Palaeozoological Research

D. P a l a e o z o o l o g i c a l R e s e a r c h

t r a n s l a t e d by U . B U R E K , S. C H R U L E V a n d R . T H O M A S , Tübingen

1. M o l l u s c s

Comprehensive studies of Pleistocene l a n d - a n d freshwater molluscs have so far been largely restricted to the faunas of interglacial a n d Würmian glacial deposits, and to the history of postglacial faunas. A N T has reconstructed the postglacial history of changes in landsnail distributions in N W - G e r m a n y a n d Westphalia ( A N T 1 9 6 3 a , 1967). The present d a y fauna consists of a preexisting f a u n a ( " U r f a u n a " ) together with postglacial immi­ grants. The elements of the " U r f a u n a " are eurythermal species, which were a l r e a d y living in N W - G e r m a n y during Würm G l a c i a t i o n . These species comprise about 24 °/o of the present d a y fauna. In the South G e r m a n periglacial region this portion is rather higher. Microclimatic conditions must have been more f a v o u r a b l e in this region, presumably because the influence of the alpine ice mass w a s not as strong as t h a t of the continental ice sheet to the north. There were m a n y ecological niches whose local climates were more f a v o u r a b l e for the s u r v i v a l of such species. A l o n g the south coast of E n g l a n d , S W of the l a n d connection with the continent, several m i g r a n t species s u r v i v e d (Atlanto-Britannic F a u n a ) . In the forested region west of the U r a l s , the species wich t o d a y constitute the Siberio-Asiatic F a u n a survived, while the immigrant species of the Mediterranean F a u n a s u r v i v e d on the E - c o a s t of Spain, on the W-coast of Italy and S E - E u r o p e . It is not yet certain where some of the immigrant species lived during the g l a c i a t i o n ; possibly these forms survived the ice a g e in S - G e r m a n y a n d the adjoining regions. D u r i n g the recoloni-sation of the former periglacial areas, not all of the species were a b l e to reestablish them­ selves in their former habitats. Nevertheless, 61 % of the living landsnails of N W -G e r m a n y are known from preglacial deposits, while 79 °/o of the modern species h a v e been recognized in the deposits of the v a r i o u s interglacials.

Studies of the history of postglacial landsnail distributions could resolve the questions raised by the glacial relics. There are no glacial relics among the landsnails of C e n t r a l E u r o p e . Species which have been identified as such have disjunct geographic distributions which are the result of postglacial climatic changes ( A t l a n t i k u m ) . T h e stenotopic S i b e r o -A s i a t i c species from the summits of the l o w mountains of C e n t r a l G e r m a n y are g o o d examples of this phenomenon ( A N T 1966).

Recent work on the deposits of the W ü r m glaciation shows m o r e and more clearly that the periglacial region was continously inhabited by landsnails ( R E M Y 1969). S e m i a r i d conditions in this region led to the u p w a r d movement of water through the soil during the glaciation. U n d e r these conditions loess soils p r o v i d e f a v o u r a b l e living conditions for landsnails. Thus the extensive deposits of loess contributed to the s u r v i v a l of a relatively rich fauna in this region. A b o u t 25 species of landsnails were able to survive the g l a c i a ­ tion in this biotope, in N W - G e r m a n y ( A N T 1969). Nevertheless, the climatic conditions in nearby regions, such as southern a n d southeastern G e r m a n y , must have been m o r e f a v o u r a b l e , since a d d i t i o n a l species which migrated into the periglacial area during rela­ tively short interstadial periods of climatic amelioration could o n l y have come from these

regions. Some of the species of the Striata f a u n a were such m i g r a n t s . These regions were refuges for such species during the times of m a x i m u m glaciation. L i k e w i s e certain areas of the Alps and even S c a n d i n a v i a (ice free nunataks), as well as parts of the coast of N W - S c a n d i n a v i a influenced by the G u l f Stream should be considered as possible refuges for some species ( A N T 1 9 6 9 ) .

Studies of the moisture requirements of several snail species ( A N T 1963a) a n d the relationship between shell-bearing snails and the composition o f the soil (M. a n d K . B R U N N A C K E R 1959a) explain the a b u n d a n c e of both species and individuals. In general, favourable conditions of air a n d soil moisture lead to an increase in the number of species. Soil moisture depends p r i m a r i l y on the structure of the soil; loess soils are g o o d for snails, but clay soils are u n f a v o u r a b l e , especially since they p r o v i d e difficult condi­ tions for the sliding movements o f the snails. T h e numbers of species and individuals in forests increase from " p s e u d o g l e y " to "mullrendzina" soils, while on soils with low carbonate contents the number of species and individuals decrease with increasing acidity.

