I
I
n
n
t
t
e
e
r
r
n
n
a
a
t
t
i
i
o
o
n
n
a
a
l
l
J
J
o
o
u
u
r
r
n
n
a
a
l
l
o
o
f
f
P
P
h
h
a
a
r
r
m
m
a
a
S
S
c
c
i
i
e
e
n
n
c
c
e
e
s
s
Vol. 4, No. 2 (2014): 485-491Research Article Open Access
I
ISSSSNN::22332200--66881100
Heat Ameliorating and Immunomodulatory Activity
of Ayucee Liquid with Effect on Behavioral
Parameters in Broilers under Heat Stress
Vijay Kumar M
1, M.J Saxena
2, K Ravikanth
2, A Thakur
2* and S Maini
21
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bidar, Karnataka, INDIA
2
Ayurvet India Ltd, Baddi, H.P, INDIA
* Corresponding author: Dr. Ajay Thakur; e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Heat Stress not only causes suffering and death in the birds, but also results in reduced or lost production that adversely affects the profit from the enterprise. A comparative study was conducted to evaluate comparative effects of supplementation of vitamin C and a new coded polyherbal liquid antistressor product Ayucee liquid (supplied by M/S Ayurvet Ltd., Baddi, H.P., India) on the performance of environmental heat stressed broilers birds. 90 day-old unsexed broiler chicks of Vencobb strain exposed to environmental heat were randomly divided into three groups each having three replicates of ten birds. Group- T0: Untreated control, Group- T1: supplemented with synthetic Vit. C @ 100g/ton of feed, Group- T2: supplemented with Ayucee liquid (Starter: @1 ml/100 birds/day Grower: @ 2ml/100 birds/day Finisher: @ 3ml/100 birds/day in water. The birds were fed standard ration throughout the experiment. At the end of 42nd day significantly higher (p≤0.05) feeding and drinking rate, leg and wing stretch and
preening rate (birds/minute) were recorded in antistressor supplemented groups T1 and T2 as compared to untreated control group. Mean FCR for T1 was significantly lower (1.66) than T2 (1.81) and control (1.83). Mortality rate was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in control group T0: 16.67% and low in T1 and T2: 6.67%. The
haematobiochemical data revealed normalization of values in treated groups as compared to control. Dressing % was significantly high (P≤0.05) in group T2 (70.15%) and group T1 (67.15%) as compared to control (64.78 %).
Antibody titre was significantly higher in the treated groups as compared to untreated control. Histopathological evaluation of liver, kidney and spleen suggested the potential stress ameliorating and antioxidant efficacy of antistress products that has resulted in minimal damage to tissues and organs in birds of treated groups. From the results it can be concluded that Ayucee liquid is effective in combating heat stress and immunosuppression, besides enhancing the production performance in poultry and can successfully replace vit C in broiler ration.
Keywords:
Ayucee liquid, antistressor, heat stress, immunosuppression, oxidative, polyherbal.INTRODUCTION
Heat stress is of major concerns for poultry production. Biochemical and physiological changes associated with heat stress can potentially promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and impaired muscle membrane integrity in breast muscle of heat-stressed broiler chickens [1] was also considered to be related with the changed redox balance because broiler chickens that were exposed to acute heat stress exhibited more than a 2-fold increase of MDA as an indicator for lipid peroxidation, in the skeletal muscle [2-3]. High ambient temperature negatively influences the performance of broilers. An ambient temperature above 30°C is considered to have an adverse effect on
the performance of broiler chicks. Earlier findings have suggested that reduced feed intake, body weight, and feed conversion efficiency is caused by high environmental temperatures [4-5]. During the periods of heat stress, most of the production energy is diverted to thermoregulatory adaptations which results in
oxidative stress induced immunosupression,
polyherbal products containing different immunomodulator, antistressor and adaptogenic herbs have been used to protect tissues from superoxide radicals and enhance cell survival by stimulating antioxidative enzymatic systems [9-10]. Supplementing the diet with vitamins and minerals can alleviate some of these adverse effects on growth performance, attributed to high ambient temperatures [3, 8]. Several studies indicated that heat stress reduces the bodyweight [11], immune response and also causes mortality [12] and different therapeutic measures are used to minimize the harmful effects of heat stress on performance of broiler chick such as ascorbic acid [12], vitamin E [3], acetylsalicylic acid [13], potassium chloride [14], sodium bicarbonate, acetic acid and organic and inorganic chromium [16]. Poultry have the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid, but this ability is inadequate under stress conditions, such as high environmental temperatures, high humidity, a high productive rate, and parasitic infestation. Particular environmental stressors can alter the use or synthesis of ascorbic acid in poultry [17]. Therefore present study was conducted to evaluate comparative effects of
supplementation of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and
Ayucee liquid, a new polyherbal antistressorproductin diet and water on the performance of heat- exposed broiler.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted at a poultry house at Kamthana, Bidar (KS), India under the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bidar, Karnataka, India during hot-dry season (April-June, 2013). India. The climate of this experimental site was hot and dry humid. The relative humidity and temperature of the experimental location was 53.17% and 39.960C.
