Student Edition Complete

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The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

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Student Edition

Complete

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This material is copyrighted and all rights are reserved by CustomGuide, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of CustomGuide, Inc.

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CustomGuide.com granted to Computer and Telecommunication Services a license agreement to print an unlimited number of copies of the CustomGuide Courseware materials within Stockton College of New Jersey for training staff, faculty and students. End users who receive this handout may not reproduce or distribute these materials without permission. Please refer to the copyright notice below for more information.

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4 Computer

Basics

Lesson 3-3: Operating Systems...78

Lesson 3-4: Word Processing...80

Lesson 3-5: Spreadsheets ...81

Lesson 3-6: Databases...82

Lesson 3-7: Presentation Software...84

Lesson 3-8: Accounting ...85

Lesson 3-9: Web Browsing ...86

Chapter Three Review ...87

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Chapter One: The

Essentials

Chapter Objectives:

• Learn the difference between hardware and software

• Discover the various types of computers and their roles

• See what’s on the front, back, and inside of a computer

• Learn about the various ports on a computer

• Understand what determines a computer’s performance

• See what you should look for when buying a computer

Computers are useful: they help us write letters, find information on the Internet, and even create our own music CDs. Some people love computers—they speak a different language that includes nonsensical words like IP address and gigabytes. But most of us are somewhat clueless when it comes to computers. We know how to turn our computer on, how to surf the Internet (maybe), and how to write a quick letter on a word processor. But that’s about it—we have to ask our kids or friends for help when something goes wrong, which is all the time.

This guide takes some of the mystery out of computers. In this chapter we’ll take a good hard look at a computer from the front, back, and yes, even inside. You’ll understand what all those confusing ports on the back of the computer are for and why it’s important for your computer to have a fast CPU. Best of all, we’ll explain all of this in simple terms, so you won’t need an engineering degree to understand everything.

Ready to tackle your computer? Great—turn the page and let’s get started…

;

Prerequisites

• A desire to learn about computers.

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6 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-1: Hardware,

Software, and Information

Technology (IT)

Your desk probably contains a jumble of equipment commonly known as a computer. But what is all that stuff? What does a computer do? Unlike many other tools or appliances that have limited purposes, a computer can do any number of things:

• Write letters • Browse the Internet

• Send e-mail messages to people around the world • Play games

•

Figure 1-1

A typical computer setup.

Figure 1-2 Microsoft Word is an example of a software application. Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2

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Chapter One: The Essentials

7

Quick Reference

A typical computer includes the following: • System unit • Monitor • Keyboard • Mouse • Speakers • Printer Hardware:

• A computer item you can physically see or touch.

Software:

• A computer program that tells computer hardware how to operate.

IT:

• Information Technology is the broad subject related to computers and managing and processing information.

…and that’s just the beginning of what you can do with a computer!

Two basic components make up a computer: hardware and software. You simply can’t have one without the other. All computer parts that you can physically see or touch are called hardware. Hardware includes the computer’s monitor, case, keyboard, mouse, and printer. Computer programs that tell hardware how to operate are called software. You may have used software such as Microsoft Excel or Corel WordPerfect in the past. So breathe a giant sigh of relief—you don’t have to know how to program a computer to use one. A computer programmer has already done the work for you by writing the program (software). All you have to do is tell the software what you’re trying to do, and the software then directs the work of the hardware.

Figure 1-1 shows an example of a typical computer setup and its components, but don’t worry if your setup is different. More than likely, you have all the parts that you need, and those parts are properly connected. In any case, Table 1-1: Parts of a Computer, provides more details about each individual component.

IT, short for Information Technology, is the broad subject related to computers and managing and processing information, especially within large organizations. Many large companies have departments full of computer experts called IT departments.

Table 1-1: Parts of a Computer

Component Description

Case or System

Unit The main computer box, technically known as the system unit, is the most important part of a computer. It contains the guts and brains of the computer— something we’ll talk about later. The system unit contains a lot of holes or ports where you plug in the rest of the computer system.

Monitor The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the computer displays

information.

Keyboard The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer what to do.

Mouse Like the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that you use to

communicate with your computer.

Speakers Most computers can make sounds, just like a stereo system. In fact, you can

even listen to audio CD’s on most computers or watch DVDs.

Printer A printer is where a computer writes down information or output, onto paper, or

a hardcopy.

Your computer setup may differ from the one shown in Figure 1-1. For example, you might have a computer

case that is tall and skinny (tower case) or a flat screen monitor.

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8 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-2: Computer Overview

Computers are not really as complicated as they initially seem. You just have to learn the basic functions of the various parts, and then you can separate them into three categories: • Input

Any device that lets you talk to the computer (such as a mouse or keyboard). • Process/Storage

Main functions of a computer, which happen inside the computer case. Not surprisingly, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) does all the processing; the storage function is handled by any number of drives (hard, floppy, Zip, tape-backup, CD/DVD-ROM) or disks (compact discs or floppy diskettes).

• Output

Any device that lets the computer talk to you (such as a monitor or speakers). If you're having trouble understanding this input/output stuff, think of your home television (TV) set. Televisions and computers are similar in several ways:

• The remote control is comparable to the mouse (or any other input device such as a mouse or joystick).

• The cable box (while not nearly as powerful as a computer) is similar to a computer in that it can process information (such as deciphering which channel you want to watch) and, if programmable, store information (such as when to show the film using a built-in timer).

• The TV displays the channel much like a monitor displays information.

Figure 1-3

How a computer works.

Figure 1-4

Comparing a TV to a PC.

A remote control communicates with a television much like a mouse communicates

with a computer.

Process/Storage

The cable box deciphers which channel you want to watch; the CPU translates your instructions (via software) to the hardware. Input

The remote control talks to the TV; the mouse and the keyboard talk to the computer.

Output

The television displays the channel; the monitor displays the results.

Input

You communicate with the computer via an input device such as a mouse, a keyboard, or a joystick.

Process/Storage

The computer processes data, makes calculations, directs the work of the hardware, and stores your files.

Output

The computer communicates its results to you via an output device such as a monitor, a printer, or speakers.

Figure 1-3

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Chapter One: The Essentials

9

Quick Reference

The Basic Computer Processes Are: 1. Input 2. Processing 3. Output Different Types of Computers Include: • Mainframes • PCs • Macs • Servers • Laptops • Palmtops or PDAs

There are several different types of computer systems out there. Here's a very brief description of the most common ones…

Table 1-2: Types of Computers

Computer Description

Mainframe

A mainframe is a big, powerful, expensive computer that can support many users at the same time. Large businesses and organizations use mainframes.

