General Exception

GENERAL

GENERAL

EXCEPTIONS

EXCEPTIONS

• Chapter IV of the PC provides for ‘Chapter IV of the PC provides for ‘generalgeneral

e!eptions" to

e!eptions" to !ri#inal li!ri#inal lia$ilit%a$ilit%&&

• General e!eptions" provide a !o#plete defen!eGeneral e!eptions" provide a !o#plete defen!e

to a !ri#inal !harge& to a !ri#inal !harge&

•

Chapter IV of the IPC deals (i

Chapter IV of the IPC deals (ith the Generalth the General E!eptions) !o#prising of Se!tions *+ to ,-+& It E!eptions) !o#prising of Se!tions *+ to ,-+& It ee#pts a person for# !ri#inal lia$ilit% even if ee#pts a person for# !ri#inal lia$ilit% even if he has !o##itted the

he has !o##itted the actus reusactus reus(ith the(ith the re./ired

re./ired mens reamens rea& These 0General E!eptions1& These 0General E!eptions1 are availa$le to all o2en!es&

O$3e!t of Chapter IV

O$3e!t of Chapter IV

• Therefore the o$3e!ts of this !hapterTherefore the o$3e!ts of this !hapter !an $e s/##arised as4

!an $e s/##arised as4

• ,& ,& TTo o identiidentif% f% the the e!epe!eptionaltional

!ir!/#stan!es $% (hi!h a person !an !ir!/#stan!es $% (hi!h a person !an es!ape !ri#inal lia$ilit% and

es!ape !ri#inal lia$ilit% and

• 5& 5& TTo o re#re#ove ove the the ne!ene!essit% ssit% ofof

repeating the e!eptions for ever% repeating the e!eptions for ever% o2en!e) there$% #a6ing the Code o2en!e) there$% #a6ing the Code si#pler and strea#lined&

Str/!t/re of Chapter IV

Str/!t/re of Chapter IV

• The general e!eptions areThe general e!eptions are

$roadl% divided into 5 !ategories $roadl% divided into 5 !ategories na#el%)

na#el%)

• ,& ,& E!/sa$le E!/sa$le a!ta!t

•

E!/sa$le a!t

E!/sa$le a!t

•

9

9 Infan!%: Infan!%: S& S& ;5) ;5) ;<;<

• 9 9 Intoi!ation Intoi!ation = = S& S& ;>) ;>) ;+;+ • 9 9 Insanit% Insanit% = = S& S& ;?;?

•

7/sti8a$le a!t

7/sti8a$le a!t

9

9 A!t A!t of of a a 3/dge3/dge 9

9 A!t A!t done done in in the the p/rs/an!e p/rs/an!e of of anan order order 9 Ne!essit% 9 Ne!essit% 9 @/ress 9 @/ress 9

9 Consent Consent either either (ith (ith or or (itho/tB(itho/tB 9

• The e!eption of an e!/sa$le a!t e!/ses aThe e!eption of an e!/sa$le a!t e!/ses a

!lass of persons fro# !ri#inal lia$ilit% even if !lass of persons fro# !ri#inal lia$ilit% even if anan a!t is an o2en!e& This is generall% d/e to the a!t is an o2en!e& This is generall% d/e to the a$sen!e of

a$sen!e of mens reamens rea& Therefore even if a person& Therefore even if a person !o##its the

!o##its the actus reusactus reus) d/e to the a$sen!e) d/e to the a$sen!e of

of mens reamens rea he (ill $e e!/sed& he (ill $e e!/sed&

• @/e to the @/e to the presen!e of !ertain !ir!/#stan!e anpresen!e of !ertain !ir!/#stan!e an

a!t is !onsidered an e!eption as

a!t is !onsidered an e!eption as 3/di!iall%3/di!iall% 3/sti8a$le&

3/sti8a$le& It !onsiders It !onsiders thethe actus reusactus reus done done along (ith the re./ired

along (ith the re./ired mens reamens reato $eto $e #eritorio/s or for the $etter& It pa%s #ore #eritorio/s or for the $etter& It pa%s #ore attention to the !ir!/#stan!es that govern the attention to the !ir!/#stan!es that govern the !o##ission of the said a!t&

ista6

ista6e of fa!t Se!& e of fa!t Se!& *+ D *B*+ D *B

• The t(o se!tions e!l/de a person fro#The t(o se!tions e!l/de a person fro#

!ri#inal lia$ilit% (hen the% are ignorant of !ri#inal lia$ilit% (hen the% are ignorant of the eisten!e of relevant fa!ts or have

the eisten!e of relevant fa!ts or have

#ista6en the# and !o##its a (rongf/l a!t #ista6en the# and !o##its a (rongf/l a!t for (hi!h he neither !o/ld foresee or

for (hi!h he neither !o/ld foresee or intended the /nla(f/l !onse./en!e& It is intended the /nla(f/l !onse./en!e& It is i#portant that the #is

i#portant that the #ista6e #/st $eta6e #/st $e

reasona$le and #/st pertain to the fa!t of reasona$le and #/st pertain to the fa!t of the !ase and not

the !ase and not the la(the la(& This is derived& This is derived fro# the legal #ai# 0

fro# the legal #ai# 0ignorantia fa!ti dothignorantia fa!ti doth e!/sat) ignorantia 3/ris non e!/sat