Experimental Design
Ninety day-old unsexed broiler chicks of strain Vencobb were purchased from a local hatchery for this study and were randomly allotted to four treatment groups with each treatment having three replicates and each replicate having ten birds. Group- T0: Untreated control, Group- T1: supplemented with synthetic Vit. C @ 100g/ton of feed, Group- T2: supplemented with Ayucee liquid (Starter: @1 ml/100 birds/day Grower: @ 2ml/100 birds/day Finisher: @ 3ml/100 birds/day in water.
Ayucee liquid is a new polyherbal antistressor product (supplied by M/S Ayurvet Ltd., Baddi, H.P., India) containing natural vitamin C with bioflavonoids and selenium and herbs viz. Phyllanthus emblica, Withania somnifera, Terminalia chebula and many more in fixed concentration.
During the first three weeks of trial the chicks were fed ad libitum with standard starter mash (CP: 23% ME 2816 Kcal/kg) and thereafter with finisher mash (CP: 19.9% ME 2809 Kcal/kg). The composition of the diets (starter and finisher phases) given to the birds is
shown in Table 1. The birds were floor-brooded on wood-shaving in the experimental pens where they were allowed a week for adjustment. Additional source of heat was provided during the brooding period.
Water at ambient temperature was supplied ad libitum
throughout the period of the experiment in plastic drinkers. Birds of all the groups were vaccinated with Marek’s Disease (day 1) New castle disease (ND) vaccine on 7th and 21st and 31st day and infectious
bursal disease (IBD) vaccine on 14th day.
Parameters studied
Behavior parameters including feeding, drinking and comfort behavior including wing and leg stretch, Leg scratch and preening were assessed throughout the experiment.
The performance parameters (body weight, feed intake, mean FCR and mortality rate) were recorded at weekly intervals as per standard procedures.
Blood samples were drawn from the wing vein for estimation of Hb, PCV, WBC and RBC count as per standard procedure. Serum samples were separated from the blood. These samples were used for the estimation of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Lactic acid Dehydrogenase (LDH), serum cortisol and glucose levels on 3rd and 5th weeks using standard
diagnostic kits of Qualigens Pvt. Ltd. RBC was collected by separating plasma from blood for estimation of erythrocytic TBARS, GSH, SOD and Catalase. Organ weight was measured at 3rd and 5th week. Cell mediated
(PHA assay) and humoral immune response (SRBC and NDV) was estimated as per standard procedure.
Tissue (liver) antioxidant profile (TBARS, SOD, GSH, LPO, Protein carbonyls and catalase). Organ weight and Carcass quality evaluation and dressing percentage were also done. Tissue pieces of liver, spleen and kidney were collected from the birds that were sacrificed at the end and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for histopathological studies.
Statistical design and analyses
All the results were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance to determine the means and standard error [18].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results for the proximate analysis of the feed are presented in table1.
above the threshold established for poultry [19-20] indicates that the birds were subjected to heat stress.
