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r o

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h

a s ^ ^ ^

R

a a n

d

^ ^ ^

R

n,

w i l l b

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f

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e x

i

s

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U in

t

h

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d

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t

a

l

,

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A

s a

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d i l

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m

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t

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t

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t

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H

e s s, e

t

a

l

,

19

8 5

)

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h

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l

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T

a

b

l

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1

:

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p

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Sta

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ly t h

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p

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i

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h

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d

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ranc

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w

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fo

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A

s

T

a

b

l

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1

(

C

e

m b

er

,

1 9 8 3

;

W

a

l k

er,

19 8 4

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in

d

i

c a

t

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t

h

ere a r e s e v e n r a

d

i

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t

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t

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t

h

^ ^ ^

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n, a

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o

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h

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h

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p l i

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h

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b

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w

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n

in

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a

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p C i/

L t

o

in

d

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ir

in

a n a v e r a

g

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H

e s s, e

t a

l

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19 8 5 ; E P A

,

1 9 9 1b

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I

n

h

a

l

a

ti

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f

t

h is

^ ^ ^

R

n, a n

d

a s s o c

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t

e

d p

r o

g

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y

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m

a

y

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s

k

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A

l

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t

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m

a

y p

r e s e n

t

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c a n

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k

t

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t

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e sto

m

a c

h

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d

o

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in

t

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l

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g

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E P

A

,

1 9 9 1a

)

T

h

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Sa

f

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D

r

in

k i

n

g

W

a t

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c

t

(

SD

W

A

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A

m

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1 9 8 6

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n

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a

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t

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d

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d f

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R

n

T h

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U S E

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A

w

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m

p

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y

t

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g

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g

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f

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SD

W

A A

m

e n

d m

e n

t

s

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p

r o

p

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l

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ti

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i

n

g

^ ^ ^

R

n

i

n

p

u

b li

c

w

a

t

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p

p

l i

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t

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s

k l

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s

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h

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th

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g

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i

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te r

H

e n c e,

E P A p

r o

p

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d l i m i

t

in

g

^ ^ ^

R

n

in

w

a

t

e r

t

o a

l

e v e

l

o

f

3 0 0 p

C i/ L

(

1 1 1 B q

/L

)

(

E

P A

,

1 9 9 1a

)

T

h is

p

r o

p

o s e

d l im i

t

w

a

s

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t

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p

r

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v e n

t

84

o

f

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e e

s t

i m

a

t

e

d

19

2

a

n n u a

l

c a n c e r c a s e s a

t t

r

ib

u

t

a

b le

t

o ^^ ^

R

n

in

w

a

t

e r

(

U S C

o n

g

r

e

s s,

1 9 9 5

)

H

o

w

e v e r, o n a v e r a

g

e, ^ ^ ^

R

n e n

t

e r

in

g

a

h

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m

e

t

hr o u

g

h

t

h

e

w

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p p

l

y g

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l l

y

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t

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t

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le s s

t

h

a n

5

p

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t

o

f

t

h

e ^ ^ ^

R

n

g

a s

i

n

i

n

d

o o r a

ir

(

E

P

A

,

1 9 9 1b

) W

it

h

a n a v e r a

g

e

in

d

o o r ^ ^ ^

R

n c o n c e n

t

r a

t

i

o n o

f

1

p C i/ L

(

Sh

a

p i

r o ,

1 9 9 0

)

,

t

h is

m

e a n s

g

r o u n

d w

a

t

e r

c

o n

t

r

i b

u

t

e s

a

p p

r o x

i m

a

t

e

l

y 0 0 5 p

C i /L

t

o

in

d

o o r a

ir

, a n a

m

o u n

t t

h

a

t

is

le s s

t

h

a n

t

he

0 2

t

o

0 7 p

C i/

L

a v e r a

g

e c o n c e n

t

r a

t

io n

o

f

^ ^ ^

R

n

i

n o u

t

d

o o r a

ir

(

E

P A

,

1 9 9 1b

)

T h

e

p

r

i

n c

i

p

a

l

s o u r c e o

f

^ ^^

(9)

S

D

W

A

(

S

1 3 1 6

)

T hi

s

b i l l

s

e

t

s

t

h

e

li

m i

t

f

o r ^ ^^

R

n

a t

3 0 0 0

p

C i

/L

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p

r e s e n

t

i

n

g

a r

i

s

k

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m p

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b le

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t

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r

is

k

o

f b

r e a

t

h i

n

g

^^ ^

R

n

i

n o u

t

d

o o r a

i

r

C

o n

g

r e s s r a r e

ly

s e

t

s s u c

h

l

i m i

t

s

d i

r e c

t

l y

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m

a

l l

y

l

e a v

in

g

s u c

h m

a

t t

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t

o

E

x e c u

t

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B

r a n c

h

a

g

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h

a s

t

h

e

U S

E P A

O

n c e

t

h

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g

u

la

t

io n s

f

o r ^ ^ ^

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n

in

d

r

in

k in

g w

a

t

e r a r e e n a c

t

e

d

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p

u

b l i

c

w

a

t

e r s u

p p l i

e r s

u s

i

n

g g

r o u n

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a

t

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w i ll b

e r e

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p

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o n s

t

r a

t

e c o

m p l i

a n c e

w i

t

h

t

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r e

g

u

la

t

io n

T

he

f

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f

t

hi

s s

t

u

d

y

w

a s

t

o

d

e

t

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h

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t

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t

h

e ^ ^ ^

R

n a c

t

i

v

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t

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n

g

r o u n

d w

a

t

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A

n a

l

y

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i

s o

f w

a

t

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m

p l

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b

a s e

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m

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d

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p

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d b

y P

r

i

c

h

a r

d

a n

d G

e s

e

l l

(

1 9

7

7

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f

o r u s

i

n

g l i q

u

i d

s c

i

n

t

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t

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g

f

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l

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s

is o

f

^ ^ ^

R

n

i

n

w

a

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T

h

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m

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m

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P

r

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l l m

e

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h

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n

t

w

o

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t

a n

t

w

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y

s :