Systematic investigations of the abundance and distribution of molluscs in glacial sections have so far only been m a d e on the deposits of the Würm glaciation in the Rhine V a l l e y ( R E M Y 1969). D u r i n g the deposition of the early Würm humus zones a temperate-steppe fauna (Striata fauna) occupied this region. T h e relatively dry, cold climate of the middle and younger Würm is then represented b y the Pupilla f a u n a . Sediments deposited in wetter environments are characterised by greater abundance of both species a n d indi­ viduals. D u r i n g short periods of climatic amelioration the Striata f a u n a became i m p o v e r ­ ished, while during periods of extreme cold species tolerant of these conditions (for ex­ a m p l e , P. loessica and C . columella) a p p e a r . Surprisingly, the most cold-tolerant faunas are sometimes associated with soils which formed in wet environments. H o w e v e r , at certain horizons, the abundance of snail shells seems not only to increase with the moisture content of the soil; it is also related to periods of non-deposition on the loess. The p r i m a r y pur pose of studies of the molluscs f a u n a s is to answer climatic and stratigraphie questions. In the southern G e r m a n area, M . a n d K . B R U N N A C K E R (1956, 1959b, 1962), D E H M ( 1 9 7 1 ) , H A E S S L E I N ( 1 9 5 8 a , b, 1959a, b) a n d M U N Z I N G ( 1 9 6 3 , 1966a, b , 1 9 6 8 , 1970) h a v e been able to characterise the climatic a n d ecological conditions under which several deposits accumulated, by means of faunal analyses. For the most part these faunas are from inter­ glacial and postglacial sediments. F a u n a l analyses from adjacent regions are also a v a i l ­ able, and these have contributed to our understanding of the ecological and climatic con­ ditions over a wider area. A late-Pleistocene loess profile in N o r t h Hessen has been studied by H U C K R I E D E and J A C O B S H A G E N ( 1 9 6 3 ) ; a fauna of the W ü r m glaciation from Westphalia by A N T ( 1 9 6 8 ) ; and a f a u n a of the Holstein Interglacial from the lower Rhine by K E M P F ( 1 9 6 8 ) .

Recently, rather more detailed studies of the molluscan f a u n a o f the Mosbach S a n d h a v e been m a d e by G E I S S E R T ( 1 9 7 0 ) . T h e conclusions already d r a w n b y other p a l a e o n t o ­ logists on the basis of the m a m m a l f a u n a were largely substantiated. The m i d d l e M o s ­ bach S a n d is characterised by an interglacial f a u n a , while species tolerant of extreme glacial conditions (C. columella a n d V. tenuilabris) occur in the u p p e r Mosbach S a n d . These cold-tolerant species are a c c o m p a n i e d b y a rich fauna of B o r e a l - A l p i n e freshwater molluscs as well as species t y p i c a l of steppes a n d treeless l a n d s c a p e s . The identification of the fauna discovered by W E N Z ( 1 9 1 4 ) at the base of the m i d d l e Mosbach S a n d with C . columella is not well established. Thus the existence of a cold period preceding the w a r m Cromer interval in this region has not yet been p r o v e d on the basis of the faunas. H o w e v e r , these studies of the molluscs of the Mosbach Sands indicate that a more detailed subdivision of the Cromer Interglacial — Mindel G l a c i a l period can be m a d e . It should then be possible to m a k e more definite statements about the minor climatological changes which must h a v e occured a r o u n d the E a r l y — M i d d l e Pleistocene b o u n d a r y .

C o m p a r a t i v e analyses of loess faunas o f the v a r i o u s glacial periods from west-central E u r o p e show that the most marked decrease in temperature, or climatic deterioration occured in the Rhine V a l l e y region, during the Riss G l a c i a l (Columella faunas). It w a s at this time that the ice reached its m a x i m u m extent on the western p a r t of the European continent ( R E M Y 1 9 6 8 ) .

