Unit 11: Testing and Individual Differences

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Myers’ Psychology for AP*

David G. Myers

*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek

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Unit 11:

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Unit Overview

• What is Intelligence? • Assessing Intelligence

• The Dynamics of Intelligence

• Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

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What is Intelligence?

• Intelligence

–Savant syndrome

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Is Intelligence One General Ability

or Several Specific Abilities?

• Spearman’s General intelligence (g)

–Factor analysis

–Comparison to athleticism

• Thurstone’s counter argument

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Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities?

Theories of Multiple Intelligences

• Gardner’s Eight Intelligences

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Theories of Multiple Intelligences

• Sternberg’s Three Intelligences

–Analytical (academic

problem-solving intelligence

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Emotional Intelligence

• Emotional intelligence

–Perceive emotions

–Understand emotions

–Manage emotions

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Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?

Brain Size and Complexity

• Brain size studies

• Brain complexity studies

–Neural plasticity

–Gray matter

versus

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Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?

Brain Function

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The Origins of Intelligence Testing

• Francis Galton’s intelligence testing

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The Origins of Intelligence Testing

Alfred Binet: Predicting School Achievement

• Alfred Binet

–Indentifying French school children

in need of assistance

–Mental age

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The Origins of Intelligence Testing

Lewis Terman: The Innate IQ

• Stanford-Binet Test

–Lewis Terman

–Intelligence quotient (IQ)

• IQ = (mental age/chronological age) X 100 • IQ of 100 is considered average

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Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

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Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

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Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

(WAIS)

–Wechsler Intelligence

Scale for Children

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Principles of Test Construction

Standardization

• Standardization

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Principles of Test Construction

Standardization

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Principles of Test Construction

Standardization

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Principles of Test Construction

Reliability

• Reliability

–Scores correlate

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Principles of Test Construction

Validity

• Validity

–Content validity

• Criterion

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Stability or Change?

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Stability or Change?

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Extremes of Intelligence

The Low Extreme

• Intellectual disability

–Mental retardation

–Down syndrome

• 21st chromosome

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Extremes of Intelligence

Classifications of Intellectual Disability

Level Approximat e

Intelligence Scores

Adaptation to Demands of Life

Mild 50-70 May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade

level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills

Moderate 35-50 May progress to second-grade level

academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops

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Extremes of Intelligence

Classifications of Intellectual Disability

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Extremes of Intelligence

Classifications of Intellectual Disability

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Extremes of Intelligence

Classifications of Intellectual Disability

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Extremes of Intelligence

Classifications of Intellectual Disability

Severe 20-35 May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training

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Extremes of Intelligence

The High Extreme

• Terman’s study of gifted

• Self-fulfilling prophecy

• Appropriate developmental

placement

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Twin and Adoption Studies

• Identical twin studies

–Polygenetic

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Heritability

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Environmental Influences

• Early environmental influences

–Tutored human enrichment

–Targeted training

• Schooling and

intelligence

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

Gender Similarities and Differences

• Spelling

• Verbal ability

• Nonverbal ability

• Sensation

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

Ethnic Similarities and Differences

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The Question of Bias

• Two meanings of bias

–Popular sense

–Scientific sense

• Test-taker’s expectations

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Kent Korek

Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400

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Definition Slide

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Intelligence Test

= a method of assessing an individual's

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Intelligence

= mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new

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General Intelligence (g)

= a general intelligence factor that,

according to Spearman and others,

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Factor Analysis

= a statistical procedure that identifies

clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify difference

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Savant Syndrome

= a condition in which a person otherwise

limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or

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Emotional Intelligence

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Mental Age

= a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age

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Stanford-Binet

= the widely used American revision (by

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

= defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca)

multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca X 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the

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Achievement Tests

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Aptitude Tests

= tests designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Scale (WAIS)

= the WAIS is the most widely used

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Standardization

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Normal Curve

= a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that

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Reliability

= the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on

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Validity

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Content Validity

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Predictive Validity

= the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is

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Intellectual Disability

= (formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability,

indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the

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Down Syndrome

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