Capacity: Enormous - the capacity of several hundred or even thousands of PCs Speed: Very fast - much, much faster than a PC

Cost: Very, very expensive - can usually only be afforded by large organizations Users: Only used by large businesses and organizations

PC

A PC is a personal computer, originally designed by IBM way back in 1981. Many different companies make PCs, but all of them are IBM-compatible. What this means, according to Bill Gates, is that they will all run Microsoft Windows.

Capacity: Average hard disk size is 20 GB to 80 GB Speed: Fast. Average speed is from 1 GHz to 3 GHz

Cost: Fairly inexpensive - under $1,000 - and getting cheaper every day! Users: Just about everyone uses a PC! Homes, offices, schools…

Mac

Developed by Apple, a Macintosh is a computer, but it is NOT a PC. Macs have a different operating system and use their own software and hardware.

Capacity: Average hard disk size is 20 GB to 80 GB Speed: Fast. Average speed is from 500 MHz to 2 GHz

Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but usually more than an equivalent PC Users: Just about everyone, especially in the education and design fields

Networked Computer

A network is a group of computers that are connected so that they can share equipment and information. Most people on a network use workstations, which are simply PCs that are connected to the network. A server is a central computer where users on the network can save their files and information.

Capacity: (Workstation) Same as a PC, only needs an inexpensive network card

(Server) Greater than a PC, often more than 100 GE

Speed: (Workstation) Same as a PC

(Server) Generally faster than a PC, may use multiple CPUs

Cost: (Workstation) Same as a PC

(Server) More expensive than a PC but not as costly as a mainframe

Users: (Workstation) People in a networked office or organization

(Server) Generally a network administrator or engineer

Laptop

A laptop, or notebook, is a lighter and more portable version of a PC or Mac that can run on batteries.

Capacity: Average hard disk size is 10 GB to 40 GB

Speed: Fast, but slightly less than a PC. Average speed is from 700 MHz to 2 GHz Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but more than an equivalent PC

Users: People on the move, especially business people and students

Palmtop/PDA

A PDA (Personal Data Assistant) is a handheld computer that is generally used to keep track of appointments and addresses.

Capacity: Much smaller than a PC - 8 MB to 64 MB of storage space Speed: Much slower than a PC - 8 MHz to 266 MHz

Cost: Expensive when compared to the capacities of a PC Users: Business people and others who need to be organized

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10 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-3: The Front of a

Computer and Peripheral Devices

The system unit or computer case is that plastic box that sits under your monitor or desk and is covered with slots, buttons, and lights. Computer cases come in several shapes and sizes. Older computers often have the horizontal desktop case, which has gradually been replaced by the vertical tower case. Manufacturers are now phasing out the tallest towers because the compact size of the smallest tower, known as a mini-tower, is attractive to consumers.

Everything outside of and connected to the system unit is called peripherals. You can add dozens of peripherals and accessories to make it more useful and fun. Common

peripherals include printers, scanners, external hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and digital cameras. Many peripherals are considered to be input devices, because they allow you to talk to your computer by inputting information. Other peripherals are output devices, because they let your computer talk back to you. One more thing: all peripherals are considered to be part of a computer’s hardware.

Table 1-3: What’s on the Front or Outside of a Computer Case?

Item Description

System Unit or

Computer Case A plastic or metal case with slots, buttons, and lights in the front and holes in the back. This is the most important part of a computer because it contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The system unit directs the computer, performs calculations, and stores information.

Floppy Drive Reads and writes to 3½-inch floppy disks. A floppy disk can store about

Figure 1-5

The front of a computer case. Scanner Speakers Keyboard Mouse Monitor Printer CD-ROM or

DVD player _{Floppy drive}

Figure 1-5

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Chapter One: The Essentials

11

Quick Reference

Components Visible from the Outside of the System Unit May Include: • Floppy drive

• CD-ROM or DVD drive

• Zip drive or tape backup

• Keyboard • Mouse • Scanner • Monitor • Speakers • Printer Item Description Hard Drive

(Not shown) The computer’s main, long-term storing device. Unlike floppy disks and CD-ROMs, you typically cannot remove a hard disk.

CD-ROM or DVD Drive CD-ROMs and DVDs for your computer can store lots of information and

look exactly like CDs for your stereo and DVDs for your home DVD player. In fact, you can listen to audio CDs on a CD-ROM drive and even watch DVD movies on a DVD drive.

The only real difference between a CD-ROM and a DVD is how much information they can store. A CD-ROM can store approximately 650MB (megabytes) of information, while a DVD can store much more—up to 17 GB (gigabytes) or 17,000MB on a double-sided DVD.

Most CD-ROMs and DVD are read-only, meaning you can’t write information to them. You can buy special CD-ROM and DVD drives that can write or burn information to special CD-R, CD-RW, R, and DVD-RW discs.

Zip Drive

(Not shown) A special type of disk drive that can read and write to Zip disks. A Zip disk is a lot like a floppy disk, although they are faster and can store more information—from 100 to 250MB (megabytes).

Tape Backup

(Not shown) A device that you can use to store backups, or copies, of the information on a computer’s hard drive.

Keyboard The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer what to do.

Mouse Like the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that you use to

communicate with your computer.

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Scanner Scanners work like photocopiers, except the image is translated into a

digital image in your computer rather than copied onto paper.

Monitor The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the computer

displays information.

Speakers If visible, your computer speakers are similar to those on a stereo system

(or at least a cheap stereo system). They allow your computer to play sounds.

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Printer A printer is where a computer writes down information or output, onto

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12 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-4: The Inside of a

Computer

Now that you know what’s on the outside, let’s crank open that mysterious computer case and look inside. But no tools required—we’ve done all the work for you. Just compare Figure 1-6 with Table 1-4: What’s Inside a Computer Case? to see what’s important.

Table 1-4: What’s Inside a Computer Case?

Motherboard The main piece of circuitry in a computer. Everything connects to or is wired

to the motherboard.

Central Processing

Unit (CPU) The computer’s brain or heart, the CPU is a computer’s main chip. The CPU is really nothing more than an incredibly fast and powerful calculator.

Random Access

Memory (RAM) A computer’s temporary storage place, where it gets its work done. For example, when you use a word processor to type a letter, the letter is stored in the computer’s memory.