Less emphasis has been placed on studies of molluscan faunas from river and lake deposits, although f a v o u r a b l e conditions for the preservation of shells a r e common in these environments, a n d abundant m a t e r i a l can be obtained. Investigations o f the cley sediments at Jockrim ( G E I S S E R T 1967) a n d of the Mosbach molluscs ( G E I S S E R T 1 9 7 0 ) should lead to more comprehensive studies of the South G e r m a n riversystems. O n the north side of the Rheinischen Schiefergebirge, the extensive studies of S T E U S L O F F on the right-hand tributaries o f the Rhine a r e being continued ( A N T 1 9 6 3 a ) . T h e p o s t - g l a c i a l history of recolonisation of the lakes a n d rivers is being studied in Hessen a n d N o r t h G e r m a n y by H U C K R I E D E ( 1 9 6 5 ) , H U C K R I E D E and B E R D A U ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

These and other studies should lead t o a better understanding of the distribution in space and time of the individual species. These in turn will facilitate the evolution of specific ecological a n d climatic contentions. E v i d e n t l y , local ecological a n d climatic conditions, influenced b y different regional factors, caused repeated changes in faunal compositions, they should nevertheless in m a n y cases be sufficient for the differentiation of discrete time intervals a n d faunal provinces.

2. M a m m a l s

T h e emphasis in research is placed in the systematic investigation of m i c r o - m a m m a l i a n f a u n a s from cave- a n d fissure deposits, a s well as of faunas from established localities (for example Mosbach near Wiesbaden). A n i m a l groups a n d individual species have also contributed to this research. Questions which elucidate ecology, climate a n d stratigraphy are p a r a m o u n t . B u t of course due to their very nature the question of genetic d e v e l o p ­ ment in mammals is of special interest.

Investigations of f a u n a s from c a v e a n d fissure deposits have been extensively under­ taken in recent years. Whereby emphasis has been layed on such deposits from the S u e v i a n and F r a n c o n i a n J u r a s s i c ( B R U N N E R , D E H M , H E L L E R , V . K O E N I G S W A L D ) . In this connection m i c r o m a m m a l s play a very i m p o r t a n t roll, as they a r e employed more a n d m o r e for the d r a w i n g u p of boundaries ( J A N O S S Y 1 9 6 1 , 1969; H E L L E R 1969). H e r e the p e r i o d from lower Pleistocene to the e a r l y MiddlePleistocene (Cromer I n t e r g l a c i a l / M i n -del G l a c i a l ) has been the focal point o f our attention. A s yet the exact a g e of most f a u n a s is uncertain, since for the w a r m e r a n d cooler faunas the C r o m e r Interglacial w a s considered, were as for faunas characterised by cold climates the Mindel G l a c i a l w a s employed. A n exact differentiation of t h e stratigraphie sequence for this period time is a prerequisite to classify faunas of cooler climatic conditions, not only in the C r o m e r Interglacial but p e r h a p s also in the far m o r e differentiated Mindel with its divers changes from warmer to colder periods. Where t o place the b o u n d a r y d i v i d i n g the C r o m e r i a n from older deposits must remain undecided a t the moment. O b v i o u s l y colder tolerant f a u n a s or such faunas as can (on account of their climatic features) be clearly seperated from the main faunal element lack as yet a stratigraphical clear position.

I n recent years o u r knowledge of the fauna from the Mosbach S a n d s has been considerably extended. O l d collections h a v e been restudied and compiled in m o n o g r a p h s ( K A H L K E 1960, 1 9 6 1 ) . A considerable a m o u n t has been collected since the 2. w o r l d w a r ;

however, the larger p a r t of this material bears no stratigraphical particulars, a fact which m a k e s the interpretation of faunal development difficult a n d in p a r t impossible. Similar the exact stratigraphie classification, as well as attributing of faunal elements to certain climatic phases was rendered difficult. A n interesting fact is the certain evidence that the Ren belongs within the Mosbach S a n d s ( K A H L K E 1963, K A H L K E & W E I S M A N T E L 1961), which first grains its full importance when the age of the locality can be unequivocal stated.

Alone the investigations of the elephant fauna ( G U E N T H E R 1968, 1969) demonstrate t h a t the deposition of the Mosbach complex must have extended over a considerable period of time. According to G U E N T H E R ' S investigations the Mosbach S a n d s w o u l d extend far back to the beginnings of the Pleistocene, perhaps even into the uppermost Pliocene (Asti ?). O n the other hand the upper Mosbach beds must, according to the same author, extent to within the younger Elster G l a c i a l or even into the older p a r t of the S a a l e glacia­ tion. A c c o r d i n g to this point of view this area of sedimentation would h a v e existed for the entire lower and for the greater p a r t of the middle Pleistocene.