Table 1. Proximate Composition of Feeds
Ingredients Starter phase (%)
Finisher phase (%)
Maize 46.00 50.00
Soybean meal 18.50 12.00
Groundnut cake 15.00 11.00
Fishmeal 2.00 2.00
Wheat offal 12.45 19.05
Bone meal 2.00 2.00
Oyster shell 3.00 3.00
Salt 0.25 0.25
Premix 0.25 0.25
Methionine 0.30 0.25
Lysine 0.25 0.20
Total 100 100
Crude protein (%) 23.05 19.91
Metabolizable Energy (Kcal/kg) 2816 2809.6
Ether extract (%) 3.93 3.89
Crude fibre (%) 3.67 3.79
Calcium (%) 1.75 1.74
Phosphorus (%) 0.43 0.41
Growth Performance
The stress of high ambient temperature may negatively influence the performance of broiler chickens by reducing feed intake, live weight gain and feed efficiency [21-22]. Environmental stress to birds in the present study also resulted in declined growth performance in terms of average body weights, total body weight gain, total feed intake and feed efficiency. Results have been summarized in table 2.
Body weight: There was no significant difference in the
body weight (g) of chicks at day 0 (39.6, 39.7 and 39.8 in group T0, T1 and T2 respectively). However, a significant increase in body weight was evident in treatment groups (T1 and T2) post 3rd week of
experimental trial as compared to untreated control group T0. Mean final weight (g) of group T1
supplemented with Vitamin C (2299.1) was
significantly high (p≤0.05) followed by group T2 supplemented with Ayucee liquid (2070.0) as compared to untreated control group T1 (1951.9). The body weight gain (g) was also significantly high (p≤0.05) in vitamin C supplemented group T1 (2259.6), followed by Ayucee liquid supplemented group T2 (2030.2) and lowest in untreated control group T0 (1912.3).
Feed efficiency: the intake of feed is reduced in birds under stress. However in the present study, total feed intake was significantly high (p≤0.05) in vitamin C and Ayucee liquid supplemented groups as compared to untreated control group indicating heat stress combating effect of the products. Mean total feed intake was 3823.8 g in T1, 3746.8 g in T2 and 3569.8 g in T0 group. Mean FCR was significantly lower (p≤0.05) in vitamin C supplemented group T1 (1.69), followed by Ayucee liquid (1.84) supplemented group T2 in comparison to untreated control group T1 (1.87) indicating efficacy of antistressor products in
improving gut functions, metabolism, nutrient
assimilation and utilization. A significantly higher mortality % was recorded in control group T0 (16.67%) low in T1 and T2: 6.67%.
Table 2. Effect of antistressor products on growth and performance in broilers
Parameters Group T0 (control) T1 (Vit. C) T2 (Ayucee liquid) Final body weight (g) 1951.9 ± 72.5a 2299.1 ± 60.3b 2070 ± 74.5c
Body weight gain (g) 1912.3 ± 90.9a 2259.6 ± 60.3b 2030.2 ± 146.5c
Total feed intake (g) 3569.8 ± 104.2a 3823.8 ± 198.7b 3746.8 ± 134.1c
FCR 1.87a 1.69b 1.84c
Mortality rate (%) 16.67a 6.67b 6.67b
Dressing percentage (%) 64.78 ± 0.90a 67.15 ± 0.90b 70.15 ± 0.50c
Values with different superscripts in a row differ significantly at p≤0.05
The results of body weight gain and feed efficiency of the present study are well in confirmation with earlier reports [23], where similar increase in the growth performance of layers after supplementation of antistressor products.
Behavioral Parameters
During thermal stress, birds alter their behavior to help maintain body temperature within the normal limits. The results of the present study indicated that feeding behavior was affected by the addition of anti-stress feed additives. Higher feeding rate (birds/minute) and drinking rate (birds/minute) were recorded in Vit. C supplemented group T1 (4.79±0.454 and 2.24±0.314) followed by Ayucee liquid supplemented group T2 (4.62±0.326 and 1.96±0.158) which was significantly more (p≤0.01) compared to control group (3.41±0.4
and 1.875±0.184). Chickens during exposure to high temperature, consume less feed and more water [24],
but supplementation of Vitamin C and Ayucee liquid have synergistic effect on both feeding and drinking behavior [25].
