Cold emulsion polyvinyl bindability criteria

(1)

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7-14-1978

Cold emulsion polyvinyl bindability criteria

James Stuart Rich

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(2)

School of Printing

Rochster Institute of Technology

Rochester, New York

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

MASTER'S THESIS

This is to certify that the l.faster's Thesis of

James Stuart Rich, Jr.

name

of student

with a major

in

Printing Technology

has been approved by the Thesis Committee as

satisfactory for the thesh

;

requirement f"or the l1a.ster

of Science degree at the cOl1Vocation

of

J~y

14, 1978

date

Thesis Committee:

~W~e:=.rl.Ln~e"""r~R~e~b=sa::l.!mw...!..::e:.!.n.l.-

______

_

Thesis Advisor

Robert Hacker

Graduate Advisor

Mark Guldin

(3)

By

James Stuart

Rich,

Jr.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of

Printing

in the College of Graphic Arts and

Photography

of the Rochester Institute of

Technology

(4)

Many

thanks to Werner Rebsamen and Albert Rickmers for their time

and expertise. Also many thanks to Dan and Jill for their encouragement

and

help.

Most of all I want to thank Helen and

Stuart,

without

them,

this would not have been possible.

(5)

Page

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES _vii

ABSTRACT _ix

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION 1

Footnotes for Chapter I ....

3

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

4

Footnotes for Chapter II

6

III. METHODOLOGY

7

Hypothesis 12

Results of Research 12

Analysis of Data

14

Discussion of Results 16

Footnotes for Chapter III 36

TV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 38

V. RECOMENDATIONS 40

APPENDIX A DATA TABLES ₄₁

APPENDIX B ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLES

66

APPENDIX C ANOVA PROGRAM OCS 000

0019

79

BIBLIOGRAPHY _Q-;

(6)

1.

PVA's Specifications 8

2. TREATMENT TABLE 11

3. TABLE OF RANK ORDER FOR TREATMENT COMBINATION

13

4. AVERAGE PERCENT OF CHARGE OF POUNDS OF PULL FOR BINDING STYLES

34

5.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain.

Long

42

6.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain _Long. ... 42

7.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

43

8.

Fanned,

Adhesive.

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

...

43

9.

Straight,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

44

10.

Straight,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

...

44

11.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

45

12.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

45

13.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

... 46

14.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Long. 46

15.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

47

16.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

47

17.

Straight,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

48

18.

Straight,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

... 48

19.

Perfo,

.Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

49

20.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

49

21.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

50

22.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

₅₀

23.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

51

(7)

25.

Straight,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

26.

Straight,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

27.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

28.

Perfo,

Adhesive #3- Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

.

29.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#1

, Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

30.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#1

_, Coated

Paper,

Grain Short.

3T-.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#1

, Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

32.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

33.

Straight,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

34.

Straight,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

-35.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

36.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

37.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

38.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short *

39.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

40.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short.

41'.

Straight,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

42.

Straight,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short .

43.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short .

44.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short . .

45..

Roughed,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short.

46.

Roughed,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short .

47.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short .

48.

Fanned,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short. .

49.

Straignt,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

(8)

51.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

65

52.

Perfo,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

65

53. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Average Totals with Grain

Long

. .

67

54. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Average totals with Grain Short. .

68

55. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Pagepull with Grain

Long

....

69

56. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Pagepull with Grain Short . . . 70

57. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Cornerpull with Grain

Long

... 71

58. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Cornerpull with Grain Short ... 72

59. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Subwaypull with Grain

Long

. .

73

60.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Subwaypull with Grain Short ...

74

61

. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Pagepull after UBT with Grain

Long

75

62.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Pagepull after UBT with Grain Short 76

63.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Pagepull after Tumble with

Grain

Long

77

64.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE Pagepull after Tumble with

Grain Short 78

(9)

1. Trimmed

9

2. Trimmed and Double Fanned

9

3. Roughed and Prepared

9

4a. Perfo

>#

9

4b. Perfo

9

5. Pagepull after Tumble With Grain Short

17

6.

Pagepull after Tumble With Grain

Long

...

17

7. Pagepull after UBT With Grain Short 18

8. Pagepull after UBT With Grain

Long

18

9. Subwaypull With Grain Short

19

10.

Subwaypull With Grain

Long

...19

11. Cornerpull With Grain Short 20

12. Cornerpull With Grain

Long

20

13.

Pagepull With Grain Short 21

14. Pagepull With Grain

Long

21

15.

Pagepull after Tumble with Grain Short 22

16.

Pagepull after Tumble with Grain

Long

23

17.- Pagepull after UBT with Grain Short

24

18. Pagepull after UBT with Grain

Long

25

19.

Subwaypull with Grain Short 26

20. Subwaypull with Grain

Long

,#

27

21. Cornerpull with Grain Short 28

22. Cornerpull with Grain

Long

29

(10)

24.

Pagepull with Grain

Long

31

25. Totals with Grain Short 32

26. Totals with Grain Long,.

33

(11)

The purpose of _{this study} is to evaluate new types of materials and

technologies in the

fast-changing bindery

industry. An optimum

binding

method

(OBM)

is

being

determined

by

_using different brands of cold

emulsion polyvinyl _acetate, _{different adhesive,}

binding

_methods, spine

preparation, and papers.