• Se!& *+ e!/ses a person Se!& *+ e!/ses a person fro#fro# !ri#inal lia$ili

!ri#inal lia$ilit% (ho) in to t% (ho) in to goodgood faith) !o##its an a!t (hi!h he faith) !o##its an a!t (hi!h he $elieves he is $o/nd to do so $elieves he is $o/nd to do so

/nder la() d/e to #ista6e of fa!t& /nder la() d/e to #ista6e of fa!t&

• Se!& *: A person a!ts $e!a/se heSe!& *: A person a!ts $e!a/se he thin6s there is

thin6s there is a legal 3/sti8!ationa legal 3/sti8!ation for the a!t he has

Fo/nd $% la( Fo/nd $% la(

• A soldier 8ring on a #o$ A soldier 8ring on a #o$ /nder the la(f/l/nder the la(f/l orders of his s/perior =

orders of his s/perior = This is an a!t (here theThis is an a!t (here the soldier is $o/nd $% la( to do so&

soldier is $o/nd $% la( to do so&

• An o!er of !o/rt is s/pposed to arrest X $/tAn o!er of !o/rt is s/pposed to arrest X $/t a!!identl% arrests H $elieving hi# to $e X = this a!!identl% arrests H $elieving hi# to $e X = this is a #ista6e of fa!t&

is a #ista6e of fa!t& • 7/sti8ed 7/sti8ed $% la($% la(

• Kiran Bedi v. Committee of Inquiry Kiran Bedi v. Committee of Inquiry 4 (here the4 (here the petitioner ref/sed to depose at the

petitioner ref/sed to depose at the $eginning$eginning of the en./ir% as she $e

of the en./ir% as she $e lieved that she !o/ldlieved that she !o/ld depose onl% at the end of the in./ir%&

Ingredients4

Ingredients4

• ,& 0ista6e of fa!t and not $% reason of a #ista6e,& 0ista6e of fa!t and not $% reason of a #ista6e

of la(14 of la(14

• This phrase in This phrase in the Se!tion #eans that a #ista6e ofthe Se!tion #eans that a #ista6e of fa!t is e!/sa$le) $/t a #ista6e of la( is not

fa!t is e!/sa$le) $/t a #ista6e of la( is not

e!/sa$le& It is the d/t% of ever% !itien of the land e!/sa$le& It is the d/t% of ever% !itien of the land to 6no( the la( of

to 6no( the la( of the land) and to $ehavethe land) and to $ehave

a!!ordingl%& If a person sa%s) 0I do not 6no( the a!!ordingl%& If a person sa%s) 0I do not 6no( the la( and d/e to not 6no(ing

la( and d/e to not 6no(ing the la(the la() I did the) I did the o2en!e&1 It is not

o2en!e&1 It is not e!/sa$le&e!/sa$le&

• Jo(ever) if a person did a (rongf/l a!t $% aJo(ever) if a person did a (rongf/l a!t $% a #ista6

#ista6e of fa!t (ith a good e of fa!t (ith a good faith and honest $elieffaith and honest $elief that he (as $o/nd to do) he

that he (as $o/nd to do) he #a#a% $e e!/sed& It is% $e e!/sed& It is pres/#ed that ever%one 6no(s the la( of the land& pres/#ed that ever%one 6no(s the la( of the land&

• Jale (rites4Jale (rites4

• 0Ignoran!e of the #/ni!ipal la( of the0Ignoran!e of the #/ni!ipal la( of the

Kingdo#) or of the penalt% there$% Kingdo#) or of the penalt% there$% ini!ted /pon o2enders) does not ini!ted /pon o2enders) does not e!/se an%

e!/se an%) that is ) that is of the age ofof the age of

dis!retion and !o#pos #entis) fro# the dis!retion and !o#pos #entis) fro# the penalt% of the $rea!h of itM $e!a/se

penalt% of the $rea!h of itM $e!a/se ever% person of the age of dis!retion: ever% person of the age of dis!retion: and !o#pos #entis is $o/nd to 6no( and !o#pos #entis is $o/nd to 6no( the la( and pres/#ed so to do&1

• 5& 0Good faith145& 0Good faith14

• The (ords 0good faith1 #eansThe (ords 0good faith1 #eans

0the a!t done (ith d/e !are

0the a!t done (ith d/e !are andand attention1& The% also in!l/de the attention1& The% also in!l/de the gen/ine $elief of the person& The gen/ine $elief of the person& The $/rden of proof lies /pon the

