A STUDY OF USING TYRE POWDER RUBBER
AS PARTIALLY REPLACEMENT OF FINE
AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE
OSAMAH MAGED MAHMOOD AL-AMERI
B. ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia Pahang or any other institutions.
_______________________________ (Student’s Signature)
Full Name : OSAMAH MAGED MAHMOOD ID Number : AA15004
A STUDY OF USING TYRE POWDER RUBBER AS PARTIALLY REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE
OSAMAH MAGED MAHMOOD
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the B. Eng (Hons)
Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
30 MAY 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank to Almighty Allah that gave me the strength and guidance in doing this research work.
Then, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Doh Shu Ing for being patient with this troublesome student and never feeling tired to give her full guidance on completing this research.
Besides that, I would like to thank to all my friends that had helped me through thick and thin while doing this research. Without all of you, I would not be able to do this research all by myself.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my beloved family for their everlasting moral support and endless love to make me have the courage to go on in completing my study.
ABSTRAK
Penggunaan tayar sampah sebagai komponen dalam konkrit telah mendapat perhatian besar dalam masyarakat kejuruteraan. Kelestarian adalah kebimbangan pertama serta sifat produk. Banyak penyelidikan telah dilakukan terhadap penggunaan sisa Tayar Getah sebagai pengganti agregat agregat dan kursus agregat untuk menghasilkan konkrit yang mapan. Kajian ini adalah penyiasatan terhadap prestasi konkrit menggunakan getah tayar sebagai sebahagian daripada penggantian agregat halus. Tiga campuran konkrit dijalankan dengan tahap 0%, 5% dan 10% penggantian untuk mengkaji kesan menggunakan getah tayar dalam kekuatan mampatan, kekuatan lenturan, dan ujian kelajuan ultra nadi. Dalam pengeluaran konkrit, simen Portland Komposit, agregat kasar, agregat halus, sisa getah dan air serbuk tayar digunakan sebagai bahan dalam proses pencampuran. Saiz maksimum agregat kasar adalah 20 mm dan saiz agregat halus untuk penyelidikan ini adalah antara 4.75 mm dan 2.36 mm. Eksperimen dijalankan untuk kekuatan mampatan, lenturan, kelajuan ultra nadi. Dalam kajian ini, keputusan ujian kemerosotan setiap batch berada pada jarak 64-75 kebolehgunaan. Selain itu, konkrit dengan 0%, 5% dan 10% daripada penggantian getah tayar mencapai kekuatan mampatan sebanyak 40.27, 29.13 dan 26.15 N / mm2. Sementara kekuatan lenturan masing-masing adalah 5.648, 5.056, dan 4.21. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa kekuatan konkrit dikurangkan secara beransur-ansur dengan peningkatan peratusan penggantian serbuk tayar. Keputusan kelajuan ultra nadi dengan kisaran 3.58-4.17Km / s menunjukkan bahawa kualiti dan integriti konkrit adalah baik. Walaupun campuran konkrit getah secara amnya mempunyai kekuatan mampatan dan lenturan berkurang yang mungkin mengehadkan penggunaannya dalam aplikasi struktur tertentu, ia mempunyai beberapa sifat yang diinginkan, seperti ketumpatan yang lebih rendah dan ketangguhan yang lebih tinggi berbanding konkrit konvensional.