Testing

is performed with a combination of

materials and technologies to determine the actual

binding

strength and performance of adhesives. Results of the tests were analyzed statisti

cally

by

Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA),

_graphing, percent of change and

ranking of values to find the optimum.

The results of this _study show some relationships of the

factors,

adhesives,

binding

styles, paper, and grain direction of paper when

tested for pounds of pull _using various types of _{tests j} _pagepull,

cornerpull, subwaypull, pagepull after Universal Book Tester

(UBT),

and

pagepull after tumble.

The spine preparation was shown to be the most critical factor for

the strength of the book. Other critical factors for strength were the

kind and grain direction of the paper.

The OBM was found using the perfo adhesive

binding

_method, adhesive

B,

and uncoated paper with the grain direction short. There were no

8,

16 or 32 page signatures used for the testing.

Only 4

page signatures

were used.

(12)

Asst. Prof. Sch of Printing; title and department

July

1~

1978

_t

date

(13)

INTRODUCTION

Many

changes have been

taking

place in the

binding

industry

during

the last few years. The state of

technology

is somewhat chaotic because

new methods and materials have not been tested adequately. Sewn

bindings dominated the

1960's,

but adhesive bound books are

increasing

and amount to more than

75%

of all casebound books

being

produced

by

major book manufacturers. Although tremendous technical advancements

are

being

made in such areas as adhesive

binding

techniques,

there is a

serious deterioration of good case binding. The buyer of

books,

paying

a high price for hard cover

bindings,

is no longer guaranteed that

2

binding

will last much longer than regular paperbacks.

This _study will attempt to determine the "best"

adhesive

binding

method _using cold emulsion polyvinyl acetate

(PVA)

adhesives on various

papers. When this method is

found,

it can be referred to as optimum

binding

method (OBM).^ The OBM can be translated into one meaning:

"strength".^

By itself,

no individual test can be regarded as a measure

of OBM.

However,

the combination of several tests will enable a binder

to determine the OBM for any particular volume.

5

Tests for OBM include Book

Tumbler,

Universal Book

Tester,

and

Poly-tester.

(14)

the book with respect to how

long

_{it may be} expected to stay in the

cover, the strength of the _sewing or adhesives and the cover material

itself."6

Universal Book Tester - "This _unit tests the _abrasion _resistance

of bound volumes _and, to some _extent, the overall strength of the

7

binding."'

Polytester - "This is _a _new _and _unique

testing

machine to determine

tensile strengths such as page _pull, _{joint adhesion,} spine pull and

corner pull. It can test a _variety of materials

including

_paper,

ad-Q

hesives and thread."

Three different cold emulsion

PVA's,

two different types of _papers,

interchanging

grain direction and four

binding

methods will be used.

All of these factors will be tested in all possible combinations.

Results of the

testing

will be recorded and analyzed

by

Analysis of

Variance

(ANOVA),

_graphing, percent of _change, and _ranking of test

values.

The books are bound

by

various methods _{using different} cold emulsion

adhesives and papers. There will be a series of tests to determine

which of the cold emulsion

binding

methods is best. After the tests

are completed and _analyzed, it will be noted what the optimum adhesive

(15)

Werner

Rebsamen,

"Cleat-Lacing," Library

Scene,

1977,

p.11.

2

Jack

Bendror,

Technology

and Testing of

Library

Bound Books

(Rochester,

New York: Graphic Arts Research

Center,

(1976)),

p.

5

intro

duction.

3lbid.,

p.

4-4werner

Rebsamen,

"Cleat-Lacing,"

Library Scene,

1977,

P 1.

5

_{Jack Bendror}

Technology

and Testing of

Library

Bound Books

(Rochester,

New York! Graphic Arts Research

Center,

(1976)),

p.

5

6werner

Rebsamen, "Bookbinding Testing Laboratory

Evaluates Machine

ry,

Materials,

Techniques," Book Production

Industry

and Magazine

Production.

May

1977,

P 3

'Ibid.,

p. 2.

8Ibid.

, p. 2.

(16)

1977-LITERATURE REVIEW

Few investigations have been conducted into the relationships between

PVA _adhesives,

binding

_methods, and papers. Various authors discuss the

use of some or all of these factors.

The main ideas for this thesis have come from the U.S. Government

Printing

Office,

Adhesive

Bindability

Criteria Project. Although this

is not a _report, it suggests _{many different} parameters to be investigated

for the construction of books.

The most recent

testing

of materials and technologies has been done

by

Jack Bendror. His reports refer to the use of

binding

_methods,

different types of _adhesives,

testing

_methods, and related criteria for

2

library

bound books. It explains how methods and machines need to be

It mentions the

history

of PVA's and how their use came

about as a natural progression. The use of different

tests,

when

com-pared to each _other, is explained as the optimum

binding

method

(OBM)

.

Because this report refers to most of the previous literature written on

this _subject, it is a good collection of information.

The need for

testing

and specifications for _adhesives, paper and

spine preparation is substantiated

by

Werner Rebsamen in his _articles,

"Cleat Lacing"

and

"Bookbinding Testing

Laboratory

Evaluates

Machinery,

(17)

Machinery,

Materials,

Techniques article explains the best size book to

test,

6" x 9".7

An in-depth _study of the chemical composition of eighteen PVA ad

hesives was conducted

by

the W. J. Burrow Research Laboratory. This

study aids in understanding the makeup of PVA's - if

they

are co-polymers

or

homo-polymers,

their percent _solids, _ph, _viscosity and if

they

are

plasticized.