It is of interest to note that according to latest investigations ( S C H U T T 1970, 1971)

some older forms persist until high up in this depositional complex (for e x a m p l e Hyaena

perrieri, Acinonyx pardinensis); this means that older forms d o not necessarily indicate great age of the beds in question. They rather indicate considerable stratigraphie extent. T h e Central European genus Mimomys dies out in the upper C r o m e r Interglacial ( H E L L E R 1969, J A N O S S Y 1969). P r o b a b l y all ancient forms represented in the Mosbach fauna m i g r a ­ ted from the Rhine - Main area during the Mindel-Elster G l a c i a l era. With the onset of the Mindel-Elster G l a c i a l in Central E u r o p e there would a p p e a r to be a not inconsider­ able faunal caesura. T h e younger more a d a p t e d forms were a l r e a d y extinct at this time due to the restriction of their a d a p t i o n s . A number of forms occuring in the Mosbach S a n d s exhibit closer relations to recent rather as to ancient forms ( B A H L O <SC M A L E C 1 9 6 9 , B A H L O 1 9 7 1 , H E M M E R & S C H U T T 1969, T O B I E N 1957, K A H L K E 1 9 6 1 , G U E N T H E R 1968, H E L L E R 1969, S C H U T T 1971). S o m e transitional forms are obviously restricted to short

periods of time: Panthera pardus sickenbergi — a leopard form from the socalled Mos­

bachium ( S C H U T T 1969a). In which period did their a d a p t i o n take place? T h e vole

assosiation of the middle Mosbach S a n d s characterised by Arvicola, Pitymus Microtus

should be looked upon as a cool to temperate fauna, but certainly not as a cold-tolerant

fauna due to the true mice of the genus Apodemus. Vole forms such as Arvicola (arising

from Mimomys) should be taken as indication (see also the Ren locality) that the period of the m i d d l e Mosbach S a n d s with the main fauna must h a v e been proceeded by colder periods ( H E L L E R 1969).

K . D . A D A M (1961) a n d E . R Ü T T E ( 1 9 6 7 ) stressed the uniformity of the C r o m e r complex. Recent investigations suggest, that subdivisions within the Mosbach S a n d s will become possible, since some ancient species g r a d u a l l y die out and modern forms which in p a r t conform to recent species a p p e a r . In this connection it does not a p p e a r that regional climatic factors lead to this change in the fauna, but rather the consequences of a true changing a d a p t i o n a l process ( H E L L E R 1 9 6 9 ) . Especially the Rhine-Main area would not a p p e a r before the Mindel glacial to have been affected by any decisive climatic in­ fluences resulting from a noticably cold climate. This means that in this area quite ancient forms could maintain themselves. A p a r t of it were p r o b a b l y driven out by more modern

forms than b y the hardships of a glacial climate. Hippopotamus certainly succumbed to

climatic changes, since the occurence of this form appears to be restricted to a period of time prior to the Mindel glacial ( A D A M 1965). The exact investigation of the Mosbach f a u n a a n d the entire stratal complex will be of importance for an elucidation of the upper Pleistocene riversystem in S W - G e r m a n y . Perhaps then specimens originating from

ex-posures on the west b a n k of the R h i n e could then be better interpreted and classified ( K u s s 1 9 6 1 ) .

T h e numerous faunal descriptions f r o m the loess ( J A C O B S H A G E N , H U C K R I E D E & J A C O B S -H A G E N 1 9 6 3 ; B O E C K E R , L E -H M A N & R E M Y 1 9 7 2 ; N O B I S 1 9 7 0 , R O T -H A U S E N 1 9 7 0 ) , c a v e a n d fissure deposits ( H E L L E R 1 9 6 0 , 1 9 6 3 , 1 9 6 4 , 1 9 6 6 ; S C H U T T 1 9 6 8 , 1 9 6 9 b ) , terrace deposits ( H E L L E R & B R U N N A C K E R 1 9 6 6 ) , volcanic tuffs ( K u s s & R A H M 1 9 6 7 ) a n d morain deposits of northern G e r m a n y ( G U E N T H E R 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 6 4 ) , are completing more a n d more the picture of the animal world of the Pleistocene. Publication of old specimens will give us sufficient material for an interpretation which will enable us to evaluate with greater authenticity the deposits and stages of the Pleistocene.

