BIO - CH 2 NOTEPACK.pdf

UNIT 4: BIOLOGY

Chapter 2: Adaptations & Evolution

Learning Objectives: Biology

MAJOR CONCEPT #1: Ecosystems

I CAN…

o

Analyze a terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem

o

Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors

o

Infer abiotic effects on life (light, nutrients, water, temperature)

o

Infer biotic interactions ( predator-prey, competition, symbiotic relationships)

o

Describe the key stages of primary succession and the nature of its climax

community

o

Differentiate between primary and secondary succession in a specific

terrestrial/aquatic ecosystem

o

Describe the potential impact of habitat destruction on an ecosystem

o

Describe the effects of introducing or removing a species

o

Perform a field study of an aquatic of terrestrial ecosystem

MAJOR CONCEPT #2: Ch.1 – Cycling of Matter

I CAN…

o

Outline the nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

o

Describe artificial and natural factors that affect the biogeochemical cycles

o

Describe how energy flows in an ecosystem (conservation of energy and trophic

levels)

o

Describe how trophic levels can be pyramids of numbers, biomass, or energy

MAJOR CONCEPT #3: Ch.2 – Adaptations & Evolutionary Change

I CAN…

o

Describe mutation as the cause for variation

o

Identify the role of sexual reproduction in generating variability

o

Describe the adaptation of a species over time

o

Describe evidence for evolution by natural selection (Buffon, Lyell, Mathus, and

Wallace)

o

Compare graduated evolution and punctuated equilibrium (Lamarckian and

Darwinian)

o

Describe how some factors impacts population size

PRIMARY SUCCESSION: _________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

SECONDARY SUCCESSION

: _________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

TIME

The Benefits of Forest Fires:

1)____________________________

2)____________________________

3)____________________________

4)____________________________

5)____________________________

AQUATIC SUCCESSION

: _____________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

EUTROPHICATION:________________

________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

Pollutants that cause eutrophication:

1)___________________________

2)___________________________

Science 20 – Populations

The factors that limit the number of individuals that an environment can support are called __________________________.

Examples include: ____________, ____________, _______________, and _____________.

Without limiting factors, a population can grow very quickly. Sketch the graph of a population that does not have limiting factors:

This type of growth curve is called a ______________.

The growth of a population controlled by limiting factors slows down as resources in the environment become scarce. The population reaches a

maximum number that can be supported by the resources in th

e  environment.  This  is  called  the  population’s  _________________________.

This type of growth curve is called a ________________.

The non-living, physical environmental factors that affect populations are called _____________________.

They include: _______________, ______________, _______________

The living parts of the ecosystem that affect the size of a population are called _______________________.

They include: ______________, _______________, and _____________.

Population Growth

Population

Definition

: _________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

Immigration

Definition

: _________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

Birth Rate

Definition

: _________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

Death Rate

Definition

: _________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

Emigration

Ch.$2.4$“Adaptations”$Vocabulary$

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Morphology%

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Gradualism%

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Punctuated%

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Ch.$2.4$“Adaptations”$Vocabulary$

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Variation%

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Adaptation%

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Ch.$2.5$“Evolutionary$Theory”$Vocabulary$

Name:____________________$

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Term%(page%#)%

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Galapagos%

Finches%

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Theory%of%

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2.4 - ADAPTATIONS

&

2.5 - EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

pp. 488-504

1

1) Describe mutation as the cause for variation

2) Identify the role of sexual reproduction in generating

variability

3) Describe the adaptation of a species over time

4) Describe evidence for evolution by natural selection

5) Compare graduated evolution and punctuated equilibrium

Learning Outcomes

2

Adaptation

! 

Any structure or behavioral trait

that improves an organism’s

success at Reproducing &

Surviving

! 

Most adaptations serve 1 of 3

purposes:

! Help an organism get food

! Prevent an organism from becoming

food/prey

! Help an organism reproduce

3

Morphology

! 

The detailed shape and form of an animal

! 

Morphology is determined by genetic material

Genetics

! 

Gene

– the basic unit of inheritence passed from

parent to offspring

! Half of your genes come from your Mother, half from

your Father

! 

Mutation

– a change in genetic instruction that may

cause a change in morphology or biochemical

processes you cannot see.

5

Genetic Mutations = Variation

6

Brainpop: “Genetic Mutations”

7

What is a Species?

! 

A group of organisms that are capable of

interbreeding and exchanging genes

! Able to have babies

! Babies are able to have more babies

Hybrids are infertile = not a species

9

Theory of Evolution

! 

A theory stating that

the nature of a

population

gradually changes

form over time

! 

Lamarckian Evolution

! 

Darwinian Evolution

10

Jean-Baptise de Lamarck

! 