The comfort behavior patterns used as indicator for degree of stress include Leg and wing stretch, Leg scratch and Preening. When the ambient temperature increases above the comfort zone, chickens devote less time to walking and standing and keep their wings drooped and lifted slightly from the body to maximize sensible heat loss. Minimal comfort behavior was recorded in control group, but the rate of comfort behavior increased in antistressor supplemented groups and the higher rate of the Leg and wing stretch (birds / minute) and Preening (birds /minute) were observed in T1 group (1.185±0.196 and 3±0.3) and T2 (0.99±0.136 and 2±0.3) which was significantly more (p≤0.01) compared to control group T0 (0.920±0.136
This may be related to vasodilation in the brain, thus improving oxygenation to brain tissue and action at the hypothalamic level reduce corticotrophic releasing hormone expression and secretion by the antistressor
products [26] and in the same time improving perspiration, circulation and cooling the skin and mucosa by stimulating the cold receptors effecting the bird comfort during summer stress.
Table 3. Effect of antistressor products on Behavioral parameters in broilers
Parameters Group T0 (control) T1 (Vit. C) T2 (Ayucee liquid) Feeding behavior 3.41±0.40 4.79±0.454* 4.62±0.326* Drinking behavior 1.875±0.184 2.24±0.314* 1.96±0.158 Leg and wing stretch 0.920±0.136 1.185±0.196* 0.99±0.136 Leg scratch 0.36±0.03 0.44±0.033* 0.37±0.035
Preening 1.9±0.30 3±0.30* 2±0.30
* Values differ significantly at p≤0.05
Organs Weight and dressing percentage
There was no significant difference in the internal organs weight and all organs were within normal weight range. Only bursa in T1 group was slightly higher than other groups. This explains that the anti-stress feed additives either Ayucee liquid or vitamin C; has no adverse effect on the internal organs. However, the dressing percentage (%) was significantly high (p≤0.05) in Ayucee liquid supplemented group T2
(70.15 ±0.5) followed by vitamin C supplemented group T1 (67.15 ± 0.9) and lowest in untreated control (64.78 ± 0.9).
Haemato-Biochemical Parameters
The results of haemato-biochemical estimations are tabulated in table 3. The hematological data revealed that there is no significant difference (p>0.05) in the values of hematological parameters among all the groups, though the values of Hb (g %) were significantly higher in treatments T1 (13.62 ± 0.16), followed by T2 (13.44± 0.16) and lowest in T0 (11.83 ± 0.13). Birds in control group were under the stress which was indicated by increased percentage of heterophils and decreased percentage of lymphocytes and thus high H/L ratio (0.71). Supplementation of antistressor products vitamin C (0.39) and Ayucee liquid (0.69) significantly lowered the H/L ratio in
broiler chicken. A significant decrease in
heterophil/lymphocyte due to heat stress in broilers was reported earlier also [27]. H: L ratio is reliable indicator of avian stress. A low H: L ratio indicates low levels of stress due to increased number of lymphocytes [28].
An increased level of liver marker enzymes is indication of extent of liver damage due to impact of heat. The levels of ALT (IU/L), AST (IU/L), ALP (IU/L) and serum glucose (g/dl) were significantly high (p≤0.05) in untreated control group T0 at 3rd and 5th
week of trial as compared to vitamin C supplemented group T1 and Ayucee liquid supplemented group T2 (table 3). At 5th week the values of ALT (IU/L), AST
(IU/L), ALP (IU/L) and serum glucose was (7.4 ± 0. 3, 390 ± 27, 2479 ± 472 and 221.74 ± 1.74) in group T0, (6.0 ± 0. 2, 309 ± 8, 2082 ± 284 and 172.98 ± 1.92) in group T1 and (6.2 ± 0. 6, 304 ± 11, 2272 ± 321 and 195.18 ± 2.21) in group T2. The activity of serum LDH (IU/L) in group T0 at end of 5th week was 1604±312,
which was significantly (p≤0.05) increased in group T1
(2302 ± 196) and group T2 (2177 ± 217). Similarly, decreased levels of serum enzymes after antistressor supplementation was also reported earlier [29-30].