ABSTRACT
The use of waste tire as a component in concrete has taken a great attention in engineering society. Sustainability was the first concern as well as properties of the product. Many researches have been done on the use of tires waste Rubber as a replacement of fine aggregate and course aggregate to produce environmentally sustainable concrete. This study is investigation on the performance of concrete using tyre rubber as partially replacement of fine aggregate. Three mixes of concrete are carried out with 0%, 5% and 10% level of replacement to investigate the effect of using tyre rubber in compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultra-pulse velocity test. In concrete production, Portland Composite cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water and tyre powder rubber waste are used as the materials in mixing process. The maximum size of coarse aggregate is 20 mm and the size of fine aggregate for this research is between 4.75 mm and 2.36 mm. The experiments conducted to compressive strength, flexural, ultra-pulse velocity respectively. In this research, slump test result of each batch is at range of 64-75 workability. Besides that, concrete with 0%, 5%, and 10% of tyre rubber replacement achieved compressive strength of 40.27, 29.13, and 26.15 N/mm2, respectively. While flexural strength is 5.648, 5.056, and 4.21, respectively. Results showed that strength of concrete reduced gradually with increasing percentage of tyre powder replacement. Results of ultra pules velocity with range of 3.58-4.17Km/s indicated that quality and integrity of concrete is good. Even though rubberized concrete mixture generally has a reduced compressive and flexural strength that may limit its use in certain structural applications, it possesses several desirable properties, such as lower density and higher toughness compared to conventional concrete.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 4
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 CONCRETE 6 2.2 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 7 2.3 PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 7 2.4 CEMENT 8 2.5 AGGREGATES 9 2.6 COARSE AGGREGATES 9 2.7 FINE AGGREGATES 10 2.8 WATER 10 2.9 TYRE RUBBER 11 2.9.1 TYRE 11 2.9.2 LIFE-SPAN OF TYRES 11
2.9.3 TYRE RUBBER WASTE 11
2.10 SOLIDE WASTE REUSABLE IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 12
2.10.1 Tyre Rubber as Partial Replacement in Concrete 12
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Materials 21
3.2.1 Cement 21
3.2.2 Tyre Powder Rubber 22
3.2.3 Fine Aggregate 22
3.2.4 Coarse Aggregate 23
3.2.5 Superplasticizer 24
3.3 PRE –MIXING EXPERIMENTS 24
3.3.1 Concrete Mixing 24
3.3.2 Mould 25
3.4 EXPERIMENTS 26
3.4.1 Slump Test 26
3.4.2 Sieve Analysis 28
3.4.3 Ultra-Pulse velocity Test 28
3.4.4 Compressive Strength Test 30
3.4.5 Flexural Strength Test 30
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32
4.1 Introduction 32
4.2 Sieve Analysis 32
4.4 Experimental Tests 39
4.4.1 Slump Test 39
4.4.2 Ultra-Pulse Velocity Test 41
4.4.3 Compressive Strength Test 43
4.4.4 Flexural Strength Test 45
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 48
5.1 Conclusion 48
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1: The Cement Properties 8
Table 3. 1: Materials For 1 m3 Concrete Grade 40 25 Table 3. 2: Description of Concrete Workability and Magnitude of Slump 27 Table 3. 3:Classification of Concrete Quality 29
Table 4. 1:Coarse Aggregate Sieve Analysis No. 1 33 Table 4. 2 :Coarse Aggregate Sieve Analysis No. 2 34 Table 4. 3:Coarse Aggregate Sieve Analysis No. 3 34 Table 4. 4: Fine Aggregate Sieve Analysis No. 1 36 Table 4. 5: Fine Aggregate Sieve Analysis No. 2 37 Table 4. 6:Fine Aggregate Sieve Analysis No. 3 38 Table 4. 7 : Raw Materials for 1m3 Concrete Grade 40 39 Table 4. 8: Slump Test Result of Each Batch of Concrete Specimen 40 Table 4. 9: Ultra-Pulse Velocity Results for 7 days Specimens 42 Table 4. 10: Ultra-Pulse Velocity Results for 28 days Specimens 42 Table 4. 11 : Compressive Strength Results for 7 Days Specimens 44 Table 4. 12: Compressive Strength Results for 28 Days Specimens 44 Table 4. 13 : Flexural Strength Results for 7 Days Specimens 46 Table 4. 14: Flexural Strength Results for 28 Days Specimens 46
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3. 1: YTL Portland Cement 22
Figure 3. 2: Tyre Powder Rubber 22
Figure 3. 3 : Fine Aggregate 23
Figure 3. 4 : Coarse Aggregate 23
Figure 3. 5: Superplasticizer 24
Figure 3. 6 : Concrete Cube Mould 25
Figure 3. 7 : Concrete Beam Mould 26
Figure 3. 8: Slump Test Equipment 27
Figure 3. 9 : Sieve Analysis Machine 28 Figure 3. 10 : Ultra-Pulse Velocity Machine 29 Figure 3. 11 : Compressive Strength Test 30 Figure 3. 12 : Flexural Strength Test 31
Figure 4. 1: The Sieve Analysis Test Result of Coarse Aggregate 35 Figure 4. 2 : Percentage of Fine Aggregate Retained Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4. 3 : Slump Test Result of Each Batch of Concrete Specimens 40 Figure 4. 4 : Ultra-Pulse velocity results of 7 and 28 days 43 Figure 4. 5 : compressive Strength Test Result for 7- and 28-Days 45 Figure 4. 6 Figure 4. 7 : Flexural Strength of 7- and 28-Days Specimens 47
LIST OF SYMBOLS
˚C Degree Celsius
% Percentage
Δ Tolerance to Accommodate fixing precision
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
OPC Ordinary Portland cement
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
FKASA Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam dan Sumber Alam
UTM Universal Testing Machine
UMP Universiti Malaysia Pahang
US United State
w/c Water-Cement ratio
s/c Sand-Cement ratio
MgO Magnesium Oxide
SO3 Sulphur Trioxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CH Calcium Hydroxide
CSH Calcium Silicate Hydrate
C3S Tricalcium Silicate
CaO Calcium Oxide
Al2OH3 Aluminium Trioxide
Fe2O3 Ferric Oxide
Kg/ m3 Kilogram per meter cube
MPa Mega Pascal
lbs Pound
pints Unit of Volume
L Litre
mm Milimeter
h Hour
cm2/g Centimeter square per gram
kN kilo Newton
kN/s kilo Newton per second
kPa kilo Pascal
ºC Degree Celcius
Mw Saturated Weight
N Newton
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Material researchers have tried for many years to make concrete a ductile material. However, due to the fragile nature of concrete, the most direct and effective approach to damage-tolerant concrete structures would appear to be incorporated intrinsic tensile ductility into concrete. Concrete structures are highly susceptible to tensile cracking due to different types of effects and subjected loading itself. However, Tensile strength of plain concrete is very low compared to compressive strength.