Spine preparation is discussed

by

Arthur Martin and Werner Rebsamen.

Martin explains _why spine preparation is important and discusses three

of the four

binding

styles - _roughed _and

prepared, double fanned

9

trimmed _only, and trimmed only. Rebsamen discusses the fourth

binding

style, perfo.

The significance of paper grain direction is considered

by

Daniel

Lamb.

Long

grain direction is best for

binding

a book. He

estab-12 lished an index to evaluate paper for bookbinding.

The preceding discussions provided direction for

designing

the ex

periment. The apparent lack of information demonstrates the need for

an _{in-depth study} of all factors for optimum bindability. The hypoth

esis to be tested will illustrate relationships between _adhesives, spine

(18)

"-"Adhesive

Bindability

Criteria Project,"

United States Government

Printing

Office,

November 1977.

'Jack

Bendror,

Technology

and

Testing

of

Library

Bound Books

(Rochester,

Center,

(1976)),

p.

3

3lbid.

p. 5

4lbid.,

p. 12.

5lbid.

, p.

5

6werner

Rebsamen,

"Cleat-Lacing," Library Scene.

1977,

p. 5

"-Idem,

"Bookbinding Testing

Laboratory

Evaluates

Machinery,

Materials,

Techniques," Book Production Industry and Magazine Produc

tion.

May

1977,

P. 3.

^tf.

J.

Barrow,

Permanence/Durability

of the Book-IV Polyvinyl Acetate

(PVA)

Adhesives for Use in

Library Bookbinding

(Richmond.

Virginia: W. J. Barrow Research

Laboratory,

(1956)),

p. 9

-^Arthur

Martin,

"Perfect binding,"

Printing

Equipment and

Materials.

February

1975,

p. 1.

^Interview with Werner

Rebsamen,

Assistant

Professor,

School of

Printing,

Rochester Institute of

Technology, Rochester,

New

York,

3

February

1978.

1-\Daniel

Lamb,

Bindability of Paper with Adhesives

(The

Colonial Press

Inc.,

(1970),

p. 8.

12

(19)

METHODOLOGY

Polyvinyl acetate

(PVA)

_{is commonly} used in the form of a dispersion

of solid resins and water.

They

are more _widely referred to as

"emulsions." _Cold

emulsion PVA is a that works on the

p

principle of polymerization. Single vinyl acetate molecules are called

3 monomers.

J

"When numbers of these

join,

the result is a _polymer, and

the process is polymerization." PVA's contain plastizers which aid in

flexibility

and polymerization.>

The three different cold emulsion PVA's to be used are to be

lettered

A,

B, C,

so as not to discriminate against _any particular

manufacturer. See Table 1.

Two different papers _{to be used,}

interchanging

grain

direction,

are

Shorewood Suede 50 lb.

(coated)

and Carnival Offset Vellum Finish 50 lb.

(uncoated)

. These are typical of book paper used in industry. The

binding

methods to be used _are, 1. roughed and _prepared, _2. double

fanned and trimmed only, 3 trimmed only, 4 perfo adhesive binding.

See Figures 1 through

4,

a and b.

Roughed and prepared spine is if the paper fibers "tease out" on

the edge which gives more surface area for the adhesive to cover.-*

This is typical of in-line spine preparation.

(20)

cutter and fanned before gluing. "The adhesive penetrates between the

leaves and these are anchored in the film."

This is typical of an

adhesive

binding

method that is most commonly used.

TABLE 1

PVA A B

Solid Content

Viscosity

Centipose

Ph

Weight per

gallon

Ash Content Inert Filler

61%

solids

12,000 cp

5.0 ph

62%

solids

6-8,000

cp

5-6.0 ph

8.9

lbs

52.89%

solids

3,400 cp

6.3

ph

8.9

lbs

1.94

SOURCE: PVA

A,

Jack

Bendror,

Robbins and Bendror

Associates,

Inc.,

Interview

July

5,

1978. PVA B and

C,

Dick

Blake,

Peter Cooper

Corporation,

Buffalo,

N.Y.,

Interview June

30,

1978.

* _Information _not _available.

Trimmed only is if sheets are trimmed

by

a cutter with no other

type of spine _preparation, adhesive is _applied, penetrating the surface

only.' Trimmed only was used as a control to show what effect double

fanning

has upon a book.

Perfo adhesive

binding,

being

a new

technology,

is if the book's

spine has been perforated so that the adhesive penetrates inside and

Q

outside of the signature. This

binding

method _only uses four-page

signatures. See Figures 1 through 4b.

(21)

Figure

#1

Trimmed

Figure

#2

Trimmed and Double Fanned

Figure

#3

Roughed and Prepared

illid

/-':,

z'y

:z/P

vizzji/yzzyyzzyyyyzyy :.\

Figure

#4

a and b

Perfo

(22)

covers on the books. The books will be 6" x 9" trimmed size with a

9

bulk at one

inch,

having

rounded backs.

To

identify

the data for each

test,

a treatment table is set up.