High ambient temperature induces production and release of corticosteroids [22], exerts catabolic effects (mobilization of proteins and lipids) through muscle wasting and reduces growth rate [31-33]. Similar results were obtained in the present study, where serum cortisol levels (table 3) were significantly (p≤0.05) higher in the control compared to the treatment groups. The concentration of cortisol (nmol/l) was significantly higher (p≤0.01) than normal
concentration in untreated control T0 (4.12 ± 0.29) as compared to antistressor treated groups T1 (1.13 ± 0.18) and T2 (3.08 ± 0.21). Exposure of birds to high environmental temperature causes an increase in the plasma corticosterone resulting in to depressed activity of the lymphoid organs [28].
Table 4. Effect of antistressor products on haemato-biochemical parameters and immune profile in broilers
Parameters Group T0 (control) T1 (Vit. C) T2 (Ayucee liquid) Hb (g %) 11.83 ± 0.13a 13.62± 0.16b 13.44± 0.16c
H: L 0.71a 0.39b 0.62c
Cortisol (nmol/L) 4.12 ± 0.29a 1.13 ±0.18b 3.18 ± 0.21c
ALT (IU/L) 7.4 ± 104.2a 6 ± 0.20b 6.2 ± 0.60b
AST (IU/L) 390 ± 27a 309 ± 8b 304 ± 11b
ALP (IU/L) 2479 ± 472a 2082 ± 284b 2272 ± 321c
LDH (IU/L) 1604 ± 312a 2302 ± 196b 2177 ± 128c
Serum glucose (g/dl) 221.74 ± 174a 172.98 ± 1.92b 195.18 ± 2.21c
SRBC (log2) 6.58a 6.73b 6.62c
PHA-P (mm) 2.34a 2.76b 2.47c
Spleen Wt. (g) 0.15a 0.21b 0.19b
Bursa Wt. (g) 0.13a 0.15b 0.13a
Immune profile
Antibody titre was significantly higher in the treated groups as compared to untreated control. The value of PHA-P (mm) was highest in T1 (2.76) followed by T2 (2.47), and lowest in T0 (2.34) indicating better cell mediated immune response. Similarly, the SRBC value was also high in group T1 (6.73), followed by T2 (6.62) and lowest in untreated control (6.58) indicating better humoral immune response. The weight (g) of the lymphoid organs (spleen and bursa) was also significantly high in vitamin C supplemented group T1 (0.21 and 0.15), followed by Ayucee liquid supplemented group T2 (0.19 and 0.13) as compared to untreated control T0 (0.15 and 0.13). These results indicate that the antistressor products enhanced the immune response of the birds. The findings are in congruence with earlier findings that heat stress reduces immune response of the birds [34]. Impairment of immunological function in heat stress, such as T and B lymphocyte activity, has also been attributed to the effects of lipid peroxidation or oxidative damage in cell membranes [17]. Increase in weight of spleen, bursa of fabricious and thymus in vitamin C and Ayucee liquid supplemented groups attributed to improved activity of lymphoid organs.
Tissue antioxidant profiles
During heat stress because of panting there could be possibilities for oxidative stress, respiratory alkalosis and thus an overproduction of free radicals in the body. The concentration of TBARS (nmoles MDA/mg protein) in Liver and plasma at 5th week revealed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) rise in group T0 (0.53 ± 0.18 and 3.48) as
compared to group T1 (0.48 ± 0.16 and 1.12) and T2 (0.46 ± 0.16 and 2.48). Broiler chickens exposed to heat
stress exhibited more than 2 fold increase in malonaldehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in the skeletal muscles [2-3]. The results are consistent with previous studies [35] indicating disturbance of equilibrium and hence increased oxidative stress [36].
The concentration of SOD (U/mg protein) in Liver and plasma at 5th week revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.05)
decrease in group T0 (0.68 ± 0.15 and 28.49 ± 1.49) as compared to group T1 (0.92 ± 0.15 and 43.89 ± 4.53) and T2 (0.75 ±0.15 and 35.79 ± 2.74). SOD is an important member of antioxidant system, which removes superoxide free radical [27]. Increased concentration of SOD is an indicator of better free radical scavenging with antistressor products Vit. C and Ayucee liquid.
