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A Practical study of the problems of current internet routing tables

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Rochester Institute of Technology

RIT Scholar Works

Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections

11-1-2012

A Practical study of the problems of current internet

routing tables

Arnav Ghosh

Follow this and additional works at:http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion

in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please [email protected].

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Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections

References

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