A,

B,

C,

representing the adhesives,

J, K,

the coated and uncoated

papers,

1,

2, 3, 4,

roughed prepared _spine, double

fanned,

trimmed only

(straight)

and perfo adhesive

binding

styles and grain direction identi

fied with subscript a and

b,

short and

long,

respectively. See Table 2.

Example for Identification of Books

AIJa = _Adhesive

A,

_roughed _and _prepared

spine, coated _paper, with

grain direction short.

Each PVA will be used for all

binding

methods with each type of

paper and

having

interchanged grain direction. The PVA will be applied

in the double fanned style for all books except the trimmed

binding

style. The tests to be performed are:

Page Pull Test - Three _pages _are _selected _at _random from

front to back of the book. _{Each page,} one

by

one is secured

uniformly in a tension clamp. The volume is also _securely

clamped to a platform.

Pulling

on a lever _slowly and uni

formly,

increases the tension until the page is either torn

or pulled out of the bindfold. When the page tears or breaks

loose of its

binding,

the maximum force reached is indicated

and memorized

by

an electronic meter.---^

Corner Pull Test - This test is _similar _{to the} _page

pull,

except the page _{clamping device is limited to grip} _{only the}

top

or bottom corner of the page.

This test is useful in simulating the

tearing

of a page.

Subway-pagepull Test - The '_subway-test'

, as the name

implies,

simulates the distortion imparted to a paperback

by

a reader _riding on a subway. The volume is bent 360 degrees to

bring

the covers back to back. Selected pages are then

pulled in the same version as on a page-pull test. The _subway

test,

with its resultant stresses on the _volume, is quite valid in

determining

the

durability

of the volume. 2

Tumble Test - The

Tumbling

drum consists of a _revolving octagon drum equipped with a pocket that lifts the books to the

tip

and then lets them free-fall

(24

inches,

approximately).

(23)

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(24)

how

long

it may be expected to remain in its cover. It also

determines internal weakness of the sewing or adhesives used.

The UBT

(Universal

Book

Tester)

- This Universal Book

Tester consists of a rectangular chamber with stainless steel

fabric

lining

to provide abrasion when the chamber is rotated

in an inclined plane. The volume received an impact and abra

sion when the apparatus is in operation. All books are sub

jected to a 30 minutes UBT test after the first page pull to determine internal weakness of the

fastening

method used. ^

15

The UBT test equals

twenty

circulations. J The values of the three

pages pulled for each run are _averaged, then run I and run II are

averaged. See APPENDIX A. Replication was done on page _pull, corner

pull and _subway pull tests. Due to the size of the experiment _only

one run was made on page pull after UBT and tumble tests.

In tumble

tests,

weight is a _variable, so two books were taped

together when tested. Tumble tests equaled 100 revolutions.

Hypothesis

The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the factors involved

in

binding

books.

Binding

style, adhesives, paper and grain direction

are these factors. It is hypothesized that if

testing

is done on these

factors to find an _optimum, it will aid _{in establishing} a

bindability

criteria. Though no one test will achieve

this,

the combination of

different tests chosen for this experiment will aid in

determining

this

criteria for an optimum

binding

method.

Results of Research

Initially

the optimum

binding

method

(OBM)

was found in the perfo

adhesive method of

binding

with uncoated paper with grain direction

(25)

TABLE

3

TABLE OF RANK ORDER FOR TREATMENT COMBINATION

Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of

Pull Pull Pull

1. B4Ka 445.0 17. B4Ja

224.9

33. A3Ka 111.1

2.

C4Ka

426.4

18. A4Ja

224.9

34. C3Ja

109.3

3. A4Ka 402.8 19. C3Ka

224.4

35. A2Jb

104.5

4. C4Kb 391.2 20. B3Kb

222.4

"

36. B2Ja

98.5

5. A4Kb

372.7

21. B2Kb 214.0 37. B2Jb

94.7

6.

A4Jb 354.6 22. C2Kb 209.6 38. C2Ja 92.1

7. AlKa

333.7

23. A2Kb 208.6 39. C3Jb

89.4

8. AlXb 312.2 24. B2Ka 202.2 40. A3Kb

84.7

9. BIKb 308.

7

25. A2Ka

196.5

41. AIJa

83.7

10. C4Kb

294.5

26. C2Ka 194.0 42. B3Ja

83.7

11. ClKb

285.4

27. BIJb

177.9

43. C3Kb 81.

3

12. C4Ja 278.2 28. B3Ka 155.1 44. B3Jb

78.5

13. BIKa

274.4

29. ClJb 137.1 45. AlJb

77.7

14. ClKa 269.8 30. CIJa 120.6 46. A2Ja 52.1

15. B4Jb 267.8 31. BIJa

112.5

47. A3Jb 41.1

16. B4Kb 257.1 32. C2Jb

112.5

#1

=

48.

optimum

(26)

After more investigation the results showed that the superior

binding

style was the perfo _adhesive, with _any paper coated or _uncoated, and

with _any combination of adhesives.

The tests show that paper also has an effect on the

binding

strength.

Use of the uncoated paper achieves the optimum. See Figures

3

through 12.

Other results of the tests found higher page pull values after UBT

and

tumbling

tests.

Stronger bindings were produced when the grain direction was short.

Analysis of Data

Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA)

was used to analyze the data. ANOVA

is an extension of a test of means to determine

interactions,

if any,

between any of _{the preceding} factors. This statistical technique

is based on a mathematical model that assumes there is no difference

17

between levels of the factors. An example of this is the null hypoth

esis,

Hq

U- = _U2.