3. O s t r a c o d s

Ostracods are not rare in interglacial deposits. Extensive collections from fluviatile a n d lacustrine deposits within K e m p t e n — K r e f e l d beds ( = H o l s t e i n Interglacial) h a v e been collected from the Lower Rhine ( K E M P F 1 9 6 6 , 1 9 6 7 a ) . C o m p a r i s o n s with other faunas — i. e. from the P a l u d i n a beds of Berlin and other interglacial deposits — indicate that there are no special index forms a m o n g the ostracods.

Recently complete ostracod faunas h a v e been described from interstadial and stadial beds of the clay a n d loess quarry N e u w i e d e r basin ( K E M P F 1 9 6 7 b ) . J u s t as in present d a y s tundra areas numerous pools exist during the arctic summer, similar milieus should h a v e existed in periglacial areas of the Pleistocene. O s t r a c o d s which developed r a p i d l y could certainly have l i v e d during colder phases ( s t a d i a l ) , whereas forms which developed more slowly occur in the interstadial.

T h e extensive m a t e r i a l found permits us to d r a w u p ostracod d i a g r a m s . Ostracods are extensively used for the ecological a n d climatic interpretation of g l a c i a l deposits; perhaps ostracod diagrams c o u l d also prove stratigraphical interest.

B i b l i o g r a p h y 1. M o l l u s c s

ANT, H . : Faunistische, ökologische und tiergeographische Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung der Landschnecken in Nordwestdeutschland. — Abh. Landesmus. Naturkunde Münster, 25. J g . , 1—125, Münster 1963 (1963a).

— : Die würm-periglaziale Molluskenfauna des Lippe- und Ahse-Tales bei Hamm. — N . J b . Geol. Paläont. Mh. 1963, 77—86, Stuttgart 1963 (1963b).

— : Die Bedeutung der Eiszeiten für die rezente Verbreitung der europäischen Landgastropoden. — Malacologia, 5, 61—62, 1966.

— : Die Geschichte der westfälischen Landschneckenfauna. — Veröffentl. Naturw Vereinigung Lüdenscheid, H. 7, 35—47, 1967.

— : Zur würm-glazialen Überdauerung europäischer Landgastropoden in Eisrandnähe. — Mala­ cologia, 9, 249—250, 1969.

BRUNNACKER, M. & BRUNNACKER, K.: Die Molluskenfauna einiger Lößprofile im Donautal. — Geol. Bl. NO-Bayern, 6, 96—106, Erlangen 1956.

— : Gehäuseschneckenfauna und Boden. — Zool. Anz., 163, 128—134, Leipzig 1959 (1959 a). — : Die Molluskenfauna im Kalktuff von Egloffstein (nördl. Frankenalb). — Geol. Bl N O

-Bayern, 9, 135—140, Erlangen 1959 (1959 b).

— : Weitere Funde pleistozäner Molluskenfaunen bei München. — Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart, 13, 129—137, Öhringen/Württ. 1962.

DEHM, R.: Eine altpleistozäne Spaltenfüllung von Weißenburg in Bayern und ihre Mollusken­ fauna. — Mitt. Bayer. Staatssammlung Paläont. hist. Geol., 11, 77—85, 1971.

GEISSERT, F.: Fossile Pflanzenreste und Mollusken aus dem Tonlager von Jockgrim in der Pfalz. — Mitt. bad. Landesver. Naturkde. u. Naturschutz, N . F. 9, 4 4 3 — 4 5 8 , Freiburg i. Br. 1 9 6 7 . — : Mollusken aus den pleistozänen Mosbacher Sanden bei Wiesbaden (Hessen). — Mainzer N a ­

turw. Arch., 9, 1 4 7 — 2 0 3 , Mainz 1 9 7 0 .

HAESSLEIN, L . : Bemerkenswertes Helicigona-Vorkommen im Diluvium einer fränkischen Höhle. — Arch. Molluskenkde., 87, 3 7 — 4 0 , Frankfurt a. M. 1 9 5 8 ( 1 9 5 8 a).

— : Molluska In: BRUNNER, G.: Nachtrag zur Breitenberghöhle bei Gößweinstein (Ofr.). — N . Jb. Geol. Paläont., Mh., 5 1 4 , Stuttgart 1 9 5 8 ( 1 9 5 8 b).

— : Mollusken. In: BRUNNER, G.: Der Schmiedberg-Abri bei Hirschberg (Oberpfalz). — Paläont. Z. 33, 1 5 8 — 1 5 9 , 1 9 5 9 ( 1 9 5 9 a ) .