$/rden of proof lies /pon the person (ho (ants to ta6e the person (ho (ants to ta6e the shelter of good faith&

• <& 0In good faith $elieves hi# to $e $o/nd $%<& 0In good faith $elieves hi# to $e $o/nd $%

la(14 la(14

• This phrase #eans that the a!!/sed sho/ld $eThis phrase #eans that the a!!/sed sho/ld $e

in good faith and he #/st $e /nder !on8den!e in good faith and he #/st $e /nder !on8den!e that he (as $o/nd $% la( to do that a!t&

that he (as $o/nd $% la( to do that a!t&

• This Se!tion is #ainl% intended to safeg/ardThis Se!tion is #ainl% intended to safeg/ard

the s/$ordinates) (ho are !o#pelled to follo( the s/$ordinates) (ho are !o#pelled to follo( the s/perior"s orders) ill/strations aB and $B the s/perior"s orders) ill/strations aB and $B appended to Se!tion *+ also reveal the sa#e& appended to Se!tion *+ also reveal the sa#e& This Se!tion does not give prote!tion to those This Se!tion does not give prote!tion to those people (ho

people (ho a!t against the a!t against the la(la() i&e&) #ista6e) i&e&) #ista6e of la(&

• State of est Fengal vs& Shiv angal Singh ,;, CrL7State of est Fengal vs& Shiv angal Singh ,;, CrL7

,+;<B ,+;<B

• Frief a!ts4Frief a!ts4

• hile the poli!e (ere patrolling in the hile the poli!e (ere patrolling in the o/ts6irts of theo/ts6irts of the

to(n in the night) so#e

to(n in the night) so#e ar#ed people atta!6ed the#) andar#ed people atta!6ed the#) and an Assistant Co##issioner of Poli!e (as

an Assistant Co##issioner of Poli!e (as $adl% in3/red&$adl% in3/red&

• The @ep/t% Co##issioner of Poli!e ordered 8ring againstThe @ep/t% Co##issioner of Poli!e ordered 8ring against

the /n6no(n persons& T(o persons (ere died& The Co/rt the /n6no(n persons& T(o persons (ere died& The Co/rt held that the poli!e (ere prote!ted /nder Se!tion

held that the poli!e (ere prote!ted /nder Se!tion *+)*+) $eing the% (ere $o/nd to prote!t la( and order& $eing the% (ere $o/nd to prote!t la( and order&

• It does not #ean that ever% s/perior o!er"s 8ring orderIt does not #ean that ever% s/perior o!er"s 8ring order

is prote!ted $% Se!& *+ or *&

is prote!ted $% Se!& *+ or *& The order #/st $e given inThe order #/st $e given in good faith) and to prote!t the pea!e) la( and order& good faith) and to prote!t the pea!e) la( and order&

• Se!tion *+ IPC is also Se!tion *+ IPC is also appli!a$leappli!a$le

to private persons) (ho help the to private persons) (ho help the poli!e or other o!ers&

poli!e or other o!ers&

• Se!& ?5 of Cr&P&C& e#po(ers theSe!& ?5 of Cr&P&C& e#po(ers the

private persons to arrest a private persons to arrest a person s/spe!ted to have person s/spe!ted to have

!o##itted non:$aila$le o2en!e) !o##itted non:$aila$le o2en!e) and to apprehend s/!h person and to apprehend s/!h person and to handover hi# to the

and to handover hi# to the nearest poli!e station&

• Pro$le#:4Pro$le#:4

• A) an o!er of a Co/rt of 7/sti!e)A) an o!er of a Co/rt of 7/sti!e)

$eing ordered $% that Co/rt to $eing ordered $% that Co/rt to arrest

arrest ) and ) and (itho/t (itho/t !ond/!ti!ond/!tingng d/e en./ir%) $elieving H to $e ) d/e en./ir%) $elieving H to $e ) arrests H& Is A lia$leQ

• Sol/tion4Sol/tion4

• The Ill/stration $B appended to Se!tionThe Ill/stration $B appended to Se!tion

*+ sho(s that A) an o!er of a Co/rt of *+ sho(s that A) an o!er of a Co/rt of 7/sti!e) $eing o

7/sti!e) $eing ordered $% that Co/rt tordered $% that Co/rt to arrest ) and after d/e en./ir%) $elieving arrest ) and after d/e en./ir%) $elieving H to $e ) arrests H&