The grain direction factor is considered to be a nested factor.

This facilitates the need for two _experiments, one with grain short and

one with grain long. Each of the experiments can be considered a

four-factor experiment at multiple

levels, A3,

B/, C2,

and

D,

with repli

cates: A = adhesives

A, B,

C;

B =

binding

styles

1, 2, 3,

4;

C =

papers

J,

K,

and D = grain direction _{a, b.}

The ANOVA is used in conjunction with an alpha _risk; _probability of

IR

making a type I error. This is the risk of

being

_wrong when _rejecting

the null hypothesis.

"

This risk is assigned a _probability value. A

(27)

twenty

chance of

being

_wrong when the null hypothesis is rejected).

To test for similar _{variability in two} _populations, an F test will

2,

o 20

have to be run. A test statistic is required: F =

S]_

/s2

.

From a population we take all possible samples of size _n, and

for each sample we find the variances. From this same popula

tion we take all possible samples of _size, and find the set of

sample variances. Now we find^all the possible ratios of the

paired sample variances _si

/si

. From these ratios we construct

a

frequency

distribution;

this is called an F distribution.

-1-Since in _performing F test we are concerned with _{two samples,}

we will have two different values of v

(degrees

of

freedom)

if

the samples are of different size. Thus there are _{many differ}

ent F

distributions, forming

a

family

of

frequency

curves.

Replication was done to provide an estimate of error to aid in run

ning an F test. The page _pull, _subway pull and corner pull tests were

replicated. Replication was not possible for the page pull after UBT

and page pull after tumbling. To provide some type of estimate of error

it is necessary to use a higher order interaction as an estimate of

error. High order interactions are _rarely of practical significance

and are _usually attributable to error.

The generalized designation of the table F ratio is written as

24

F vi, V2, alpha value. An example of this is: F

6,

24,

2.5082. If

the F statistic is larger than the F ratio from the

table,

then the test

of the means are shown not to be _equal, therefore significant.

To aid in processing the data the Rochester Institute of

Technology

computer facilities were used. The ANOVA program OCS 000

0019

was

applied for each group of data. See APPENDIX C. The groups

being

page _pull, corner _pull, subway pull, page pull after

UBT,

page pull after

tumbling

and the total of each data sheet. See APPENDIX B.

(28)

tables. This was done

by

_plotting average pounds of pull against

binding

styles

1, 2, 3,

4. This illustrates the effects of each factor.

See Figures

5

through

14

.

By

ranking the scores highest to

lowest,

this showed which combina

tion of factors is the optimum. See Table 3.

Another part of the analysis was to compare the percent of differ

ence of the pounds of pull between _papers, paper grain direction and

"I

~

"2 _

Percent Change

binding

style. The formula for this is: * ^^

Discussion of Results

The adhesives did not show to be significant through the analysis.

The adhesive data was analyzed further for _any type of _relationship of

one adhesive

being

more superior than another.

Graphing

of

A,

B, C,

adhesives versus pounds of pull shows erratic results which reinforces

the ANOVA'

s _results,

illustrating

that adhesives

A,

B,

C,

are not a

significant factor in

binding

of the books. See Figures

15

through 26.

Higher scores on the page pull after UBT and

tumbling

are attributed

to friction and _aging, _causing more polymerization.

Only

ten days

passed from the start to the end of the tests.

Binding

styles were shown to have an effect on the performance of

the books'

strength. See Figures

5

through 14. It is readily apparent

that the perfo adhesive

binding

(binding

style

4)

is the superior

binding

style

tested;

roughed and prepared

binding

appears second to

the perfo adhesive binding. The double fanned and straight

binding

styles were shown not to perform well as compared to the perfo and

(29)

CQ rd

o

P4

cd

M

w

>

3

Ph

o o o rH

cn p)

<D o

rH HH

>

CO

5

crt

to fH

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-d .c! rt +> H I-I

CM pq ps

o

CO o o _CMo

-p

ca r\

0) o rH ^3 ro >scn

-P

co G LP> iH

a*

g

<D

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3*

H

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(30)

-~

-*

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rl

CM iH

ed

$&

rl

rd Si

rt +> rl -rl

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CQ

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-3

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tr\-P

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afi

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rl CJ ^j

"d p

si si Qfl rl +> rt

CM pq th Ph

(31)

M >->

09

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Pa

U

<D

>

<3 rH

P4

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rH

-+

o

CO voo o oCM

&D

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ro+-C

CO -ri CJ cd rH

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n-i 43

fl -P

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K^-P CQ rt

H to cd

3

CJ

Tl

5

45

-P CVI pq -h ^

(32)

ra a

<D O

rH ^ >A NA P C

CO iH CM

cd rH

SS

CD

rt

rd 45

rt -p

H -H H

cm pq > Ph

02

O

Pa

CD

r

_<D

rH

rt

P"

<H

O O o

rH

O

CO

O

VO

O

*3- o

CJ

W r-3

CD

O

o

-p

01 ?H CD O

rH 45

ro t>CQ

-P

co rt rH

H rH

3*8

CD

H O

TJ

a

H

cm pq -H Ph

(33)

ra "3 o Pa P U CD > O

o oen voo

(34)

(35)

h> M

a)

-P

ra

fl

H

41

ro

CD

rH

>-p CQ

&

rl

fl

H

41

O

CM

>a

P

ra

I?