ROM-BIOS A computer’s ROM-BIOS (stands for Read Only Memory – Basic

Input/Output System) is a special chip with instructions for the computer to communicate with other hardware parts.

Expansion Slot An expansion slot lets you add more features and capabilities to a computer

by plugging in expansion cards.

Figure 1-6

The side view of the guts of a tower case.

Everything plugs into a computer’s

motherboard.

Figure 1-6

Power supply Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive

Floppy disk drive

Hard disk drive (HDD) Ports Expansion cards Expansion slots

Random-access memory (RAM) Motherboard

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Chapter One: The Essentials

13

Quick Reference

Components Inside the System Unit May Include: • Motherboard

• CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• RAM (Random Access Memory)

• ROM-BIOS

• Expansion slots and cards

• PCMCIA cards (laptops only)

Expansion Card A card that allows you to expand your computer’s capabilities, such as a

modem card, a network card, a video card, or a sound card.

PCMCIA Cards Notebook computers are too small to use expansion cards, so they use

special credit-card sized PCMCIA cards instead. You plug in a PCMCIA card, or PC Card, into a notebook computer to give it more features and

capabilities. Nobody’s getting tested on this, but PCMCIA stands for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.

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14 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-5: The Back of a

Computer (Ports)

When you look at the back of a computer, you may feel a bit overwhelmed by all the slots and holes. Fortunately, manufacturers have added some fairly standard icons and color coding to help you identify what should be plugged into your computer and where. Before long, you’ll recognize those icons and colors, and the configuration won’t seem so mysterious. It’s rather like hooking up cable and a DVD player to the back of your television—unless you’re one of those people who just wait for the cable guy to take care of that heinous task. In any case, this lesson will review each item piece by piece so you won’t get completely lost.

Before we begin, let’s define a couple of terms. The first thing you’ll notice is that the back of your computer has lots of holes. Those holes are called (depending on who you ask) jacks, ports, or connectors. You may notice that some of the connectors have holes, but some have what look like stickpins (which are aptly named pins). The ones that have holes are called female connectors; the ones that have pins are called male connectors. Let’s leave it at that.

Now let’s begin. Compare Figure 1-7 to Table 1-5: What’s on the Back of a Computer Case? The back of your computer may be arranged differently but should include the same elements.

Figure 1-7

The back of a computer case.

You may feel a bit overwhelmed the first time you look at the back of a computer.

Figure 1-7

Power receptacle

Keyboard port Mouse port

Line-out jack (speakers/headphone) Line-in jack

Microphone jack

Air vents Joystick port Parallel port (printer) Serial port (COM1)

Expansion spaces

Phone jack Wall jack

USB ports

Video (monitor) On/Off switch

Serial port (COM2)

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Chapter One: The Essentials

15

Quick Reference

Ports on the Back of a Computer Include: • Keyboard and Mouse

• Serial or COM

• Parallel or Printer

• USB

• Video or monitor

• Line in, line out, microphone • Joystick or game • Phone or modem • Ethernet or network • SCSI • Firewire

Table 1-5: What’s on the Back of a Computer Case?

Port Icon Description

Keyboard & Mouse

The keyboard and mouse jacks look identical on most PCs, so look for colors and icons to help you with plugging in these devices.

Some mice and keyboards use USB ports. Older mice may use a serial port.

Serial or COM

Serial (or COM) ports are a very versatile type of port. Some of the things you can plug into a serial port include: a mouse, modem, scanner, or digital camera. Most computers have two serial ports: COM1 and COM2.

Parallel or Printer

You plug your printer into the parallel, or printer, port. Many newer printers may use a USB port.

USB

Designed to replace older Serial and Parallel ports, the USB (Universal Serial Bus) can connect computers with a number of devices, such as printers, keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras, PDAs, and more. Better yet, the USB port supports plug-and-play, so you can simply plug in a USB device and start using it.

USB 1 ports can transfer information at a speed up to 12 Mbps (Megabytes per Second). Newer USB 2 ports can transfer information at a speed up to 480 Mbps. Most computers come with two USB ports.

Video or Monitor

You plug your monitor into the video port.

Line Out

/

Plug in your speakers or headphone into the Line Out jack.

Line In

The Line In jack allows you to listen to your computer using a stereo system.

Microphone

You can plug a microphone into this jack to record sounds on your computer.

Joystick or Game

If you have a joystick, musical (MIDI) keyboard, or other gaming device, this is where you plug it in.

Phone or Modem

The phone or modem jack is where you plug your computer into a phone line.

Network or Ethernet

< • • • >

You can connect your computer to a network by plugging in an Ethernet cable in this port.

SCSI

An SCSI port is one of the fastest ways to connect a hard drive, CD-ROM drive, or other device to a computer.

Firewire

A FireWire (IEEE 1394 or i.LINK) port lets you connect such devices as hard disks and digital camcorders to a computer. A FireWire port can transfer information at a speed up to 400 Mbps (Megabytes per Second).

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16 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-6: System Bus and

Expansion Cards

You’re furious! You just bought an expensive digital camcorder only to find out that it can’t connect to your computer because your computer apparently doesn’t have a Firewire port. Don’t worry—you can easily add a Firewire port to the computer by buying an expansion card.

Expansion cards allow you to add more gizmos and capabilities to a computer. You can also use expansion cards to replace a component of a computer that breaks, like a modem. Expansion cards plug into expansion slots on a computer’s motherboard. A computer talks to its expansion cards—and everything else on the motherboard— through its bus. A computer’s bus is an electronic pathway that carries information between devices in a computer. Two factors determine how information flows through the bus: the bus width and the bus speed.

• Bus Width

The bus width determines how many “lanes” there are on a computer’s electronic highway. Actually, the bus width isn’t measured in lanes, but in bits. The wider the bus, the more information can travel across it at the same time.

• Bus Speed

The bus speed determines how fast information can travel through the bus. The higher the bus speed, the faster information can travel through it. Bus speed is measured in MHz.

Figure 1-8

Expansion cards plug directly into a computer’s motherboard.

Figure 1-9

Most computers have around six expansion slots.

Expansion cards plug directly into the motherboard.

Expansion slots Highway

• The number of lanes determines how many cars can use the highway at once • The speed limit determines

how fast cars can drive on the highway

System Bus • The bus width determines

how much information can flow along the bus at a time • The bus speed determines

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Chapter One: The Essentials

17

Quick Reference

• An expansion card plugs into a computer’s motherboard to give it additional capabilities.