H to $e ) arrests H&

• Jere A has !o##itted no o2en!e& F/t inJere A has !o##itted no o2en!e& F/t in

the a$ove given pro$le#) A) (itho/t the a$ove given pro$le#) A) (itho/t

!ond/!ting the en./ir% arrested H& Jen!e !ond/!ting the en./ir% arrested H& Jen!e in this pro$le#) A is lia$le) and not

in this pro$le#) A is lia$le) and not prote!ted /nder Se!& *+&

R v Gladstone Williams

R v Gladstone Williams ,;?B *; Cr& App& R& 5*+ ,;?B *; Cr& App& R& 5*+

•

The appellant (itnessed a #an atta!6 The appellant (itnessed a #an atta!6 a %o/th& Je r/shed to the aid of the a %o/th& Je r/shed to the aid of the %o/th and hit the atta!6er& In fa!t the %o/th and hit the atta!6er& In fa!t the_{%o/th had 3/st !o##itted a #/gging} %o/th had 3/st !o##itted a #/gging and the atta!6er had (restled hi# to and the atta!6er had (restled hi# to the gro/nd to prevent hi# es!aping& the gro/nd to prevent hi# es!aping& The appellant (as !onvi!ted of AFJ The appellant (as !onvi!ted of AFJ /nder s&?* of the O2en!es Against /nder s&?* of the O2en!es Against the Person A!t ,;+,&

• Je appealed !ontending that theJe appealed !ontending that the

trial 3/dge gave a #isdire!tion to trial 3/dge gave a #isdire!tion to the 3/r% in

the 3/r% in re./iring the #ista6ere./iring the #ista6e to $e a

to $e a reasona$l% held #ista6e&reasona$l% held #ista6e& Jeld4

Jeld4

The appeal (as allo(ed and the The appeal (as allo(ed and the appellants !onvi!tion (as

appellants !onvi!tion (as ./ashed&

• Pro$le#:4Pro$le#:4

• A) a #e#$er of the !re( of a ship) /nder theA) a #e#$er of the !re( of a ship) /nder the

orders of the Captain) thro(s ,+ #ale orders of the Captain) thro(s ,+ #ale

passengers into sea in order to save the ship passengers into sea in order to save the ship and !re( fro# $eing s/n6& Eplain (hat

and !re( fro# $eing s/n6& Eplain (hat o2en!e) if an%

o2en!e) if an%) has A !o##itted ) has A !o##itted in the a$ovin the a$ovee !ase&

!ase&

• Sol/tion4Sol/tion4

• A is held lia$le& The pro$le# is si#ilar toA is held lia$le& The pro$le# is si#ilar to

those fa!ts in the !ase Charan @as vs& State those fa!ts in the !ase Charan @as vs& State >5 PLR <<,B) in (hi!h the a!!/sed (as held >5 PLR <<,B) in (hi!h the a!!/sed (as held lia$le&

Frief fa!ts of that !ase

Frief fa!ts of that !ase

are

are

• 44

• The a!!/sed) (ho (as a !oThe a!!/sed) (ho (as a !onsta$le of the National Vol/nteernsta$le of the National Vol/nteer

Corps 8red a g/n in o$edien!e to an

Corps 8red a g/n in o$edien!e to an order $% a Javildar andorder $% a Javildar and 6illed a person&

6illed a person&

• The eviden!e proved that the !onsta$le 6ne( that theThe eviden!e proved that the !onsta$le 6ne( that the

de!eased (as inno!ent and (as inside the tent (here to his de!eased (as inno!ent and (as inside the tent (here to his 6no(ledge no o2en!e

6no(ledge no o2en!e (as !o##itted) and no dist/r$ing(as !o##itted) and no dist/r$ing #o$ (as !olle!ted) and (here there (as no s/!h other #o$ (as !olle!ted) and (here there (as no s/!h other allegations) e!ept that ga#$ling #ight $e going on& allegations) e!ept that ga#$ling #ight $e going on&

• The Co/rt held that the Consta$le (as not prote!ted /nderThe Co/rt held that the Consta$le (as not prote!ted /nder

Se!tions *+ and

Se!tions *+ and * of the * of the Code and (as lia$le foCode and (as lia$le for #/rderr #/rder&&

• The Co/rt opined that the Soldier sho/ld o$e% theThe Co/rt opined that the Soldier sho/ld o$e% the

instr/!tions of his o!er) $/t not $lindl%& Je sho/ld eer!ise instr/!tions of his o!er) $/t not $lindl%& Je sho/ld eer!ise his o(n 3/dg#ent in good faith) /nder the !ir!/#stan!es his o(n 3/dg#ent in good faith) /nder the !ir!/#stan!es appeared $efore hi#&

Gopalia Kaliaia% vs& State ,5<B 5+ Fo#B Gopalia Kaliaia% vs& State ,5<B 5+ Fo#B

• Frief a!ts4 A) a poli!e o!er) of theFrief a!ts4 A) a poli!e o!er) of the

s/rro/nding distri!t) (as ordered to s/rro/nding distri!t) (as ordered to arrest a (rong:doer& A (arrant (as arrest a (rong:doer& A (arrant (as iss/ed on the na#e of (rong:doer& The iss/ed on the na#e of (rong:doer& The poli!e o!er

poli!e o!er #ade reasona$le in./iries#ade reasona$le in./iries arrested the !o#plainant) $elieving in arrested the !o#plainant) $elieving in good faith he (as the (rong:doer& good faith he (as the (rong:doer&