H

rt

H

41

M

o

CD

rH

>>

P m

tf

H

fl

rl

41

PM

CD

PN

H

CQ <-l

O tH

(36)

(37)

(38)

w <D H -P ra rl rt fl ri 43 CM CD -P ra rl

1

M - __o

ro CD P CQ H xi 4> -_pq w ^ .o CD rH -P CQ .pq

a

43 O to

o o o o O

to to o IO

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

binding's performance is the paper is _{practically intact} and imbedded

in the adhesive. Also the "adhesive is allowed to penetrate inside and

OR

outside of a signature." J _The

other

binding

styles do not have this

amount of surface area with the paper fibers exposed, thus _explaining

their lower performance. _{When using the} perfo adhesive _method, the use

of an

8,

16 or 32-page signature would not perform well because the

pages on the inside of the signature would not be penetrated with

adhesive as well as a four-page signature. As a _result, this method

is limited to a four-page signature.

TABLE

4

AVERAGE PERCENT OF CHANGE OF POUNDS OF PULL FOR B33EDIHG STYLES

Binding

Styles Grain Short Grain

Long

2-1

43.9%

46.1%

15.5%

45.1%

3-1

57.3%

72.5%

83.6%

103.0%

1-4

170.1%

43.8%

153.1%

16.0%

2-4

189.6%

110.3%

165.5%

67.1%

3-4

292.6%

134.6%

334.8%

139.5%

J K J K

Papei

Just as the perfo adhesive

binding

plays a major part in giving a

book strength, so does paper. As _expected, coated paper was the weaker

and uncoated the strongest. The coated paper not _accepting the adhesive

(47)

paper has good

teasing

out properties resulting in the optimum. Over

all, the uncoated paper performed better than the coated paper. This

can be seen _graphically

by

the parallel relationship. See Figures

5

through 14.

Grain direction of the paper affects the OBM. When the grain is

short or perpendicular to the spine of the book more fibers are exposed

resulting in more surface area for the adhesive to attach itself to.

Values were lower on the average

by

13%

with the grain direction

long

(48)

FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER III

Jack

Bendror,

Technology

and

Testing

of

Library

Bound Books

(Rochester,

Center,

(1976)),

p. 12.

2W.

J.

Barrow,

Permanence/Durability

of the Book-IV Polyvinyl

Acetate

(PVA)

Adhesives for Use in _Library

Bookbinding

(Richmond,

Virginia: W. J. Barrow Research

Laboratory,

(1956)),

p. 9.

3lbid.,

p. 9.

^Arthur

Martin,

'Terfect binding,"

Printing

Equipment and Materials,

February 1975,

p. 1.

5lbid.

, p. 1.

6Ibid.,

p. 1.

Interview with Werner

Rebsamen,

Assistant

Professor,

School of

Printing,

Technology, Rochester,

New

York,

3 February

1978.

Jack

Bendror,

Technology and _Testing of _Library Bound Books

(Rochester,

Center,

(1976)),

p.

6.

^Ibid.

, p. 7.

10Ibid.,

p. 8.

^/erner

Rebsamen,

"Cleat-Lacing," Library Scene.

1977,

p. 3.

12Ibid.,

p. 5.

13

Interview with Werner

Rebsamen,

Assistant

Professor,

School of

Printing,

Technology,

Rochester,

New

York,

5 July

1978.

^Albert D. Rickmers and Hollis N.

Todd,

Statistics An Introduction

(New

York: McGraw-Hill Book

Company,

(I967)),

p. 154.

J-Slbid.

, p. 155.

l6Ibid.,

p. 154.

(49)

18Ibid.,

p. 115.

19Ibid.,

p. 114.

20Ibid.,

p. 114.

21

Ibid.,

p. 325.

(50)

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY AMD CONCLUSIONS

The OBM was established to be the perfo adhesive

binding,

uncoated

paper, adhesive

B,

with the grain direction _short, as illustrated

by

Jack Bendror.

Excluding

adhesive

B,

the research results show

factors,

binding

style and paper _{involved in producing} OEM. This verified what

Arthur Martin and _{Daniel Lamb say} about

binding

style and paper.

Though the roughed

binding

style performed lower than the perfo

binding,

it did perform _well, with comparable papers and adhesives.

Practically,

it is a good

binding

style. The double fanned and straight

binding

styles can not compare to the roughed or perfo

binding

styles.

Double fanned and straight showed the least amount of pounds of pull in

the first

testing

and in some cases after the UBT and

tumbling

test the

pages fell out of the bindings.

The paper, coated and _uncoated, was an important factor in

finding

the optimum. Results show a parallel relationship of the papers which

leads one to believe it is very feasible to use coated paper with the

perfo adhesive

binding

style to achieve an optimum for that paper.

The grain direction's role in

bookbinding

as stated _{is giving,} on

the average,

13%

more strength to the

binding

with the grain short.

Practically,

this is not significant and should not _{play that large} a

(51)

Daniel Lamb. When the grain _{direction is short,}

humidity

causes warpage

and the force it takes to open the book causes excessive wear.

The adhesives were shown not to be _{significantly different.}

The strength of the books increased after tumble and UBT tests.