• A computer

communicates with its expansion cards and devices through the system bus.

• How much information flows through the system bus depends on the bus width and bus speed.

There are several bus types:

1. ISA 2. PCI 3. AGP As if this weren’t confusing enough there are several bus types out there. They

include: • ISA

The Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is the original, slowest, and oldest type of bus. The ISA bus has a width of 16 bits and a speed of 8 MHz. The ISA bus is going the way of dinosaurs and is no longer found on new computers.

• PCI

The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus is the main bus found in newer computers. The PCI bus can have a width of 32 or 64 bits. The PCI bus supports

Plug and Play, which lets you add new devices to a computer without a complicated installation process.

• AGP

An Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a blazingly fast bus that is currently only used for video cards. The AGP port has a width of 64 bits and supports Plug and Play.

So what kind of expansion cards are out there? Here are some of the more common expansion cards that you may come across…

Table 1-6: Common Types of Expansion Cards

Expansion Card Description

Modem

A modem allows computers to exchange information through ordinary telephone lines. Almost all computers already come with built-in modems, so you would probably only want to add a modem expansion card if the original modem in a computer breaks.

Network

A network interface card (NIC) is an expansion card that connects a computer to other computers on a network.

Video or Graphics

A video card or adapter is what generates the images and text displayed on a monitor. Computers come with a built-in video card, but some people like to upgrade their original video card with faster, more powerful video cards.

Sound

A sound card lets a computer play and record sounds, just like a home stereo system.

Additional Port(s)

You can use expansion cards to add additional ports to a computer, such as the newer Firewire or USB 2 ports.

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18 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-7: Memory Cache

A memory cache increases a computer’s performance by storing the most recently used data. There are two types of cache:

• Internal Cache (also called primary or L1 cache)

When the computer needs data it first looks in the internal cache. The internal cache is inside the CPU and is the fastest possible way for the computer to get information. The internal cache can normally only contain a very small amount of information. • External Cache (also called secondary or L2 cache)

If the computer doesn’t find the data in the internal cache, it then looks in the external cache. The external cache is slower than the internal cache, but much faster than the normal RAM memory. The external cache normally holds much more information than the internal cache, but still not as much as the main memory (RAM).

Figure 1-10

An illustration of how a computer searches for information in a memory cache.

Figure 1-11

An illustration of how a police officer looks for a gun in a “weapons cache.”

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1. The computer looks for data in the internal cache first. This is the fastest way the computer can get information.

3. If the computer can’t find what it needs in the internal or external cache, it looks in the slower main memory (RAM). 2. When the computer

does not find what it’s looking for in the internal cache, it next looks in the external cache.

H

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4. If the computer still can’t find what it needs, it looks at the slow as molasses hard disk cache.

Figure 1-10

1. Hopefully the officer has his revolver in his hand, ready for action.

3. If the officer can’t find his revolver in its holster, he next runs back to see if he left it in the squad car. 2. If the officer can’t

find his revolver in his hand, he next reaches down to his holster for the gun.

4. If the officer still can’t find his revolver, his last stop is a gun store.

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Chapter One: The Essentials

19

Quick Reference

Memory Cache:

• A special type of memory that greatly increases a computer’s performance.

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20 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-8: Computer

Performance

Wondering why your neighbor’s computer is so much faster than your computer? There are a number of reasons why a computer may run faster or slower. You learn about each of them by reading Table 1-7: Factors that Affect Computer Performance.

A much simpler reason that your neighbor’s computer is faster than your computer is probably because it’s newer.

Table 1-7: Factors that Affect Computer Performance

Factor Description

CPU Speed

Arguably the single most important factor that determines a computer’s performance is the speed of its CPU. The speed of the CPU is measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). The faster the CPU, the faster the computer. The first PC in 1981 ran at 4.77 MHz, while today’s computers can run at speeds exceeding 3,000 MHz, or 3 GHz.

Amount of RAM

The amount of RAM, or memory, is another very important factor in a computer’s performance. Generally, the more RAM a computer has the better its performance. However, you usually won’t see much of an improvement after 1 GB of RAM.

Type of Video Card

Video cards have their own processor and memory, just like the computer does. The faster the processor and the more memory a video card has, the faster it can draw images on the monitor. Video card performance is especially important if you’re interested in playing newer, 3D computer games.

Figure 1-12

There are lots of factors that determine a

computer’s speed. Most of them are listed in Table 1-7: Factors that Affect Computer Performance.

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Chapter One: The Essentials

21

Quick Reference Computer Performance is Determined By: • CPU speed • Amount of memory or RAM

• The type and speed of the video card

• A hard disk’s speed, free space, and fragmentation

• How many programs are running, or multitasking, at the same time

Factor Description

Hard Drive Speed

A hard drive’s average access time is how fast it can find information. Average access time is measured in milliseconds (ms), or 1/1000 of a second. The lower the access speed, the faster the hard drive. Most newer computers have an average access time of 8 to 15 ms.

Another factor that determines hard drive performance is how fast it spins, in revolutions per minute (rpms). Faster IDE hard drives may have speeds as fast as 7,200 rpm, while high-end SCSI hard drives have speeds of 15,000 rpm.

Free Hard Disk Space

Not only do you need a fast hard drive, you have to make sure that is has plenty of free storage space. Microsoft Windows uses this hard disk space to create a cache on the hard drive where it stores temporary information.

Hard Disk Fragmentation

Normally a computer stores a file in the same location on a hard drive. Over time, a hard drive can become fragmented, and instead of storing a file in the same location it begins storing parts of it all over. When the computer needs to read a fragmented file, it must read several different parts of the hard drive instead of just one. Defragmenting a hard drive puts the fragmented files back together in one place. You should defragment your computer’s hard drive about once a month.

Multitasking Considerations

Microsoft Windows can multitask, or run more than one program or task at a time—probably no different than your job. And, just like your job, the more programs or tasks you throw at Windows, the longer it takes to complete each one, and hence a drop in computer performance.

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22 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-9: Buying a Desktop

Computer

Nothing’s worse than going to the computer store and listening to a know-it-all

salesperson tell you to buy the most expensive computer in the store because the Radon graphics accelerator with 128 megabytes of RAM is something he thinks you’re definitely going to need.