The concentration of Catalase (U/mg protein) in Liver and plasma at 5th week revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.05)
decrease in group T0 (0.58 ± 0.15 and 95.62 ± 9.00) as compared to group T1 (0.89 ± 0.15 and 101.56 ± 5.40) and T2 (0.73 ± 0.15 and 68.17 ±5.57).
The concentration of GSH (µ moles/mg protein) in Liver at 5th week revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.05)
decrease in group T0 (0.647 ± 0.141) as compared to group T1 (1.054 ± 0.141) and T2 (0.892 ± 0.141). Glutathione is considered to be the master antioxidant of the body and is found in almost all living cells. Diminished content of GSH in cells ultimately results in cell death [37]. Glutathione protects structural integrity of cell membrane from free radicals [35]. Increase value of GSH in antistressor supplemented group T1 and T2 indicate antioxidative effect of these products.
Table 5. Effect of antistressor products on tissue anti-oxidant profile in broilers
Parameters Group T0 (control) T1 (Vit. C) T2 (Ayucee) TBARS (nmoles MDA/mg protein) Liver 0.53 ± 0.18a 0.48 ± 0.16b 0.46 ± 0.16b
Heamolysate 3.48a 1.12b 2.48c
SOD (U/mg protein)
Liver 0.68 ± 0.15a 0.92 ± 0.15b 0.75 ±0.15c
Heamolysate 28.49 ± 1.49a 43.89 ± 4.53b 35.79 ± 2.74c
Catalase (U/mg protein) Liver 0.58 ± 0.15a 0.89 ± 0.15b 0.73 ± 0.15c
Heamolysate 95.62 ± 9.00a 101.56 ± 5.40b 68.17 ±5.57c
GSH (µmoles/mg protein) Liver 0.647 ± 0.141a 1.054 ± 0.141b 0.892 ± 0.141c
GPx Heamolysate 358.43a 395.12b 365.12c
Values with different superscripts in a row differ significantly at p≤0.05
The altered value of MDA, SOD and GSH indicates the extent of cell membrane damage by free radicals. The values of these parameters in Vitamin C and Ayucee liquid supplemented groups as compared to untreated control indicates efficacy of antistressor products in combating oxidative stress imposed by heat. Because of increased activity and concentration of enzymatic and
non-enzymatic antioxidants resulted by
supplementation of Vitamin C and Ayucee liquid through diet and water, birds could remained healthy, maintained body weight and were acclimated to the heat stressor quicker than untreated group.
The concentration of protein carbonyls (n moles/mg protein) in Liver at 5th week revealed a significant (p ≤
0.05) increase in group T0 (6743 ± 07) as compared to group T1 (2922 ± 23) and T2 (4412 ± 17).
Carcass traits
vitamin C and Ayucee liquid supplemented group as compared to untreated control.
Histopathology
Histological sections of liver from control (Group T0) revealed lymphoid aggregates around portal triad, diffused distribution of mononucleocytes in hepatic lobules and paracentral necrosis. Similarly the histological sections of the kidney from the control (group T0) revealed degenerated tubules, few glomeruli disrupted and increased glomerular space, lymphoid aggregates were observed at few places. The histological sections of the spleen from control (group T0) revealed mild lymphoid depletion and thickening of trabecular artery. Whereas groups supplemented with antistressors (T1 and T2) showed normal liver, kidney and spleen with non-significant mild changes.
The results of the present study are in accordance with the findings of Jadhav et al., 2013 [23], who observed similar findings after supplementation of Ayucee liquid in terms of growth and production performance and immunoregulation in layers.