This was due to more polymerization of the PVA's.

Primarily

_aging and

(52)

CHAPTER V

RECOMMENDATIONS

Studying

individual effects of adhesives and papers with use of a

sensative

testing

technique would be useful.

Finding

a consistant

flexing

test would have aided in more complete

(53)

APPENDIX A

(54)

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#1

_, Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Run I Run II Average

Pagepull

81.3

70.0

75.7

Cornerpull

27.3

26.3

26.8

Subwaypull 53.0 48.6 50.8

Pagepull after UBT 70.0 70.0

Pagepull after Tumble 89.0 89.0

Total

312.3

DATA TABLE

5

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive #1_, Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull 19.6 24.0

-21.8

Cornerpull 12.0 4.6

8.3

Pagepull after -UBT

17.0 17.0

Total

77.7

(55)

Type of Test:

Panned,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

f I

I

Pagepull

47.3

58.6 53.0

Cornerpull

19.3

17.7

18.5

Subwaypull

59.3

57.3

58.3

Pagepull after UBT

5L7

Pagepull after Tumble

27.3

Total 208.6

DATA TABLE

7

Type of Test:

Fanned,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Run I Run II. Average

.II

Pagepull 13.0 18.0

15.5

Cornerpull 12.0 2.6

7.3

Pagepull after UBT

29.3

Total

104.5

(56)

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

1

15.6 28.0 21.8

Cornerpull 2.0

5.3

3.7

Subwaypull

36.3

20.3

28.3

Total 84.8

DATA TABLE

9

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull 23.6 13.0

18.3

Cornerpull 9.0 12.0

10.5

Subwaypull 8.6

5.3

7.0

Total 41.1

(57)

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

72.3

123.6 98.0

Cornerpull 39.0

46.3

42.7

Subwaypull _52.0 _43.0

47.5

71.7

Total

372.7

LATA TABLE 11

Type of Test:

Perfo,

_Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull 84.6 70.6 77.6

Cornerpull 26.6 28.6 27.6

Subwaypull

47.3

55.6

5L5

Total

354.7

(58)

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

51.3

67.3

59.3

Cornerpull

33.3

41.0 37.2

Subwaypull 51.0

63.0

57.0

84.3

Total 308.8

DATA TABLE

13

Type of Test:

Houghed,

_Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

38.3

11.6 25.0

Subwaypull 42.0 48.6

45.3

Total

177.9

(59)

Type of _Test:

Fanned,

_Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Run I Run II

Average-Pagepull

5L3

_36.0

43.7

Cornerpull

22.6 20.0

21.3

Subwaypull

29.6

49.3

39.5

Pagepull after UBT

60.0

6o.o

Pagepull after Tumble 49.6 _49.6

Total _214.0

DATA TABLE

15

Type of Test:

Fanned,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Run I Rut.. II. Average

Pagepull _24.0

21.3

.. _

-22.7

Cornerpul!}. 7.0 14.0

10.5

Subwaypull 24.6

15.3

20.0

Total

94.7

(60)

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull _56.0

62.6

59.3

Cornerpull _20.0 _19.6 _19.8

Subwaypull

50.3

35.0

42.7

J

Total

222.4

DATA TABLE

17

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

17.3

-21.0 19.2

. Pagepull after UBT 15.6 15.6

8.3

Total

78.5

(61)

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull 44.6 112.0

78.3

Cornerpull

47.3

29.6

38.5

Subwaypull

61.3

41.3

5L3

Pagepull after UBT _22.0 22.0

Pagepull after Tumble _67.0

67.0

Total 257.1

DATA TABLE

19

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

'Long

Pagepull

32.3

_84.0 58.2

Cornerpull 28.0

33.3

30.7

Subwaypull 47.0

40.3

43.7

Pagepul-1.-after UBT

60.3

'

75.0

j

75.0

Total

|

267.8

(62)

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

74.3

50.6

62.5

Cornerpull _12.0 _33.0

22.5

Subwaypull

66.6

53.0 59.8

Pagepull after UBT

72.3

68.3

Total

285.4

DATA TABLE 21

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull 18.0 13.0

15.5

Cornerpull 14.0

10.3

12.2

Subwaypull 40.0

29.7

34.8

Pagepull after UBT

38.7

Total 137.1

(63)

Type of Test:

Fanned,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

50.0 38.0 44.0

Cornerpull _20.0 _20.0 _20.0

Subwaypull _42.0 _33.0 36.0

Pagepull after UBT

61.3

48.3

Total 209.6

LATA TABLE

23

Type of Test:

Fanned,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Run I Run II. Average

Pagepull 11.6 29.0

20.3

Subwaypull 17.O

21.3

19.2

after UBT 24.0 24.0

11.3

Total 112.6

(64)

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull 46.6 48.6 47.6

Cornerpull

9.3

14.0

11.7

Subwaypull

35.3

32.3

33.8

Pagepull after UBT _33.0

-33.0

55.3

Total

;

81,4

DATA TABLE

25

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

20.3

_17.6

18.9

Subi/faypull 15.6

42.3

29.0

Pagepull after UBT

17.3

Total

89.4

(65)

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull

95.6

54.3

75.0

Cornerpull

65.6

_32.0 _48.8

63.3

Total

i. . . .