Many studies have focused on testing the effects of using rubber on the mechanical properties of concrete with different rubber sizes and different proportions. Jusli et al. (2014) investigated the mechanical properties of concrete consisting two kinds of tire rubber particles. The rubber particles have replaced the aggregate in the mixture with a proportion of (25, 50, 75, and 100). The result showed that ductile behavior of the concrete was more than in plain concrete specimens when observing stress-strain curve under compression. Sofi, A. (2014) have used a crumb rubber as a replacement of fine aggregate in the mixture with a proportion (20,34,60,80, and 100). They showed that the more crumb rubber is used, the flexural, compressive, and splitting strength of rubber is reduced.
This research is an attempt to provide a solution by Using powdered rubber as a replacement for cement to enhance and improve ductility of the concrete, and at the same time observing the changing of other mechanical properties such as compressive, and flexural strength.
In addition, discarded tyres waste is a globally environmental problem as materials of tires especially rubber is hard to degrade and take long time which cause a great pollution dilemma. Using scrap tires rubber as a replacement of aggregate from natural resources is considered as sustainable approach toward environment and produce a green concrete. The global problem with landfill disposal of automobile tires and plastics can only be solved by the feasible option left, and that is recycling and utilization of the recycled products. The application of recycling discarded tires will solve the environmental issue of industrial solid wastes and it is acted as a promising modifier to improve mechanical properties of concrete.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The use of waste tire as a component in concrete has taken a great attention in engineering society. Sustainability was the first concern as well as properties of the product. Many researches have been done on the use of tires waste Rubber as a replacement of fine aggregate and course aggregate. Investigations are conducted to testify the effect of waste tire in the mechanical properties of concrete. 303 million scrap tires each year are consumed in US at a rate of one tire per person per year (NBMCW April 2013). IN 2015, US has generated about 280 million scrap tires. 87.9% are moved to recycling markets and the rest percentage are dumped to landfilled (RMA October 2016). Furthermore, about 3 billion scrap tires used in US are stockpiled. Scrap tires accumulation is a wide world problem as these scrap tyres contain complex materials that is difficult and take long time to degrade. The available studies regarding utilization of waste rubber tires in concrete provide a strong recommendation for the use of tyre waste as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete production (Onuaguluchi and Panesar, 2014). The using of the solid waste will minimize the environmental impact and in the same time will reduce natural resources consumption (Wang et al., 2013). Recycling of scrap tires to be used in building industry is effectively prevent environmental pollution and aid to economically design of buildings and infrastructure.
Powdered rubber is a term that describe rubber recycled from scrap tires. The process of production of rubber has two steps. Frist of all, removing fluff and steel, then using cracker mill or granulator, assisted with mechanical or cryogenic means, to reduce the tire particles size. There are two major types of tires, automobile and truck tires, and there are significance differences between those two types. Therefore, it is important to specify the source of rubber as it has a remarkable influence on the characteristics, shape, and texture of the concrete. Studies have categorized concrete mix design of discarded tire rubber into three main categories:
1) Chipped rubber: Rubber with dimension (25-30mm) used as a replacement of course aggregates.
2) Crumb rubber: Rubber with irregular particles with dimension (3-10mm) used as a replacement of fine aggregates.
3) Powdered rubber: Rubbers with dimension smaller than 1mm used as a filler in concrete.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the properties of concrete using waste materials from the power plants in Malaysia. Replacements of fine aggregate and cement for the mixing of new concrete is one of the ways to achieve a more environmentally friendly concrete. This absolutely can reduce the consumption of energy and natural resources and the area of landfills required for the waste concrete. The objectives of this study are as follows:
i. To investigate the effect of using different percentage of powdered rubber as a replacement for fine aggregate in compressive strength of concrete.
ii. To investigate the effect of using of powdered rubber as partially replacement for fine aggregate in flexural strength of concrete.
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