CONCLUSION
Heat stress is major welfare problem in the poultry industry leading to huge economic losses every year because of mortality and decreased production. Dietary supplementation of synthetic vit. C and herbal product Ayucee liquid containing natural vitamin C with bioflavonoids ameliorated the heat stress. From the results of the present study it is observed that significant improvement in growth and performance parameters, oxidative stress ameliorative response, immune response with normalization of haemato biochemical parameters and better dressing percentage was recorded in herbal antistressor supplemented group which was well comparable to vit C
supplemented group. In addition to this,
supplementation of Ayucee liquid is also efficacious in
preventing stress induced behavioral changes
(drinking, feeding, wing and leg stretch and preening) in birds. The results may be attributed to immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antistressor, free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective action of the constituent herbs of Ayucee liquid.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the administration of College of Veterinary Sciences and KVAFSU, Bidar for providing infrastructure and necessary facilities to conduct the research.
REFERENCES
1. Sandercock, D.A., Hunter, R.R., Nute, G.R., et al. (2001). Acute heat stress-induced alterations in blood acid-base status and skeletal muscle membrane integrity in broiler chickens at two ages: Implications for meat quality. Poult Sci.80:418-425. 2. Mujahid, A., Pumford, N.R., Bottje, W., et al. (2007).
Mitochondrial oxidative damage in chicken skeletal muscle induced by acute heat stress. Poult Sci. 44:439-445.
3. Sahin, K., Sahin, N., Yaralioglu, et al. (2002). Protective role of supplemental vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, vitamin E, vitamin A, and some mineral
concentrations of Japanese quails reared under heat stress. Biol Trace Elem Res. 85:59-70.
4. Azad, M.A.K., Kikusato, M., Maekawa, T., et al. (2010). Metabolic characteristics and oxidative damage to skeletal muscle in broiler chickens exposed to chronic heat stress. CompBiochemPhysiol Part A 155:401–406.
5. Mujahid, A., Akiba, Y. and Toyomizu, M. (2009). Olive oil-supplemented diet alleviates acute heat stress-induced mitochondrial ROS production in chicken skeletal muscle. Am J PhysiolRegulIntegr Comp Physiol. 297:690-698.
6. Cahaner A, Leestra (1992). Effects of high temperature on growth and efficiency of male and female broilers from genes selected for high weight gain, favorable food conversion ratio and high or low fat content. Poult. Sci. 71: 1237-1250. 7. Maini S, Rastogi SK, Korde JP, et al. (2007). Evaluation of
oxidative stress and its amelioration through certain antioxidants in broilers during summer. J. Poult. Sci. 44: 339-347.
8. Sahin, K. and Kucuk, O. (2001). Effects of vitamin E and selenium on performance digestibility of nutrients and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails reared under heat stress (34°C). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 85:342–348. 9. Davis L, Kuttan G (2000). Immunomodulatory activity of
Withania somnifera. J. Ethnopharmacol. 71(1-2): 193, 193-200.
10. Saravanan S, Srikumar R, Manikandan S, et al. (2007). Hypolipidemic effect of triphala in experimentally induced hypercholesteremic rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 127(2): 385-388. 11. Al-Neemy, D.T. and Hassan, Y. (2002). The effect of
withdrawal, supplementation potassium chloride and acclimation to alleviate the heat stress in some physiological characteristics and productive performance of broiler. Ph.D thesis, Animal Resources Dept. University of Mosul.
12. Younis, D.T. (2007). Effect of adding vitamin C to drinking water to reduce the negative effect of heat stress in some productive performance of broiler chickens. Rafidain Agric J. 4:47–53.
13. Naseem, S., Younus, M., Bilal, A, et al.. (2005). Effect of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid supplementation on performance of broiler chicks exposed to heat stress. Int J Poult Sci 4:900-904.
14. Al-Khateeb, F.S. and Al-DdinSalih, S. (2005). Effect of withdrawal and supplementation potassium chloride to reduce the negative impact of heat stress on the productive and physiological performance of broiler. Ms.C. thesis, Animal Resources Dept. University of Mosul.
15. Hassan, A.M.H., AbdelAzeem, M. and Reddy, P.G. (2009). Effect of some water supplements on the performance and immune system of chronically heat-stressed broiler chicks. Int J Poult Sci. 8:432-436.
16. Moeini, M.M., Bahrami, A., Ghazi, S. et al. (2011). The effect of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium supplementation on production performance, carcass traits and some blood parameters of broiler chicken under heat stress condition. Biol Trace Elem Res. 144:715-724.