Presented the first theory that recognized the

possibility of evolution:

! Organisms desire to change for the better

! Organisms produce new or improved parts to be better

adjusted to their environment

! The use and disuse of parts are passed onto the

offspring

" E.g., working out at the gym gives you muscles, your muscles

will be passed on to your offspring

11

All the neck stretching

meant that the next

generation of giraffes

was born with longer

necks that could reach

more food.

Lamarck used his model to explain how giraffes got

such long necks:

Giraffes started

out with short

necks, but

soon low tree

leaves were

removed.

They had to

stretch to reach

the higher

leaves.

•

 

Lamark tried to prove

his theory by cutting off

the tails of mice and

breeding them to see if

their offspring were born

with tails.

•

 

We study his theory

because:

although he was wrong, he

did get people thinking

about adaptations.

13

Thomas Malthus

! 

Said that populations remain quite

stable due to natural checks and

balances such as limited resources and disease.

! 

His ideas were very influential on Charles

Darwin

! If you want to survive you need to outcompete the other

members of the population.

14

•

 

Darwin travelled on a 5-year voyage

around the world aboard the HMS

Beagle.

Charles Darwin

15

•

 

His observations on his trip led to the development

1. Organisms usually produce more offspring than

can survive.

17

2. There is variation among individuals in a population.

18

3. Organisms compete for limited resources.

19

• 

From the many organisms that are born, only those

individuals that are best adapted to their environment

are likely to survive.

• 

The best adapted individuals in the population are

considered the most

fit

because they are able to pass

on their traits to more offspring.

•

 

This theory also

became known as

'The

Survival of the Fittest'.

•

 

Biological fitness is a

measure of how many

offspring an individual

has.

21

Alfred Russel Wallace

•

 

Darwin kept his theory to himself

for over 20 years.

•

 

He did not publish his theory until

Alfred Russel Wallace, sent

Darwin a paper that had a very

similar conclusion to Darwin.

•

 

Darwin and Wallace presented their work

together to the scientific community in 1858 (

but

Darwin gets most of the credit for the theory).

22

•

 

In 1859, Darwin published his book

The Origin of

Species

in which he described his

theory of

natural

selection

.

•

 

The entire first

printing of his

book sold out

on its first day

of publication.

• 

His book said that: all life on

earth shared a common ancestor

and that a population could

change over time to produce new

species.

25

• 

Variation must occur before a change in the

environment happens.

• 

Changes in the environment drive the process

of natural selection.

How do new species get produced?

• 

Variation is

caused by

mutations (small

copying errors in

DNA).

26

Mutations --> Variation ---> Environment Change = Evolution

•

 

Evolution is usually a very slow process caused by

the accumulation of inherited variation

27

• 

No mutations = no variation --> Environment

Change = Extinction

A Belgian scientist leading research into the fruit loved by millions, and a staple for much of the world's poor, has warned that edible bananas may disappear within a decade if urgent action is not taken to develop new varieties resistant to blight. .

The problem is that the banana we eat is a seedless, sterile article which could slip the way of its predecessor which was wiped out by blight half a century ago.

The Cavendish banana now being eaten across the globe lacks genetic diversity, he argues in an article in New Scientist magazine, and its

survival is threatened bydiseases and

pests. (BBC News, 2003)

Why Sex?

•

 

DNA#Genes #

Chromosomes

•

 

Our genes determine

our traits

•

 

Sexual reproduction

produces far more

variation than asexual

reproduction

29

2 Speeds of Evolutionary Change

! 

Species changes slowly

and steadily over

Earth’s history

! 

Species changed in

rapid spurts followed

by long periods of

little change

Gradualism

Punctuated Equilibrium

30

Evidence Supporting Evolution

1) The Peppered Moth

Gizmo - "Natural Selection" Pepper Moth

33

2) Artificial Selection / Selective Breeding

• Selective breeding (or

artificial selection) occurs when humans choose two organisms with desirable characteristics and breed them together to get offspring that also have these characteristics.

• Darwin used selective

breeding as an example of how that variations could be inherited and that the form of organisms was not fixed .

34

3) Similarity among Embryos

•

 

In the embryo stage,

most vertebrates look the

same and follow a

comparable development.

•

 

This similarity seems to

indicate a common

ancestor among

vertebrates.

35

4) Homologous structures

•

 

A dolphin flipper, a

human hand, and a

bat wing are all just

variations in size

and shape of the

same number of

bones. These

structures appear

to have a similar

origin and therefore

indicate a shared

ancestor.

•

 

Homologous structures are

produced through

divergent evolution

.

37

38

5) Vestigial Structures

39

! 

Structures that have no use anymore

! 

Ancestor had a use for the structure at one time

6) Fossil Record

•

 

If evolution is occuring,

organisms found in the

fossil record should be

different than those

found today.

•

 

The fossil record shows

the appearance,

change, and

extinction