• The !o#plainant 8led a !ase against theThe !o#plainant 8led a !ase against the

o!er alleging that he (as (r

o!er alleging that he (as (rongf/ll%ongf/ll% !on8ned& The Co/rt held that the poli!e !on8ned& The Co/rt held that the poli!e o!er (as prote!ted /nder Se!& *+& o!er (as prote!ted /nder Se!& *+&

• Se!& *& A!t done $% a person 3/sti8ed or $% #ista6e ofSe!& *& A!t done $% a person 3/sti8ed or $% #ista6e of

fa!t $elieving hi#self 3/sti8ed $% la(4 fa!t $elieving hi#self 3/sti8ed $% la(4

• Nothing is an o2en!e (hi!h is done $% an% person (ho isNothing is an o2en!e (hi!h is done $% an% person (ho is

3/sti8ed $% la(

3/sti8ed $% la() or (ho $% reason of a #ista6e of fa!t and) or (ho $% reason of a #ista6e of fa!t and not $% reason of a #ista6e of la( in good faith) $elieves not $% reason of a #ista6e of la( in good faith) $elieves hi# to $e 3/sti8ed

hi# to $e 3/sti8ed $% la() in doing it&$% la() in doing it&

• Ill/stration4Ill/stration4

• A sees H A sees H !o##it (hat appears !o##it (hat appears to A to $e to A to $e a #/rdera #/rder& A) in& A) in

the eer!ise to the $est of his 3/dg#ent eerted in good the eer!ise to the $est of his 3/dg#ent eerted in good faith) of the po(er (hi!h the la( gives to all persons of faith) of the po(er (hi!h the la( gives to all persons of apprehending #/rderers in the fa!t) seies H) in order to apprehending #/rderers in the fa!t) seies H) in order to $ring H $efore the proper a/thorities& A has !o##itted no $ring H $efore the proper a/thorities& A has !o##itted no o2en!e tho/gh it #a% t/rn o/t that H (as a!ting in self: o2en!e tho/gh it #a% t/rn o/t that H (as a!ting in self: defen!e&

@istin!tion $et(een Ss&

@istin!tion $et(een Ss&

*+ and *4

*+ and *4

• There is a slight di2eren!eThere is a slight di2eren!e

$et(een these t(o Se!tions& In $et(een these t(o Se!tions& In Se!tion *+) the person is

Se!tion *+) the person is $o/nd$o/nd $% la(

$% la(M (hereas in Se!tion *)M (hereas in Se!tion *) the person is

the person is 3/sti8ed $% la( 3/sti8ed $% la( nder Se!& *+) the person is nder Se!& *+) the person is $o/nd $% a legal

$o/nd $% a legal o$ligation)o$ligation) (hereas /nder Se!& *) the (hereas /nder Se!& *) the

person is s/pposed to have legal person is s/pposed to have legal 3/sti8!ation& Foth the Se!tions 3/sti8!ation& Foth the Se!tions

State of Orissa vs& Khora Ghasi ,*; CrL7 ,<->B State of Orissa vs& Khora Ghasi ,*; CrL7 ,<->B Frief a!ts4

Frief a!ts4

• The a!!/sed:an agri!/lt/rist (as g/arding hisThe a!!/sed:an agri!/lt/rist (as g/arding his

#aie 8eld l%ing on a an!he spe!iall% #aie 8eld l%ing on a an!he spe!iall% !onstr/!ted in the agri!/lt/ral 8eldsB& Je !onstr/!ted in the agri!/lt/ral 8eldsB& Je o$served that one ani#al (as #oving in his o$served that one ani#al (as #oving in his 8eld& Je !ried& Inspite of his !r%ing) he

8eld& Je !ried& Inspite of his !r%ing) he

o$served that so#e ani#al (as #oving in the o$served that so#e ani#al (as #oving in the 8eld and !o#ing to(ards hi#&

8eld and !o#ing to(ards hi#&

• Je 8red his g/n& In fa!t) it (as not an ani#al)Je 8red his g/n& In fa!t) it (as not an ani#al)

$/t a person) (ho (as hiding there& The Co/rt $/t a person) (ho (as hiding there& The Co/rt held that the a!!/sed (as prote!ted /nder held that the a!!/sed (as prote!ted /nder Se!& * and also ;- A!!identB&

Keso Sah/ vs& Saligra# ,**

Keso Sah/ vs& Saligra# ,**

CrL7 ,*5> OrissaB

CrL7 ,*5> OrissaB

• Frief a!ts4Frief a!ts4

• The a!!/sed (as helping the !he!6:postThe a!!/sed (as helping the !he!6:post

a/thorities& Je stopped a $/llo!6:!art) a/thorities& Je stopped a $/llo!6:!art) s/spe!ting it !arr%ing s#/ggled ri!e& The s/spe!ting it !arr%ing s#/ggled ri!e& The a/thorities !a#e and inspe!ted the $/llo!6 a/thorities !a#e and inspe!ted the $/llo!6 !art and fo/nd nothing a$o/t s#/ggling& !art and fo/nd nothing a$o/t s#/ggling&