(

1

)

m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

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b

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i

n s

t

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d

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(

2

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w

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w

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l l h

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d

(

i

n s

t

e a

d

o

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y

(10)

L I T E R A T U

R

E

R

E V I E

W

L

e

g

i

s

l

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t

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d

R

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t

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c

k

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T

h

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i

g i

n a

l SD

W

A

o

f

1 9 7 4

(

f

o r

m

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w

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T

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V

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a

t

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U

n

d

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t

h

e

A

c

t

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m i

n

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n

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w

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fi

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d

a s "

a n

y

p hy

s

i

c a

l

, c

h

e

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l

,

b

i

o

l

o

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l,

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r a

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c a

l

s u

b

s

t

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m

a

t

t

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in

w

a t

e r "

I

n

1 9 7 6

, r e

g

u

la t

io n s

w

e r e

p

a s s e

d

c o v

e

r

in

g

^ ^ ^

R

a,

^^ *

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a,

g

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l

p

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p

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ti

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it

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ta

a n

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t

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t

i

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it

y

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o

w

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n

w

a s e x

p

l i

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it

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lu

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e

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o

m

t

h

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l

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n

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n

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i l l i

a

m

s

,

19 9 5

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e

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t

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b

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o

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A A m

e n

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1 9 8 6

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a x

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C L G

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r

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s " ^ ^ '^

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n

w

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la

s

s

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A

c a r c

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r c

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E

P A

,

19 9 1

a

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I

n

1 9 8 6

,

t

he

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p

r o

p

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d

a

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a x

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E P A

,

19

9 1

a

)

T h is r

is

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to

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r

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P

A h

a s

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s

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s

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E P A

,

1 9 9 1

a

)

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a

l

a

t

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f

^^ ^

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n

p

r o

g

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y

r e

le a s e

d

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(11)

l

a

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h

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P

Q

L

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s n o

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n s

t

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f d

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t

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b

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ri

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th

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e

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l R

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l

y 1

8

,

1 9 9 1

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P

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t

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g

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Ja n u a r

y

1

,

1 9 9 6

T

h

e r e

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t

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w

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l

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p

p l

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i

e

,

m

o

r e

t

h

a n

1 5

c o n n e c

t

io n s o r

s

e

r v

i

n

g m

o r e

th

a n

2 5 p

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)

a n

d

a

l

l

n o n

-t

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t

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m m

u n

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t

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u

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c

w

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t

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y

s

t

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m

s

(

i

e , r e s

t

a u r a n

t

s, s e r v

ic e

s

t

a

t

io n s

, e

t

c

)

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e

p

r o

p

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la t

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a

p p l

y

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v a

t

e

w

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t

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m

s

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E P A

,

1 9 9 1

a

)

I

n

1 9 9 2

,

C

o n

g

r e s s a

t t a

c

h

e

d

t

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e

C h

a

ff

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u

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m

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a

p p

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t

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n

p

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t

,

t

h is a

m

e n

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e

E

P

A

'

s

p

r o

p

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R

n r e

g

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l

a

t

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d

r e

q

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ir e

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P

A

t

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p

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p

a r e a r e

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C

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l

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a

t

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t

h

^ ^ ^

R

n

T

h i

s r e

p

o r

t

w

a s

p

r

e

s e n

t

e

d i

n

1 9 9 4

A

s

s

t

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r e v

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l

y

,

t

h

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Se n a

t

e

p

a s s e

d

a

bi l l i

n

1 9 9 5

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t t

in

g

t

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e ^^ ^

R

n

l i m i

t

a

t

3 0

0 0

p

C i/

L

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f

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f

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R

n

in

w

a

t

e

r

p

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s

a

p

p

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s

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d

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p

o s u r e

t

o ^ ^ ^

R

n

i

n n o r

m

a

l

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t

d

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r

U

n

d

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p

r o

p

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r e

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l

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t

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y

)

w

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l d i

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n

d

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t

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v e

q

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fi

r s

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y

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m p l i

n

g

, a n

d

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l

l y

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r

t

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t t

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(

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th

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fi

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s a

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n

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s

)

C

o

m

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lia n c e

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e

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e

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m

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a

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w

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A

v a

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T

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lo

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e.

g

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a

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t

i

o

n

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, u n

le s s

e

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t

e

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E

P

A

,

1 9 9 1

a

)

T

w

o s a

m

p

l

i

n

g m

e

t

h

o

d

s a r e

p

r o

p

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n

t

h

e r e

g

u

la

t

i

o n s

f

o r

q

u a n

t

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y

i

n

g

^ ^ ^

R

n

in

w

a

t

e r

s u

p

p l

i

e s :

t

h

e

L

u c a s c e

l l m

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t

h

o

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d l i q

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i

n

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g

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L

S C

)

L S C i

s

t

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q

u

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k

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c a

l m

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r

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d w

a s u s e

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t

h is

(12)

R

e

l

e v a n c e o

f C

u r r e n

t

St

u

d y

Sin c e c o

m

p

l i

a n c e

w it

h

t

he

n e

w

^ ^ ^

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n s

t

a n

d

a r

d w il l

e v e n

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a

l l

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r a

b

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w

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k

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H

ig

ht

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w

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(

19 9 4

)

a n

d Y

o r

k

(

1 9 9 5

)

t

o e v a

l

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h

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w

^ ^^

R

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m

p

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w

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p

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s c a

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T h i

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