— : Die Mollusken. In: BRUNNER, G.: Das Reichentalloch bei Hirschbach (Opf.). — Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart, 10, 5 6 — 6 4 , Öhringen/Württ. 1 9 5 9 ( 1 9 5 9 b).

HUCKRIEDE, R.: Eine frühholozäne ruderatus-Fauna im Amöneburger Becken (Mollusca, Hessen). — Notizbl. hess. L.-Amt Bodenforsch., 93, 1 9 6 — 2 0 6 , Wiesbaden 1 9 6 5 .

HUCKRIEDE, R. & BERDAU, D . : Die süd- und westeuropäische Flußperlmuschel Margaritifera auri-cularia (SPENGLER) im Holozän von Hannover. — Geologica et Palaeontologica, 4, 1 9 5 — 2 0 1 , Marburg 1 9 7 0 .

HUCKRIEDE, R. & JACOBSHAGEN, V.: Eine Faunenfolge aus dem jungpleistozänen Löß bei Bad Wil­ dungen. 2 . Die Fundschichten. — Abh. hess. L.-Amt Bodenforsch., 44, 9 3 — 1 0 5 , Wiesbaden 1 9 6 3 .

KEMPF, E. K . : Mollusken aus dem Holstein-Interglazial des Niederrheingebietes. — Arch. Mollus­ kenkunde, 98, 1 — 2 2 , 1 9 6 8 .

MUNZING, K : Mollusken aus Kalktuffen in der Umgebung von Niedereschach (Ldkr. Villingen). — Mitt. Bad. Landesver. Naturkde. u. Naturschutz, N . F. 8, 4 0 9 — 4 1 0 , Freiburg/Br. 1 9 6 3 — : Quartäre Molluskenfaunen aus Baden-Württemberg. — Jh. Geol. Landesamt Baden-Württ.,

8, 4 7 — 6 2 , Freiburg/Br. 1 9 6 6 ( 1 9 6 6 a ) .

— : Eine molluskenführende Pleistozänterrasse im Tal der Großen Lauter (Schwäbische Alb). — Jber. u. Mitt. oberrh. geol. Ver., N . F. 48, 2 5 — 3 0 , Stuttgart 1 9 6 6 ( 1 9 6 6 b).

— : Molluskenfaunen aus altpleistozänen Neckarablagerungen. — J h . geol. Landesamt Baden-Württ., 10, 1 0 5 — 1 1 9 , Freiburg/Br. 1 9 6 8 .

— : Mollusken aus dem interglazialen Quellkalk von Hausen i. T. (Landkreis Stockach). — Mitt. bad. Landesver. Naturkde. u. Naturschutz, N . F. 10, 2 7 1 — 2 7 2 , Freiburg/Br. 1 9 7 0 .

REMY, H . : Zur Stratigraphie und Klimaentwicklung des jüngeren Pleistozäns in Mittel- und West­ europa unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Losses. — Decheniana, 121, 1 2 1 — 1 4 5 , Bonn 1 9 6 8 .

— : Würmzeitliche Molluskenfaunen aus Lößserien des Rheingaues und des nördlichen Rhein­ hessens. — Notizbl. hess. L.-Amt Bodenforsch., 97, 9 8 — 1 1 6 , Wiesbaden 1 9 6 9 .

2. M a m m a l s

ADAM, K . D.: Die Bedeutung der pleistozänen Säugetier-Faunen Mitteleuropas für die Geschichte des Eiszeitalters. — Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturk., 78, 1—34, Stuttgart 1 9 6 1 .

— : Neue Flußpferd-Funde am Oberrhein. — Jh. geol. Landesamt Baden-Württemberg, 7, 6 2 1 — 6 3 1 , Freiburg 1 9 6 5 .

BAHLO, E . : Cerviden-(Mammalia) Reste aus den Oberen Mosbacher Sanden (Mittelpleistozän) bei Wiesbaden (Hessen). — Abh. hess. L.-Amt Bodenforsch., 60 (Heinz-Tobien-Festschrift), 1 7 — 2 4 , Wiesbaden 1 9 7 1 .

BAHLO, E . & MALEC, F.: Insectivoren (Mammalia) aus den oberen Mosbacher Sanden (Mittelplei­ stozän) bei Wiesbaden-Biebrich/Hessen. —• Mainzer naturw. Arch., 8, 5 6 — 7 6 , Mainz 1 9 6 9 . BOEKER, M., v. LEHMANN, E. & REMY, H . : Uber eine Wirbeltierfauna aus den jüngsten würmzeit­ lichen Ablagerungen am Michelberg bei Ochtendung/Neuwieder Becken. — Decheniana, 124, 1 1 9 — 1 3 4 , Bonn 1 9 7 2 .

