UNIT-3 PROJECT ANALYSIS
ILA MEHTA
Assistant Professor
1.1.1. Machinery &
Equipment
Machinery & Equipment requirement depends upon the
production technology and plant capacity of the proposed project.
Steps to select machinery and equipment for a project:
1. Estimate levels of production over time 2. Define various machining and operations 3. Calculate machine hours required for each type of
operations
Types of Machinery and equipment:
1. Plant equipment
2. Mechanical equipment 3. Electrical equipment 4. Instruments
5. Controls and internal transportation system 6. Spare parts & tools
Things to be considered while selecting machinery and equipment:
1. Availability of power to rum machines 2. Transporting heavy equipment
3. Ease of use
4. Import policies of Govt. if the machines are to be imported from a foreign country
Factored affecting the procurement of machinery:
1. Quality of machinery
2. Level of technical sophistication 3. Reputation of supplier
4. Expected delivery schedule 5. Payment terms
Choice of Machinery
(with the example of an excavation project)
Size of the job: Larger volumes of excavation will require larger
excavators, or smaller excavators in greater number.
Activity time constraints: Shortage of time for excavation may force
contractors to increase the size or numbers of equipment for activities related to excavation.
Availability of equipment: Productivity of excavation activities will
diminish if the equipment used to perform them is available but not the most adequate.
Cost of transportation of equipment: This cost depends on the size of the
job, the distance of transportation, and the means of transportation.
Type of excavation: Principal types of excavation in building projects are
Soil characteristics: The type and condition of the soil is
important when choosing the most adequate equipment since each piece of equipment has different outputs for different soils. Moreover, one excavation pit could have different soils at different stratums.
Geometric characteristics of elements to be
excavated: Functional characteristics of different types of equipment makes such considerations necessary.
Space constraints: The performance of equipment is
influenced by the spatial limitations for the movement of excavators.
Characteristics of haul units: The size of an excavator will
depend on the haul units if there is a constraint on the size and/or number of these units.
Location of dumping areas: The distance between the
construction site and dumping areas could be relevant not only for selecting the type and number of haulers, but also the type of excavators.
Weather and temperature: Rain, snow and severe
1.1.2. Choice of Technology
WHY?
For manufacturing a product, more than one process/technology may be available.
For example, steel can be manufactured either by the
Bessemer process or by the open-hearth process.
Cement can be manufactured either by the wet process
Selection of Process/
Technology
Depends on quality and quantity of product.
If quantity increases then, mass production technique
with relevant technology is required.
Quality depends upon what use it is meant for. Eg:
(a) Any pharmaceutical grade product should have high quality and hence demands sophisticated
technology.
For technology, latest technology should be chosen
provided it has no constraints & proves successful for large scale production at factory.
Any technology protected by patent rights can be
purchased outright if the cost of acquisition is affordable.
The term ‘appropriate technology’ is the one
Appropriate Technology
Appropriate technology can be identified by asking the following questions:
1. Does the technology makes use of the locally available
raw material ?
2. Can the technology by implemented and maintained
by the locally available man power ?
3. Is the technology in tune with the local social and
cultural conditions ?
Approaches to project
implementation
Top-down approach
The top-down approach to defining project tasks involves starting
with the project goal or final deliverable, and breaking it down into smaller planning chunks. We call them work packages. Each of these work packages or “chunks” is further refined into greater detail, and then work items are assigned to team members.
The top-down approach works well when there’s clear insight into
the details of a project, and the leading project manager has a big-picture of how the project contributes to the organization.
The benefit of top-down is that the major tasks are quickly
The bottom-up approach
• The bottom-up approach to answering “what are the tasks” relies on project team members identifying the tasks and then organizing them into specific groups or work packages.
• If you applied a bottom-up approach to identify tasks for the software upgrade mentioned above, the entire project team would brainstorm all the tasks required to correctly upgrade the system. There’s also a greater chance that a team member will identify an operating system conflict or at least include a step to test that feature than in top-down planning. Ideas get flowing and tasks can be written top-down on sticky note pads or index cards. All these tasks can then be logically grouped into categories that make up each work package.
• The bottom-up approach results in a more detailed schedule, but it’s also a time-consuming approach compared with the top-down task planning approach. The schedule you create is based on direct input from experts who will be implementing the project; it’s also a useful technique to build teamwork.
Project implementation plan
includes:
The following methods may be used to answer the
above questions:
Gantt chart
Critical Path Method (CPM) or Net work analysis
Project Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT)
What is a GANTT Chart?
The Gantt chart is also referred to as the progress
chart.
It is a chart showing the timing of project activities
using horizontal bars.
It is one of the techniques of project scheduling,
How to determine a GANTT
chart
Determine the parts or implementation phases of the
project and the sequence in which the associated activities shall be carried out
Then estimate the amount of time required for each
activity
List the activities that can be carried out at the same
How to construct a GANTT
chart
Time represented on the horizontal axis, and activities on
the vertical axis.
Bars are entered to indicate the time period allocated for
1.2. Environmental Aspects
Often, the basic flaw in project planning and design
is the complete neglect or minimal consideration of environmental and social costs and dependence only on economic analysis for project preparation and investment.
A failure to understand and internalize adverse or
Environment management reduces the unforeseen
obstacles and bottlenecks that may otherwise
hamper the delivery of project objectives while helping to improve the environmental performance of project operations.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is
Example:
For Example, a forest ecosystem is a complete
FAQ : Environmental aspects
Surface water quality ?
Air quality ?
Seismology/geology impact?
Erosion ?
Land quality ?
Fisheries ?
Forests ?
Terrestrial wildlife ?
Noise?
Archaeological/historical significance ?
1.3. Structures and Civil
Works
Site preparation and development ( grading and levelling
of the site, demolition and removal of existing structure, relocation of existing pipelines, cables, roads, power lines etc. connection of public network like electric power, water, communications, transportations etc. )
Building and Structures ( involves construction of factory
or process building, ancillary buildings, administrative buildings, residential buildings)
Outdoor works ( involves the supply and distribution of
Technical Analysis of a project for buildings, structures
and civil works involves the preparation and development of site which includes
1. Grading and levelling of land
2. Demolition of existing structures
3. Relocation of pipeline, cables, roads 4. Reclamation of sewers and drainage 5. Connections for utilities
1.4. Project charts and
Layout
General functional layout
Material flow diagram
Production line diagram
Transport layout
Utility consumption layout
Communication layout
Organizational layout
General Functional Layout shows the functional
relationship between building, civil works and machines. It facilitates smooth and economical movement of raw materials, work in progress and finished products.
Material flow diagram shows the quantum of flow of
materials, work-in-progress, finished products etc. along with the basic flow of these items.
Product Line Diagram shows the production process
envisaged for the project. It also shows the vital information for the main machines and equipment's (description, location, foundation, space requirement, power and utilities required, distance between one centre to another etc.)
Plant Layout indicates the physical layout of the entire
Utility Consumption Layout shows main points of consumption of
utilities and the qualities and quantities required.
Transport Layout indicates the distance and means of
transportation outside the production line.
Communication layout shows how various departments of the
project are connected with the communication system.
Organization layout indicates the organization structure of the
project, the interrelationship between different departments and the manpower required for the various departments.
Plant Layout refers to the arrangement of physical facilities