Instead of listening to a nerdy computer salesperson, who may be on commission or a sales quota, call one of your computer-geek friends or relatives, tell them how you’re going to use your computer, and ask what they would recommend. If a computer-geek friend isn’t readily available, Table 1-8: Desktop Computer Buyer’s Guide will give you a good idea of what you should look for when you buy a new computer. Just remember that computer technology changes about as quickly as the latest fashions (every six months), so this information will probably be out of date shortly after you read it.

Table 1-8: Desktop Computer Buyer’s Guide

Factor Budget Middle of the Road High End, Gaming

CPU

Duron or Celeron at

2GHz Pentium 4 at 2GHz, Athlon at 1.7 GHz Pentium 4 at 3GHz, Athlon at 2.1GHz

RAM

256MB 512MB 1GB

15-inch or 17-inch CRT 17-inch CRT or

15-inch flat panel/LCD 19-inch CRT or 17-inch flat panel/LCD

Figure 1-13

What should you look for when you’re buying a new computer? That depends on what you want it to do. Table 1-8: Desktop Computer Buyer’s Guide lists some of the more important factors and features to be aware of when buying a new computer. Just make sure the information listed isn’t too out of date!

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Chapter One: The Essentials

23

Factor Budget Middle of the Road High End, Gaming

Video Memory

32MB 64MB to 128MB 128MB or more

Hard Drive

40GB to 60GB 80GB 120GB or more

CD or DVD Drive

CD-ROM Drive CD-RW Drive DVD+-R/RW & CD-R/RW Drive

Ports

USB 1.0 USB 2.0 USB 2.0, Firewire

Included Devices

Ethernet, 56K modem Ethernet, 56K modem

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24 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-10: Buying a Notebook

Computer

Deciding on which notebook to buy is even more confusing than buying a desktop computer. That’s because there is much more variance in features and prices between various notebooks. Notebook computers can’t be upgraded as easily as desktop computers, so your decision is pretty much final.

Table 1-9: Notebook Buyer’s Guide will give you a good idea of what you should look for when you buy a new notebook computer. Just remember that notebook technology changes incredibly fast, so don’t use Table 1-9: Notebook Buyer’s Guide after December 2003.

Some other important factors to consider when buying a notebook include: • Size

Generally speaking, while convenient and cool looking, smaller notebooks aren’t as powerful or fast as larger notebook computers. If you travel frequently and need to lug your notebook around with you, you might want to consider a smaller notebook. If your notebook doesn’t move around much you’re probably better off with a larger notebook.

• Battery Life

A notebook’s battery life can range any where from 2 to 7 hours. Some notebooks can even accept a second battery for extra long life. Battery life probably isn’t much of an issue if you only use your notebook when it’s plugged into the wall.

• Warrantee

Notebook computers are notorious for breaking down. What’s worse, they’re not very easy to open and they have their own unique notebook parts, so they’re much harder and more expensive to repair than their desktop counterparts. Most of us hate the old three-year extended warrantee sales pitch, but if you’re buying a notebook computer the cost of the extra warranty is probably worth it.

Figure 1-14

What should you look for when you’re buying a new computer? That depends on what you want it to do. Table 1-9: Notebook Buyer’s Guide lists some of the more important factors and features to be aware of when buying a new computer. Just make sure the information listed isn’t too out of date!

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Chapter One: The Essentials

25

• Included Devices and Features

Notebook computers usually have several devices and gizmos built-in—often more than a desktop computer! A modem and Ethernet port are usually a standard part of most notebooks today. Some notebooks also have memory card readers (especially useful if you have a digital camera or PDA), Firewire ports, and even wireless networking, known as WiFi. If you’re comparing various notebook models, make sure that you know what devices are or aren’t included.

Table 1-9: Notebook Buyer’s Guide

Factor Budget Middle of the Road High End

CPU Duron, Celeron, Pentium 3 , or Athlon at 700MHz or better Duron, Celeron, Pentium 3 or 4, or Athlon at 1GHz or better Pentium 4 at 2GHz or better RAM 256MB 256MB 512MB Video Memory 16MB 32MB to 64MB 32MB to 64MB Hard Drive 20GB 30GB 60GB CD or DVD Drive

CD-ROM Drive CD-RW Drive DVD & CD-R/RW Drive

Ports

USB 1.0 USB 2.0 USB 2.0, Firewire

Included Devices

56K modem Ethernet, possibly WiFi (wireless networking) 56K modem

Ethernet, WiFi (wireless networking), 56K modem, Bluetooth (a next-generation wireless port)

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26 Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-11: Upgrading a

Computer

When you upgrade a computer, you usually replace older components with newer components to improve the computer’s performance. You can also upgrade a computer by adding additional components, such as more memory or a second hard drive. Upgrading a computer to improve its performance is often cheaper than buying a new computer. For most upgrades you will need someone with a lot of computer experience to do the upgrade for you.

It’s often difficult to determine which is better—upgrading an old computer or simply buying a new computer. If you’re an average computer user, plan on buying a new computer every four or five years (sorry—someone has to break this news to you). By then, the cost of a new computer will be less expensive than any effective upgrades you do.

Figure 1-15

Computer upgrades can get expensive! There’s a fine line between when it’s more cost effective to upgrade an older

computer, or to simply buy a new computer

altogether.

Figure 1-16

Most computer upgrades require that you, or better yet someone who actually knows about computers, opens up the computer

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Chapter One: The Essentials

27

Quick Reference

Make sure any upgrades you make to a computer are worth the cost—sometimes it’s simply better to buy a new computer.

Upgrades to Improve Performance Include: • Adding more memory or

RAM

• Adding a bigger hard drive

• Adding a new CPU and motherboard (usually not recommended)

• Adding new devices, such as a DVD drive

So what can you do to upgrade a computer? The following table lists some of the more common upgrades.

Table 1-10: Typical Things to Upgrade on a Computer

Upgrade Description

Memory (RAM)

Increasing the amount of memory in a computer is probably the most effective and inexpensive upgrades you can make. More memory can significantly increase the performance of your computer. 512MB to 1GB of memory is all you should ever need—for the next year or so anyway.

Hard Disk

The hard drives in newer computers have become so huge that you may never need to buy another one. If you do somehow run out of room on your hard drive, you can buy a second one, since most computer can handle two internal hard drives.

CPU and Motherboard

It’s often better to buy a whole new computer than to upgrade the CPU and motherboard. That way you get all new components all once—which is a lot cheaper than buying them all individually.

Add Devices and Peripherals

There are an endless variety of devices that you can add to a computer. You can add CD-ROM, DVD, and Zip drives, graphics cards, tape backups, and more.