• The% per#itted The% per#itted the !o#plainant the !o#plainant to go a(to go a(a%a%&&

The !o#plaint 8led !ri#inal pro!eeding The !o#plaint 8led !ri#inal pro!eeding

alleging that he (as (rongf/ll% !on8ned& The alleging that he (as (rongf/ll% !on8ned& The Co/rt held that the a!!/sed (as prote!ted Co/rt held that the a!!/sed (as prote!ted /nder Se!& *&

E#peror vs& 7ag#ohan Th/6ral AIR ,?* All B E#peror vs& 7ag#ohan Th/6ral AIR ,?* All B

• Frief Frief a!ts4 The a!!/sed a!ts4 The a!!/sed (as passing(as passing

thro/gh a forest in a night& Je sa( the thro/gh a forest in a night& Je sa( the e%es of an ani#al $esides the $/shes and e%es of an ani#al $esides the $/shes and plants and 8red (ith his g/n&

plants and 8red (ith his g/n&

nfort/natel% t(o #ilitar% o!ers (ere nfort/natel% t(o #ilitar% o!ers (ere (o/nded (ith that g/n 8re&

(o/nded (ith that g/n 8re&

• There (as a #ilitar% !a#p in the forest inThere (as a #ilitar% !a#p in the forest in

that area& The a!!/sed did not 6no( a$o/t that area& The a!!/sed did not 6no( a$o/t the #ilitar% !a#p& Je (as tried for the the #ilitar% !a#p& Je (as tried for the

o2en!e /nder Se!& <-*& The Co/rt held that o2en!e /nder Se!& <-*& The Co/rt held that the a!!/sed (as prote!ted /nder

Ra# Fahad/r vs& State of Orissa AIR ,+- Ori& ,+,B Ra# Fahad/r vs& State of Orissa AIR ,+- Ori& ,+,B

• Frief a!ts4Frief a!ts4

• The a!!/sed (as a Nepali) and (as residing (ith hisThe a!!/sed (as a Nepali) and (as residing (ith his

#aster near the Aerodr/#& Je (as ne(

#aster near the Aerodr/#& Je (as ne( to thatto that

pla!e& That pla!e (as fa#o/s fo

pla!e& That pla!e (as fa#o/s for ghosts parti!/larl%r ghosts parti!/larl% on T

on T/esda% night& Je and /esda% night& Je and his #aster his #aster (ere anio/s (ere anio/s toto see ghosts and rea!hed the near$% so:!alled pl

see ghosts and rea!hed the near$% so:!alled pla!e ofa!e of

ghosts& ghosts&

• So#e neigh$o/rers also a!!o#panied (ith the# (ithSo#e neigh$o/rers also a!!o#panied (ith the# (ith

!/riosit%

!/riosit%& The% sa( & The% sa( so#e lights and so#e lights and felt that thosefelt that those (ere ghosts& I##ediatel% the a!!/sed r/shed to (ere ghosts& I##ediatel% the a!!/sed r/shed to !hase the ghosts and atta!6ed the#& In fa!t those !hase the ghosts and atta!6ed the#& In fa!t those (ere not ghosts) $/t those (ere

(ere not ghosts) $/t those (ere the #en !arr%ingthe #en !arr%ing

lights& Those #en (ere (o/nded& The a!!/sed (as lights& Those #en (ere (o/nded& The a!!/sed (as a!./itted and given $ene8t /nder Se!& *&

7/di!ial A!ts

7/di!ial A!ts

• A!t of 3/dge Se!& **B = this se!tion e!l/des aA!t of 3/dge Se!& **B = this se!tion e!l/des a 3/dge fro# !ri

3/dge fro# !ri#inal lia$#inal lia$ilit% (hen ilit% (hen he eer!ises hishe eer!ises his po(er given to hi# $% la( in good faith&

po(er given to hi# $% la( in good faith&

• A!t done in the p/rs/an!e of an order Se!& *;B =A!t done in the p/rs/an!e of an order Se!& *;B = this se!tion s/pple#ents se!& ** and prote!ts the this se!tion s/pple#ents se!& ** and prote!ts the #inisterial sta2 of the ‘Co/rts of 7/sti!e" (hen #inisterial sta2 of the ‘Co/rts of 7/sti!e" (hen the% ens/re that the 3/di!ial orders and dire!tions the% ens/re that the 3/di!ial orders and dire!tions given are !arried o/t e2e!tivel%&

given are !arried o/t e2e!tivel%&

• The ai# if the se!tion is to give i##/nit% to theThe ai# if the se!tion is to give i##/nit% to the 3/dges (hen th

