 Sc 13 Sc 14 Sc 17 Sc 19 Sc 20 Sc 21 Sc 22 Sc 23 Sc 24 Sc25 855.3 865. 7678000 7689663 7695502 7686038 7684343 7681732 7681750 7702743 7684521 7681894 7684929 7685092 7684458 768420 768109 7702216 7682002 7682438 7685126 7680962 7681488 7682465 7684850. 471200 464407 460553 462054 463913 466605 466300 460501 464011 466715 467575 465353 464375 463435 469065 460690 467869 462906 463410 466798 468373 466860 465500. 60 135 100. 90. 165. 135 90. 80. 90 0. 60 50 170 90 15. 165 0 90. 15. 140. 75 165. 105 110 165. 110 30. 165 80 110 105 30 90 90. Table 2.. 121 110.
(35) 35 30. Frequency. 25 20 F-S 15. S-F. 10 5 0 CW. ACW. CW. FIA set 1. ACW FIA set 2. Figure 14.
(36) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 14. A histogram shows the change of the asymmetry (clockwise to anticlockwise and vice versa) of the inclusion trails for each sample from gently-to-steeply-dipping and vice versa, F-S and S-F, respectively.. 39.
(37) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 15. Photomicrograph (a) and line drawing (b) of an andalusite porphyroblast hosting stage 3 to 4 differentiated crenulation cleavage of Bell and Rubenach (1983) and preserving gently and steeply-dipping foliations, OW–ESb “b” and OW–ESc “c” respectively, that are continuous with the matrix foliations and have a clockwise asymmetry. An earlier oblique OW–ESa “a” foliation is preserved within the garnet inclusions within the andalusite porphyroblast and the matrix as well with the same asymmetry. Vertical thin section with single barbed arrow showing strike and way up. Plane polarized light.. 40.
(38) 160 120 G482. An. And. Grt. Grt. a. 1 mm. C B. a. c. b. b a. b. b. Grt. a Figure 15.
(39) 160 60 D131. (b). b. continuous. B 1 mm. a. b a b. c Figure 16.
(40) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 16. Photomicrograph of a staurolite porphyroblast preserving a N–S-trending FIA defined by curvature of the oblique differentiated crenulation cleavage, ON–SSb “b” at stage 3 of differentiated cleavage development of (Bell and Rubenach, 1983) from a moderate to a steep pitch. (b, c) Photomicrograph (Inset (b) in (a)) and line drawing, respectively, of the crenulated cleavage, ON–SSa “a”, which curves ACW into ON–SSb “b” and seams predates staurolite growth. Note the continuity between ON–SSb “b” within the porphyroblast and ON– SSB. “B” foliation in the surrounding matrix. Vertical thin section with single barbed arrow. showing strike and way up. Plane polarized light.. 41.
(41) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 17. (a) Younger staurolite porphyroblasts preserving steeply-dipping inclusion trails, ON–SSa “c”, which define the N–S-trending FIA, slightly wrap around garnet porphyroblasts. The steeply pitching foliation in the garnet porphyroblast rims (ON–SSa “c”) also defines the N–S-trending FIA 2. Gently curving foliations (OW–ESa “a” and ON–SSb “b”) in the garnet porphyroblast cores define the earlier formed W–E-trending FIA. The steeply-dipping differentiated crenulation cleavage, ON–SSa “c”, in the staurolite and the rim of the garnet porphyroblasts is continuous with the matrix foliation, ON–SSA. Note the matrix reactivation in the right hand corner of the photo. Vertical thin section with single barbed arrow showing strike and way up. Plane polarized light.. 42.
(42) 160 150 G390. Bt. Bt. Grt St. 2 mm. a c. a. a. S2A. c. b. c. b Figure 17.
(43) (c). ~S. Bedding. Grt. (b). a C B C. B. b. c Figure 18.
(44) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 18. (a) Vertical face looking E shows bedding defined by porphyroblastic and nonporphyroblastic layers folded with a sub-vertical differentiated crenulation cleavage OW–ESC “C” axial plane. The crenulated cleavage OW–ESB “B” is sub-horizontal in Q domains between OW–ESC seams with clockwise asymmetry (b) and (c). Garnet mica schist, Toole Creek Volcanics, Gilded Rose Mine. Coin diameter is 2 cms. (b and c) detail from boxed areas in (a).. 43.
(45) PhD Thesis. Section B. A.S.A. Ahmed (Abu Sharib). Figure 19. (a) Vertical face looking NNW shows tight isoclinals intrafolial N–S-trending fold in Llewellyn Creek Formation. (b) Tight, upright N–S-trending fold with vertical axial plane cleavage, ON–SSA, in Llewellyn Creek Formation. The fold axis plunges 65° towards 350°. Photo looking NE. (c) Sub-vertical face looking NNE shows N–S-trending fold with sub-horizontal axial plane cleavage, ON–SSB, in Llewellyn Creek Formation.. 44.
(46) ~ ENE. a. ~ SE. SN-S. b. ~ ESE. FN-S SN-S. c. Figure 19.
(47)
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