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28 Computer

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Chapter One Review

Lesson Summary

Hardware, Software, and Information Technology (IT)

• A typical computer includes the system unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, and printer.

• Hardware: A computer item you can physically see or touch.

• Software: A computer program that tells computer hardware how to operate.

• Information Technology (IT): The broad subject related to computers and managing and

processing information.

Computer Overview

• The basic computer processes are input, processing, and output.

• Different types of computers include mainframes, PCs, Macs, servers, laptops, and PDAs.

The Front of a Computer and Peripheral Devices

• Components visible from the outside of the system unit may include the floppy drive, CD-ROM or DVD drive, Zip drive or tape backup, keyboard, mouse, scanner, monitor, speakers, and printer.

The Inside of a Computer

• Components inside the system unit may include the motherboard, CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM-BIOS, expansion slots and cards, and PCMCIA cards in laptops.

The Back of a Computer (Ports)

• Ports on the back of a computer include: keyboard, mouse, serial or COM, printer or parallel, USB, video or monitor, line in, line out, microphone, joystick or game, phone or modem, Ethernet or network, SCSI, and/or Firewire.

System Bus and Expansion Cards

• An expansion card plugs into a computer’s motherboard to give it additional capabilities.

• A computer communicates with its expansion cards and devices through the system bus.

• How much information flows through the system bus depends on the bus width and bus speed.

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Chapter One: The Essentials

29 Memory Cache

• Memory Cache: A special type of memory that greatly increases a computer’s performance.

Computer Performance

• Computer performance is determined by CPU speed, amount of memory or RAM, the type and speed of the video card, the hard disk speed, free space, and fragmentation, and the number of programs running at the same time.

Upgrading a Computer

• Make sure any upgrades you make to a computer are worth the cost—sometimes it’s simply better to buy a new computer.

• Upgrades to improve performance include adding more memory or RAM, adding a bigger hard drive, adding a new CPU and motherboard (usually not recommended), and adding new devices, such as a DVD drive.

Quiz

1. Hardware is any software that is installed on a computer’s hard disk. (True or False?)

2. Laptops are faster than desktop PCs, generally speaking. (True or False?)

3. Which of the following moves the pointer to another location on-screen?

A. Pressing the arrow keys on the keyboard.

B. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot.

C. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot and clicking the left mouse button.

D. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot and clicking the right mouse button.

4. Which of the following is NOT a type of computer port? A. USB

B. Parallel or printer C. Backup

D. Network or Ethernet

5. When you type a document on a computer, every letter you type is saved to the computer’s _______ or temporary storage area. A. Hard drive

B. RAM C. ROM D. CPU

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30 Computer

Basics

6. What is the ‘brain’ or main chip of a computer called?

A. The RAM

B. The ROM-BIOS

C. The motherboard

D. The CPU

7. ROM stands for ‘Read-Only Memory’ (True or False?)

8. Which of the following does NOT affect a computer’ s performance? A. The amount of memory or RAM.

B. The speed of the CPU.

C. The type and speed of the video or graphics card. D. The number of keys on the keyboard.

Quiz Answers

1. False. Hardware is any physical part of the computer you can see and touch. 2. False. Laptops are generally slower than desktop PCs.

3. B. Move the pointer by moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot. 4. C. There isn’t such as thing as a backup port.

5. B. RAM or Random Access Memory.

6. D. The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the main chip in a computer. 7. True. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory.

8. D. The number of keys on the keyboard does not affect a computer’s performance.

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Chapter Two:

Understanding

Hardware

Chapter Objectives:

• Understand what a CPU does

• Learn how memory is measured

• Learn about input devices: mouse, keyboard, and digital cameras

• Learn about output devices: monitor, graphics, and printers

• Learn about storage devices: hard drives, CD-ROMs, and DVDs

Hardware is any physical part of a computer that you can see or touch. A computer’s monitor, CD-ROM or DVD drive, mouse, keyboard, and printer are all different types of hardware. This chapter takes a closer look at the physical parts that constitute a computer. This chapter is broken up into several sections, since there are several different categories of hardware devices. First we’ll examine processing devices, such as computer’s CPU and memory. You’ll finally understand what those technical sounding words megahertz and gigabyte mean. From there we’ll move on to input devices, such as the keyboard and mouse and output devices, such as the monitor and printer. The last part of this chapter discusses storage devices, such as hard drives and CD-ROM drives.

That’s a lot of material to cover, so let’s get started!

;

Prerequisites

• A desire to learn about computers.

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32 Computer

Basics

Lesson 2-1: Central Processing

Unit (CPU)

Inside the computer case, hidden amongst all the wiring and gizmos, is a particularly important part of the computer known as the central processing unit (or CPU, for short). The CPU is also known as the computer chip (because that’s what it is) or the

microprocessor (or processor, for short).

Some say the CPU is the brain of the computer while others describe it as the heart. In any case, it’s the thing that makes your computer a computer. The CPU does all the work: It calculates, it processes, it keeps things running smoothly. You might think of it as a talented stage manager. When it does its behind-the-scenes job well, you don’t notice it; you simply enjoy the performance.

Originally, CPUs were given wildly inventive names like Chip. Okay, maybe not. The names were actually based on numbers like 8088. The next few names in the series—the

286, the 386, and the 486—were actually just shortened names for 80286, 80386, and 80486. Then, what would have been the 586 was dubbed the Pentium. After that, the names became rather mysterious: Pentium Pro and Pentium MMX. Finally, the names returned to a semi-ordered numbering system (albeit a mix of Roman and Arabic

numerals): Pentium 2, Pentium 3, and Pentium 4. And that’s where we are at the moment. Both the Pentium 3 and the Pentium 4 are still quite common.

Intel makes most CPUs. In fact, Intel is the company that came up with the name

Pentium. However, AMD and VIA Technologies are two other well-known CPU

manufacturers. Their CPUs are less expensive and use a different naming system (such as the AMD Athlon and the AMD Duron). Intel actually makes a less expensive version of the Pentium as well, which it calls the Celeron. The Celeron does what the Pentium does, but not as quickly.

Speaking of which, speed is what the CPU is all about, and each successive version of the CPU gets progressively faster. A CPU’s speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or, for newer models, in gigahertz (GHz). A megahertz equals millions of cycles per second; a gigahertz equals billions of cycles per second. Higher numbers equate to higher speeds. You might see an Intel Pentium 4 at 3.06 GHz, a Pentium III at 1.40 GHz, and a Celeron at 2.20 GHz.