391.3

DATA TABLE

27

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain

Long

Pagepull 90.0

71.7

80.8

Cornerpull

29.7

33.3

31.5

Subwaypull

64.0

46.7

55.3

79.3

Total

294.5

(66)

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Run I Run II

Average-Pagepull 79.0

68.6

73.8

Cornerpull

28.6 21.6 24.8

Subwaypull

50.3

51.0

50.7

95.3

Total

333.7

-DATA TABLE

29

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull _19.6 _10.6 _15.1

Cornerpull 10.6 10.0

10.3

Subwaypull 10.6

24.3

17.5

Pagepull after UBT

30.3

30.0

Total 83.8

(67)

Type of Tesb:

Fanned,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

63.6

70.3

67.0

Subwaypull

34.3

38.0 36.2

" '

46.0 46.0

Total

|

1*.5

DATA TABLE 31

Type of Test:

Panned,

_Adhesive

#1,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

2.3

Cornerpull 3.6

3.3

3.5

Subwaypull

17.3

27.3

22.3

Total

I

52.1

(68)

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull _40.0

41.3

40.7

Cornerpull

6,6

0.6 3.6

28.3

Pagepull after UBT 11.6

-11.6

Total 111.2

-DATA TABLE

33

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#1,

Coated

.Paper, Grain Short

Pagepull 3.6

2.3

3.0

Cornerpull 4.0

2.3

3.2

Subwaypull ,6.0 11.6

8.4

Total

20.5

(69)

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#1,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

68.0

49.3

58.7

Cornerpull

33.3

55.6

44.5

Total

402.8.

DATA TABLE

35

Type of Test:

Perfo,

_Adhesive

#1,

_Coated

Paper,

Grain Short Run I Run II Average

Pagepull 54.0 55.0

54.5

Subwaypull

64.3

52.6

58.5

Total 225.0

(70)

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull _84.0

64.6

74.3

Cornerpull _15.6

17.3

16.5

Subwaypull

57.3

37.3

47.3

Pagepull after UBT

65.3

Total

274.4

DATA TABLE

37

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

18.3

43.3

30.8

Cornerpull 4.0

17.3

10.7

Total

112.5

(71)

Type of Test:

Fanned,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull 38.0 71.0

54.5

Cornerpull 23.0

26.3

24.7

Subwaypull 44.0

4L3

42.7

31.3

Total 202.2

DATA TABLE

39

Type of Test:

Fanned,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull 16.0 14.6

15.3

Cornerpull 4.6

5.3

5.0

Subwaypull

27.3

12.6 20.0

Pagepull after UBT

35.3

Total

98.5

(72)

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull _16.0 _22.0 _19.0

Cornerpull 4.0 4.6

4.3

Subwaypull

38.0 29.6 33.8

Pagepull after Tumble 49.0

49.0^

Total

...

155.1

DATA TABLE 41

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull 22.0 20.6

21.3

Cornerpull

18.5

12.0 13.8

Subwaypull

16.3

17.0

16.7

Total

83.7

(73)

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#2,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Run I Run II A.verage

Pagepull

107.3

_96.0

101.7

Cornerpull 54.6

43.3

49.0

Subwaypull

103.3

71.3

87.3

Total

445.5

DATA TABLE

43

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#2,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull 37.6 40.6 39.1

Cornerpull

47.3

32.3

39.8

Subwaypull 4L0 36.6 38.8

Pagepull after UBT

65.6

'

41.6 41.6

Total

224.9

(74)

Type of Test:

Roughed,

_Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

53.3

64.0

58.7

Cornerpull

26.3

33.6 30.0

Subwaypull

51.7

31.7

41.6

63.7

Total 269.8

]

DATA TABLE

45

Type of Test:

Roughed,

Adhesive

#3,

Eoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull 18.6 14.6 16.6

Cornerpull

11.3

2.3

6.8

24.3

Pagepull after UBT

33.3

39.6 39.6

Total

120.6

(75)

Type of Test:

Fanned,

_Adhesive

#3,

_Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

4L3

60.6

_51.0

Cornerpull 17.6

17.3

17.5

Pagepull after UBT

66.6

66,6

52.3

Total

224.4

DATA TABLE

47

Type of Test:

Fanned,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

<

13.3

11.0 12.2

Cornerpull 33.0

32.3

32.7

1 '

21.3

Total

109.3

(76)

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Run I Run II

Average-Pagepull 52.6 33.0 42.8

Cornerpull 18.6 12.0

15.3

Subwaypull

43.3

31.3

37.3

Total

-194.0

DATA TABLE

49

Type of Test:

Straight,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

19.3

i

27.0

!

23.2

Cornerpull 2.0

3.3

2.7

Subwaypull

12.3

20.3

16.3

Total 92.1

(77)

Type of Test: Perfo Adhesive

#3,

Uncoated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull _116.0

70.7

93.3

Cornerpull

57.7

26.7

_42.1

Subwaypull

63.3

61.7

62.5

124.7

Total

426.5

DATA TABLE 51

Type of Test:

Perfo,

Adhesive

#3,

Coated

Paper,

Grain Short

Pagepull

66.0

37.0

51.5

Cornerpull 56.0

62.6

59.2

Subwaypull

54.3

31.6

42.9

Pagepull after UBT

72.3

52.3

Total 278.2

(78)

APPENDIX B

(79)

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