17. Pardue, S.L. and Thaxton, J.P. (1985). Ascorbic acid in poultry, A review. World’s Poult Sci. 42:107–123.
18. Snedecor GW., Cochran WG. (1994) Indian 6th reprint Edn. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Calcutta, 124-126.
19. Tao, X. and Xin, H. (2003).Temperature-humidity-velocity-index for market size broilers. Proceedings of the 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting Nevada, USA; Paper Number 034037.
20. Karaman, S., Tarhan, S. and Ergunes, G. (2007). Analysis of indoor climatic data to assess the heat stress of laying hens. Inter J Nat Eng Sci. (Suppl II): 65-68.
21. Donkoh A. (1989). Ambient temperature: a factor affecting performance and physiological response of broiler chickens. Int J Biometeoro.;33:259–65.
22. Siegel HS. (1995) Stress, strains and resistance. Br Poult Sci.; 36:3–22.
23. NV Jadhav, B Awati, S Kulkarni, et al. (2013). Heat stress amelioration and production performance in layers supplemented with herbal liquid antistressor product. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 3, Vol 5.
responses of commercial laying hens. Poultry Science 83(6): 889-894.
25. Aradas, M. E.C., Naas, I. A. et al. (2005). Comparing thermal environment in broiler housing using two bird’s densities under tropical conditions. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR ejournal VII. 1-9.
26. Baarendse, P. J. J., Debonne, M., Decuypere, E. et al. (2007). Ontogeny of avian thermoregulation from a neutral point of view. World’s Poultry Science Journal 63(2): 267-276. 27. Altan O, Pabuçcuoğlu A, Altan A, et al. (2003). Effect of heat
stress on oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and some stress parameters in broilers. Br Poult Sci.; 44(4):545-50
28. Gross, W. B. and Siegel, H. S. (1983). Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian diseases 27: 972-979.
29. Chakraborty, A.K and Sadhu, D.P. (1983). Effect of acute heat stress and its modifications by adrenaline and adrenolytic drugs in pigeons. Indian J Ani Sci. 53: 575-578.
30. Takeda, Y. and Hara, M. (1985). Significance of ferrous ion and ascorbic acid cycle. J Bio Chem. 214: 657.
31. Odedra, B.R., Bates, P.C. and Millward, D.J. (1983). Time course of effect of doses of corticosterone on protein turnover in rat skeletal muscle and liver. J Biochem. 214: 617-627.
32. Sujatha, V., Korde, J.P., Rastogi, S.K, et al. (2010). Amelioration of heat stress induced disturbances of the antioxidant defense system in broilers. J Vet Med Ani Health. 2 (3): 18-28.
33. Hayashi, K., Nagai, Y., Ohtsuka, A. et al. (1994). Effects of dietary corticosterone and trilostane on growth and skeletal
muscle protein turnover in broiler cockerels. British Poult Sci. 35: 789-798.
34. Savic, V., M. Mikec, P. Pavicic et al, (1993). Effect of repeated heat stress on the humoral immune response and productivity of broiler chicks. Veterinarska Stanica, 24: 195-202.
35. Mahmoud, K.Z., Edens, F.W., (2003). Influence of selenium sources on age- related and mild heat stress-related changes of blood and liver glutathione redox cycle in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus). Comp. Biochem Physiol. Rev. 82, 47–95. 36. Hai Lin, Eddy Decuypere, Johan Buyse. (2006). Acute heat
stress induces oxidative stress in broiler chickens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 144: 11 – 17. 37. Cook GC, Sherlock S. (1965). Results of a controlled clinical
trial of glutathione in cases of hepatic cirrhosis.Gut; 6:472– 76.
38. McKee, S. R., and A. R. Sams, (1997). The effect of seasonal heat stress on rigor development and the incidence of pale, exudative turkey meat. Poultry Sci. 76:1616–1620.
39. Northcutt, J. K., E. A. Foegedling, and F. W. Edens, (1994). Waterholding properties of thermally pre-conditioned chicken breast and leg meat. Poultry Sci. 73:308–316
*****
© 2014; AIZEON Publishers; All Rights Reserved