Figure 2-1

The Intel Pentium 4 is the fastest and most recent CPU available.

Figure 2-2

The CPU can get hot! Most CPUs have a built-in fan to keep them from burning out. A CPU’s speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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Chapter Two: Understanding Hardware

33

Quick Reference

• The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the computer’s main chip. It calculates and processes information.

CPU Speed is Measured In:

• Megahertz (MHz).

• Gigahertz (GHz).

Common CPUs Include: • Intel Pentium III

• Intel Pentium 4

• Intel Celeron

• AMD Athlon

• AMD Duron

Another common measure of a CPU is how many bits it can handle at a time. A bit is the tiniest piece of information processed by a computer. Eight bits make up one byte, and one byte equals one character. Computers used to handle 8 or 16 bits; now they’re up to 32 and 64 at a time. Don’t worry if all of this seems a bit confusing—we’ll cover bits and bytes in greater detail in a later lesson.

Table 2-1: Types of CPUs

CPU Speed Description

1 GHz to 3 GHz

Intel Pentium 4 Processor

The Pentium 4 is Intel’s more recent and fastest generation of CPUs, with processing speeds over 3 GHz.

450 MHz to

1 GHz Intel Pentium III Processor Launched in 1999, Pentium 3 CPUs are still found in some new computers.

1.06 to

2 GHz Intel Celeron Processor Intel’s Celeron CPU is an inexpensive processor designed for people on budget. Celeron processors are very similar to Pentium processors, but they have less built-in memory.

500 MHz to

3 GHz Intel Xeon Processor Don’t expect to see any Xeon-based computers at your local computer store—it’s designed for high-end servers.

850 MHz to

1.67 GHz AMD Athon Processor The Athlon processor is equivalent to Pentium processors—only it’s less expensive.

700 MHz to

800 MHz AMD Duron Processor The Duron CPU is AMD’s is similar to Intel’s Celeron processor. It has less built-in memory and is designed for people on a budget.

Older

Processors Here’s a summary of the other most common—and obsolete—processors out there:

Processor Release Date Average Speed

Pentium II 1997 266 MHz Pentium 1993 133 MHz 486 1989 66 MHz 386 1985 25 MHz 286 1982 12.5 MHz 8088 1979 8 MHz

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34 Computer

Basics

Lesson 2-2: Memory

Most people know that a computer has memory. But what does that really mean? You often hear techies toss around numbers like “60GB hard drive.” Okay, that sounds impressive, but what does it tell you? This lesson breaks memory into measurable units. The first thing you need to know is that, at its most basic level, a computer only understands the concept of “on and off.” On is represented by the number one (1); off is represented by the number zero (0). Everything that a computer does is based on this combination of ones and zeros, which is known as the binary system. These ones and zeros are digits, known as bits, which are the smallest memory unit. The term bit is short for binary digit.

The second thing you need to know is that a computer saves information in bytes, not bits. So what is a byte? The term byte is short for binary digits eight. So one byte is made up of eight bits. And a byte is the equivalent of a character, which can be a letter, a number, or a symbol. So let’s say that you’re a self-involved poet whose latest creation is simply titled “I.” That one-word title would equal one byte.

Of course, it would be fairly tedious if a computer stored everything in single bytes. The next largest unit is the kilobyte. A kilobyte (abbreviated K or KB) equals 1,024 bytes or characters. Now let’s say you’re a short-story writer. The one-page, double-spaced masterpiece you submit to your editor would be the equivalent of a kilobyte.

After the kilobyte, the next largest unit is the megabyte. A megabyte (abbreviated M or

MB) equals 1,048,576 bytes or characters. If you were a novelist, your latest bestseller would equal a megabyte.

Figure 2-3

A hard drive might have 60GB of memory. Figure 2-4 A recordable CD (CD-R) can have up to 700MB of memory. Figure 2-5

A memory chip might have 512MB of memory.

Figure 2-6

A zip disk can have between 100MB and 250MB of memory.

Everything that a computer does is based on a combination of ones and zeros, which is known as the

binary system.

Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4

Figure 2-5

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Chapter Two: Understanding Hardware

35

Quick Reference

Computers function based on the binary system: • On is represented by a

one (1).

• Off is represented by a zero (0).

• Ones and zeros are digits, known as bits.

Bit:

• Short for binary digit

• Smallest memory unit

• Eight bits equal one byte

Byte:

• Short for binary digits eight.

• One byte equals one character (letter, number, or symbol) Kilobyte (K or KB): • 1,024 bytes Megabyte (M or MB): • 1,048,576 bytes Gigabyte (G or GB): • 1,073,741,824 bytes Terabyte: • 1,099, 511,627,776 bytes

The next unit after the megabyte is the gigabyte. A gigabyte (abbreviated G or GB) equals 1,073,741,824 bytes or characters. Let’s pretend you are a researcher. A whole shelf of books devoted to your favorite subject would be the equivalent of a gigabyte.

Finally, after the gigabyte comes the terabyte. A terabyte (abbreviated T or TB) equals 1,099,511,627,776 bytes or characters. Let’s imagine that you’re an egomaniac who owns an entire bookstore filled only with books by authors you like. Such a single-minded store would be the equivalent of a terabyte.

Okay, let’s review. The following table summarizes all the units of memory.

Table 2-2: Bits and Bytes

Unit Abbreviation Size Symbol Equivalent

Bit — — — An atom or speck, the

smallest unit of memory.

Byte — 8 bits A single letter, a

number, or a symbol.

Kilobyte K or KB 1,024 bytes A one-page,

double-spaced letter.

Megabyte M or MB 1,048,576 bytes A best-selling novel.

Gigabyte G or GB 1,073,741,824 bytes An encyclopedia set.

Terabyte T or TB 1,099, 511,627,776 bytes A bookstore. MB is an abbreviation for megabyte. GB is an abbreviation for gigabyte.

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36 Computer

Basics

Lesson 2-3: RAM and ROM

So now you know that computer memory is measured in various byte-sized units: kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, petrabytes, and philobytes. Okay, those last two were just made up to see if you were paying attention.

Next you need to know that computers have two major types of memory: random-access memory (or RAM) and read-only memory (or ROM). Let’s discuss these two types of memory in greater detail.