3/dges (hen the% a!t in the% a!t in their 3/di!iaeir 3/di!ial !apa!it% l !apa!it% toto ens/re independen!e of the 3/di!iar% and ena$le ens/re independen!e of the 3/di!iar% and ena$le the# to dis!harge their f/n!tions (itho/t fear of the# to dis!harge their f/n!tions (itho/t fear of !onse./en!es&

• Se! ** ai#s at prote!ting a!ts of a 3/dge asSe! ** ai#s at prote!ting a!ts of a 3/dge as de8ned in Se! , of IPCB&

de8ned in Se! , of IPCB&

• 9 9 Je Je #/st #/st $e $e a!ting a!ting 3/di!iall%: 3/di!iall%: The The a!t a!t #/st#/st $e done in !o/rse

$e done in !o/rse of the dis!harge of his of the dis!harge of his 3/di!ial3/di!ial po(ers& In

po(ers& In Anowar Hussein v Anowar Hussein v. Ajoy K. Ajoy Kumar umar ) the) the S/pre#e Co/rt fo/nd the a!!/sed a!ting in S/pre#e Co/rt fo/nd the a!!/sed a!ting in hishis ee!/tive a/thorit% and not 3/di!iall% and hen!e ee!/tive a/thorit% and not 3/di!iall% and hen!e (as not ee#pted fro# lia$ilit%&

(as not ee#pted fro# lia$ilit%&

• 9 9 The The eer!ise eer!ise of of po(er po(er #/st #/st $e $e done done inin good faith and $e given $% la(&

A!!ident Se!& ;-B

A!!ident Se!& ;-B

• Nothing is an o2en!e if it is !o##itted4Nothing is an o2en!e if it is !o##itted4 • 9 9 F%F% a!!identa!!ident

• 99 itho/t !ri#inal intentionitho/t !ri#inal intention oror

6no(ledge 6no(ledge

• 9 9 hile hile doing doing aa la(f/l a!tla(f/l a!t • 9 9 In In aa la(f/l #annerla(f/l #anner

• 9 9 F%F% la(f/l #eansla(f/l #eans

• 9 9 herehere d/e !are and !a/tiond/e !are and !a/tion isis

eer!ised& eer!ised&

• Se!tion ;- : Nothing is an o2en!e (hi!h isSe!tion ;- : Nothing is an o2en!e (hi!h is

done $% a!!ident or #isfort/ne) and (itho/t done $% a!!ident or #isfort/ne) and (itho/t an% !ri#inal intention or 6no(ledge in doing an% !ri#inal intention or 6no(ledge in doing of a la(f/l a!t) in a la(f/l #anner $% la(f/l of a la(f/l a!t) in a la(f/l #anner $% la(f/l #eans (ith proper !are and !a/tion&

#eans (ith proper !are and !a/tion& Ill/stration : A (or6s (ith a hat!hetM the Ill/stration : A (or6s (ith a hat!hetM the head %s o2 and 6ills a person standing head %s o2 and 6ills a person standing near$%

near$%& Jere) if th& Jere) if there (as no (ere (as no (ant ofant of proper !a/tion on the part of A) his a!t is proper !a/tion on the part of A) his a!t is e!/sa$le and is not an o2en!e&

• ro# se!tion ;-) iro# se!tion ;-) it !an $e seen t !an $e seen that there are fo/rthat there are fo/r

essential !onditions (hen a person !an ta6e the essential !onditions (hen a person !an ta6e the defen!e of an a!!ident :

defen!e of an a!!ident :

,& The a!t is done $% a!!ident or #isfort/ne ,& The a!t is done $% a!!ident or #isfort/ne : :

Stephen in his digest of !ri#inal

Stephen in his digest of !ri#inal la( eplains that anla( eplains that an e2e!t is said to $e a!!idental if the a!t that !a/sed it e2e!t is said to $e a!!idental if the a!t that !a/sed it (as not done (ith an intention

(as not done (ith an intention to !a/se it and if theto !a/se it and if the o!!/ran!e of this e2e!t d/e to that a!t is not

o!!/ran!e of this e2e!t d/e to that a!t is not soso pro$a$le that a person of average pr/den!e !o/ld pro$a$le that a person of average pr/den!e !o/ld ta6eta6e pre!a/tions against it& The e2e!t !o#es as a s/rprise to pre!a/tions against it& The e2e!t !o#es as a s/rprise to the doer of average pr/den!e& SIn!e he does not epe!t the doer of average pr/den!e& SIn!e he does not epe!t it to happen) he is /na$le to ta6e an% pre!a/tion