GUENTHER, E . W.: Pleistozäne Säugetiere in Schleswig-Holstein. — Z . f. Tierzüchtung u. Züch­ tungsbiologie, 77, 2 3 8 — 2 4 1 , 1 9 6 2 .

— : Säugetierreste aus eiszeitlichen Ablagerungen von Schleswig-Holstein. — Lauenburgische Hei­ mat, N . F. 45, 4 8 — 5 2 , 1 9 6 4 .

— : Elefantenbackenzähne aus den Mosbacher Sanden. — Mainzer naturw. Arch., 7, 5 5 — 7 3 , Mainz 1 9 6 8 .

— : Elefantenbackenzähne aus den Mosbacher Sanden II. Die Funde des Naturhistorischen Mu­ seums der Stadt Mainz. — Mainzer Naturw. Arch., 8, 7 7 — 8 9 , Mainz 1 9 6 9 .

H E L L E R , Fl.: Das Diluvialprofil der Jungfernhöhle bei Tiefenellern, Landkreis Bamberg. — Er­ langer geol. Abh., 34, 3 — 1 7 , Erlangen 1 9 6 0 .

— : Ein bedeutsames Quartärprofil in einer Höhlenruine bei Hunas/Hartmannshof (Nördliche Frankenalb). — 2 . Vorbericht — Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart, 14, 1 1 — 1 1 6 , Öhringen/Württ. 1 9 6 3 .

— : Eine fossilführende Karstschlotte mit Jung-Mammut-Resten bei Langenaltheim/Mfr. — Geol. Bavarica, 53, 1 0 2 — 1 2 8 , München 1 9 6 4 .

— : Die Fauna von Hunas (nördliche Frankenalb) im Rahmen der deutschen Quartärfaunen. — Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart, 17, 1 1 3 — 1 1 7 , Öhringen 1 9 6 6 .

— : Eine Kleinsäugerfauna aus den mittleren Mosbacher Sanden bei Wiesbaden-Biebrich/Hessen. — Mainzer Naturw. Arch., 8, 2 5 — 5 5 , Mainz 1 9 6 9 .

H E L L E R , Fl. & BRUNNACKER, K . : Halsbandlemming-Reste aus einer Oberen Mittelterrasse des Rheines bei Niederaußem. — Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart, 17, 9 7 — 1 1 2 , Öhringen/Württ. 1 9 6 6 . HEMMER, H . & SCHUTT, G . : Ein Unterkiefer von Panthera gombaszoegensis (KRETZOI, 1 9 3 8 ) aus

den Mosbacher Sanden. — Mainzer Naturw. Arch., 8, 9 0 — 1 0 1 , Mainz 1 9 6 9 .

JACOBSHAGEN, E., H U C K R I E D E , R. & JACOBSHAGEN, V.: Eine Faunenfolge aus dem jungpleistozänen Löß bei Bad Wildungen. — Abh. hess. L.-Amt Bodenforsch., 44, 5 — 1 0 5 , Wiesbaden 1 9 6 3 . JÄNOSSY, D.: Die Entwicklung der Kleinsäugerfauna Europas im Pleistozän (Insectivora, Rodentia,

Lagomorpha). — Z. Säugetierkde., 26, 1 — 1 1 , Berlin 1 9 6 1 .

— : Stratigraphische Auswertung der europäischen mittelpleistozänen Wirbeltierfauna. Teil 1. — Ber. deutsch. Ges. geol. Wiss., A, Geol. Paläont., 14, 3 6 7 — 4 3 8 , Berlin 1 9 6 9 .

KAHLKE, H . D.: Die Cervidenreste aus den altpleistozänen Sanden von Mosbach (Bieberich-Wies­ baden). Teil 1. Die Geweihe, Gehörne und Gebisse. — Abh. deutsch. Akad. Wiss., Kl. Che­ mie, Geol., Biol. 1 9 5 9 , 7, 7 5 S., Berlin 1 9 6 0 .

— : Revision der Säugetierfaunen der klassischen deutschen Pleistozän-Fundstellen von Süßen­ born, Mosbach und Taubach. — Geologie, 10, 4 9 3 — 5 3 2 , Berlin 1 9 6 1 .