• RAM (random-access memory)

When someone at a computer superstore tells you how much memory a new computer has, they’re really talking about RAM. RAM is the computer’s main memory, which it uses to process information. Whenever you work with a file on your computer, you’re using RAM. And the data in that file is temporarily stored in RAM. However, RAM is volatile, which means that the data is stored only as long as the computer has power. Once you shut off your computer, the data is gone.

However, you can and should save your data (read: your file). That’s where storage comes in, but more on that later. For now, think of RAM like a notebook: You can read from it and write to it. Technically, it could be called “read and write memory.” And, as with a notebook, you can overwrite it many, many times—provided you have an eraser!

• ROM (read-only memory)

ROM is the computer’s low-level memory, which it uses to perform its most basic functions. This memory is permanent; the data remains even if you shut off the computer. This only makes sense because ROM is required to restart your computer. You never hear people discuss how much ROM you have because the manufacturer usually installs it, and you never touch it. It does all the behind-the-scenes work and then disappears once you’re underway, much like a party planner. You can also think of ROM like a novel: You can read from it, but you can’t write to it (and thus, its name).

Figure 2-7

RAM, or Random Access Memory, works like a notepad; you can read from it and write to it.

Figure 2-8

ROM, or Read Only Memory, works like a novel, you can read from it but not write to it.

When you work with a file on your computer, you’re using RAM.

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Chapter Two: Understanding Hardware

37

Quick Reference

Computers have two types of memory: • Random-access memory (RAM). • Read-only memory (ROM). RAM: • Computer’s main memory, which is used to process information (example: work with a file).

• Volatile: Unless saved, data disappears when you shut off the computer.

• You can read from it and write to it. Comparable to a notebook; you can read and write to it.

ROM:

• Computer’s low-level memory, which is used to perform its most basic functions (example: start the computer).

• Nonvolatile: Data remains even when you shut off the computer. It’s permanent.

• You can read from it, but you can’t write to it. Comparable to a novel; you can only read it.

Table 2-3: Comparing RAM and ROM

RAM ROM

Random-access memory Read-only memory Main memory. Low-level memory. Necessary to process information (example: work

with a file). Necessary to perform the most basic functions (example: start the computer). Volatile: If not saved, data disappears when you

shut off the computer’s power. It’s temporary. Nonvolatile: Data remains even when you shut off the computer’s power. It’s permanent. Often discussed when buying a computer. Seldom mentioned when buying a computer. You can read from and write to it. Comparable to a

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38 Computer

Basics

Lesson 2-4: Mouse

A computer would be useless if you had no way to communicate with it. That’s why you need an input device. Essentially, an input device lets you talk to your computer. Two examples of input devices are the keyboard and the mouse. We’ll discuss keyboards later; for now let’s concentrate on the mouse.

That funny-looking object that, frankly, looks like a mouse (with its oval body and long tail-like cord connecting it to the computer) is the mouse. Originally, computers only came with a keyboard. But in 1968 Doug Engelbart invented the mouse. In 1984, Apple Computers introduced the mouse with its Macintosh computers. Shortly thereafter, the mouse was standard equipment on all computers.

The mouse acts as a handheld pointing device that allows you to control the actions of that blinking item on your screen known as a cursor. Depending on the software you are using and the task you are doing, the cursor may resemble such symbols as a slanted arrow ( ), an “I” ( ), or a vertical line (⏐). A cursor is essentially a place-marker that appears on your computer screen. You move the mouse to place the cursor over an object on your screen and click the mouse buttons to select that object. Once an object has been selected, you can move it or manipulate it. We’ll cover mouse buttons in greater detail in a later lesson.

The standard mouse has two buttons and a rollerball on the underside, which moves the cursor on the screen when you move the mouse. A rollerball mouse works best when used

Figure 2-9

Clicking with the mouse.

Figure 2-10

Double-clicking with the mouse.

Figure 2-11

Right-clicking with the mouse.

Figure 2-12

Dragging and dropping with the mouse.

Figure 2-13

Using the scroll wheel.

The underside of a roller ball mouse.

Some mouse pads have a wrist rest to help

Drag and drop

Place the pointer over an object and press and hold down the left mouse button. While still holding down the button, move the mouse (and thus the cursor) to where you want to place the object and then release the mouse button.

Hold down the mouse button while you drag the mouse across your desk. Figure 2-12 “Click!” Right-click Press and release the right mouse button. Figure 2-11 “Click!” “Click!” Double-click

Quickly press and release the left mouse button twice, in rapid succession. Figure 2-10 Figure 2-9 “Click!” Click Press and release the left mouse button. Use the center wheel to scroll through screens of information. Figure 2-13

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Chapter Two: Understanding Hardware

39

Quick Reference Input devices on a standard computer: • Keyboard. • Mouse.

What a mouse does: • It acts as a handheld

pointing device and controls the actions of that blinking item on your computer screen known as a cursor.

on a mouse pad, especially one that has a rough texture on its surface. Some mouse pads now come with a wrist rest to help users keep their hands and wrists in better alignment. Like other computer components, mice come in several shapes and sizes. Some mice have three (or more) buttons, which are programmable, and some include a trackball on the top (instead of a rollerball on the underside). Most new mice include a center scroll wheel between the two buttons. Not surprisingly, this scroll wheel lets you scroll through screens of information in a fluid motion. Many new mice are also ergonomically

designed to fit the user’s hand. And some new mice have Forward and Back buttons off to the side of the mouse, which help you navigate the Internet.

One of the latest innovations is the optical mouse, which is becoming quite common. An optical mouse operates by using an infrared sensor, which means it uses neither a rollerball nor a mouse pad. You can identify an optical mouse by the telltale red glow emanating from its underside.

One other hot innovation is the wireless mouse (and keyboard). A wireless mouse and keyboard run on batteries and communicate with the computer the same way a remote control communicates with a television.

A wireless mouse works just like a remote control.

Student Edition Complete

The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

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Student Edition

Complete

Table of Contents

4

Computer

Basics

Chapter One: The

Essentials

Chapter Objectives:

;

6

Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-1: Hardware,

Software, and Information

Technology (IT)

Chapter One: The Essentials

7

8

Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-2: Computer Overview

Chapter One: The Essentials

9

10

Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-3: The Front of a

Computer and Peripheral Devices

Chapter One: The Essentials

11

12

Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-4: The Inside of a

Computer

Chapter One: The Essentials

13

14

Computer

Basics

Lesson 1-5: The Back of a

Computer (Ports)

Chapter One: The Essentials

15

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< • • • >

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Computer

Basics

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