— : Rangifer aus den Sanden von Mosbach. — Paläont. Z., 37, 2 7 7 — 2 8 2 , Stuttgart 1 9 6 3 .

KAHLKE, H . D. & WEISMANTEL, J . : Rentierfund im Rhein-Main-Gebiet. — Das neue Mainz, Wirtschaft, Verkehr, Kultur, 5, 1 9 6 1 .

Kuss, S.: Ein Beitrag zur Pleistozän-Fauna von Herxheim/Pfalz. — Ber. Naturf. Ges. Freiburg i. Br., 51, 1 4 5 — 1 4 8 , Freiburg 1 9 6 1 .

Kuss, S. & RAHM, G : Eine jungpleistozäne Fauna aus dem West-Eifeler Vulkan Hasenberg bei Trittscheid. — Trierer Zeitschr. f. Geschichte u. Kunst d. Trierer Landes u. seiner Nachbar­ gebiete, 30. Jg., Trier 1 9 6 7 .

NOBIS, G.: Equiden aus dem Löß von Kärlich (Neuwieder Becken). — Mainzer Naturw. Arch., 9, 2 9 7 — 3 0 2 , Mainz 1 9 7 0 .

ROTHAUSEN, K . : Praemegaceros portis, 1 9 2 0 (Cervidae, Mamm.) als wichtiger stratigraphischer Beleg im Quartär von Kärlich/Neuwieder Becken (Mittelrhein). — Mainzer Naturw. Ärch., 9, 3 0 3 — 3 1 7 , Mainz 1 9 7 0 .

RÜTTE, E . : Die Cromer-Wirbeltierfundstelle Würzburg-Schalksberg. — Abh. Naturwiss. Ver. Würzburg, 8, ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 1 — 2 6 , Würzburg 1 9 7 0 .

SCHUTT, G.: Ein jungpleistozäner Leopardenfund aus der Baumannshöhle bei Rübeland im Harz. — Mitt. Geol. Inst. T U Hannover, 8, 1 0 2 — 1 1 5 , Hannover 1 9 6 8 .

— : Panthera pardus sickenbergi n. subsp. aus den Maurer Sanden. — N . J b . Geol. Paläont. Mh., J g . 1 9 6 9 , 2 9 9 — 3 1 0 , Stuttgart 1 9 6 9 ( 1 9 6 9 a ) .

— : Die jungpleistozäne Fauna der Höhlen bei Rübeland im Harz. — Quartär, 20, 7 9 — 1 2 5 , 1 9 6 9 ( 1 9 6 9 b).

— : Ein Gepardenfund aus den Mosbacher Sanden (Altpleistozän, Wiesbaden). — Mainzer N a ­ turw. Arch., 9, 1 1 8 — 1 3 1 , Mainz 1 9 7 0 .

— : Die Hyaenen der Mosbacher Sande (Altpleistozän, Wiesbaden/Hessen). — Mit einem Beitrag zur Stammesgeschichte der Gattung Crocuta. — Mainzer Naturw. Arch., 10, 2 9 — 7 6 , Mainz 1 9 7 1 .

TOBIEN, H . : Cuon HODG. und Gulo FRISCH (Carniv.) aus den altpleistozänen Sanden von Mos­ bach bei Wiesbaden. — Acta Zool. cracoviensia, 2, 4 3 3 — 4 5 0 , Krakau 1 9 5 7 .

3. O s t r a c o d s

KEMPF, E. K . : Das Holstein-Interglazial von Tönisberg im Rahmen des niederrheinischen Pleisto­ zäns. — Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart, 17, 5 — 6 0 , Öhringen 1 9 6 6 .

— : Ostrakoden aus dem Holstein-Interglazial von Tönisberg (Niederrheingebiet). — Monatsber. Dtsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 9, 1 1 9 — 1 3 9 , Berlin 1967 ( 1 9 6 7 a).

— : Ilyocypris schwarzbachi n. sp. (Crustacea, Ostracoda) und ein vorläufiges Ostrakoden-Dia-gramm aus dem pleistozänen Löß von Kärlich (Neuwieder Becken). — Sonderveröff. Geol. Inst. Univ. Köln, 13 (Schwarzbach-Heft) 6 5 — 7 9 , Köln 1 9 6 7 ( 1 9 6 7 b).

Manuscript received October 5, 1 9 7 2 . Address of the author: Dr. H . Remy, Institut für Paläontologie, 5 3 Bonn, Nussallee 8.