it to happen) he is /na$le to ta6e an% pre!a/tion against it&

• or ea#ple) or ea#ple) a 8re!ra6er (or6er (or6inga 8re!ra6er (or6er (or6ing

(ith G/n po(der 6no(s that it !an !a/se (ith G/n po(der 6no(s that it !an !a/se eplosion and #/st ta6e pre!a/tion against eplosion and #/st ta6e pre!a/tion against it& If it !a/ses an eplosion and 6ills a third it& If it !a/ses an eplosion and 6ills a third person) he !annot !lai# defen!e of this person) he !annot !lai# defen!e of this se!tion $e!a/se the o/t!o#e (as epe!ted se!tion $e!a/se the o/t!o#e (as epe!ted even tho/gh not intended&

even tho/gh not intended&

Jo(ever) if a !ar eplodes 6illing a person) Jo(ever) if a !ar eplodes 6illing a person) it is an a!!ident $e!a/se a person on

it is an a!!ident $e!a/se a person on

average pr/den!e does not epe!t a !ar to average pr/den!e does not epe!t a !ar to eplode and so he !annot $e epe!ted to eplode and so he !annot $e epe!ted to ta6e pre!a/tions against it&

• 5& There #/st not $e a !ri#inal intent or5& There #/st not $e a !ri#inal intent or

6no(ledge in the doer of the a!t

6no(ledge in the doer of the a!t: To !lai#: To !lai# defen!e /nder this se!tion) the a!t

defen!e /nder this se!tion) the a!t !a/sing the!a/sing the a!!ident #/st not $e done (ith a $ad

a!!ident #/st not $e done (ith a $ad intentionintention or $ad #otive& or ea#ple) A prepares a dish for or $ad #otive& or ea#ple) A prepares a dish for F and p/ts poison in it so as to 6ill F& Jo(ever) C F and p/ts poison in it so as to 6ill F& Jo(ever) C !o#es and eats the dish and dies& The death of C !o#es and eats the dish and dies& The death of C (as indeed an a!!ident $e!a/se it

(as indeed an a!!ident $e!a/se it (as not(as not epe!ted $% A) $/t the a!t

epe!ted $% A) $/t the a!t that !a/sed thethat !a/sed the a!!ident (as done (ith a

T/nda vs Re AIR

T/nda vs Re AIR

,>-• In that !ase t(o friends) (hoIn that !ase t(o friends) (ho

(ere fond of (restling) (ere (ere fond of (restling) (ere (resting and one got thro(n (resting and one got thro(n a(a% on a stone and died& This a(a% on a stone and died& This (as held to $e an

(as held to $e an a!!ident anda!!ident and sin!e it (as not done (itho/t sin!e it (as not done (itho/t an% !ri#inal intention) the an% !ri#inal intention) the defendant (as a!./itted& defendant (as a!./itted&

• <& The a!t #/st $e la(f/l) and done in a la(f/l<& The a!t #/st $e la(f/l) and done in a la(f/l

#anner) and $% la(f/l #eans

#anner) and $% la(f/l #eans: An a!!ident: An a!!ident

that happens (hile doing an /nla(f/l a!t is no that happens (hile doing an /nla(f/l a!t is no defen!e& Not onl% that) $/t the a!t #/st also defen!e& Not onl% that) $/t the a!t #/st also $e done in a la(f/l #anner and $% la(f/l $e done in a la(f/l #anner and $% la(f/l

#eans& or ea#ple) re./esting rent pa%#ent #eans& or ea#ple) re./esting rent pa%#ent fro# a renter is a la(f/l a!t $/t threatening fro# a renter is a la(f/l a!t $/t threatening hi# (ith a g/n to pa% rent is not la(f/l

hi# (ith a g/n to pa% rent is not la(f/l

#anner and if there is an a!!ident d/e to the #anner and if there is an a!!ident d/e to the g/n and if the renter gets h/rt or 6illed)

g/n and if the renter gets h/rt or 6illed)

defen!e /nder this se!tion !annot $e !lai#ed& defen!e /nder this se!tion !annot $e !lai#ed&

7ogeshsh(ar vs E#peror

7ogeshsh(ar vs E#peror

• In the !ase (here the a!!/sedIn the !ase (here the a!!/sed

(as 8ghting (ith a #an and the (as 8ghting (ith a #an and the #ans pregnant (ife intervened& #ans pregnant (ife intervened& The a!!/sed ai#ed at the (o#an The a!!/sed ai#ed at the (o#an $/t a!!identl% hit the $a$% (ho $/t a!!identl% hit the $a$% (ho (as 6illed& Je (as not allo(ed (as 6illed& Je (as not allo(ed prote!tion /nder this se!tion prote!tion /nder this se!tion $e!a/se he (as not doing a $e!a/se he (as not doing a la(f/l a!t in a la(f/l

la(f/l a!t in a la(f/l #anner $%#anner $% la(f/l #eans&

• ?& Proper pre!a/tions #/st $e ta6en (hile doing?& Proper pre!a/tions #/st $e ta6en (hile doing

the a!t

the a!t : The a!t that !a/ses the : The a!t that !a/ses the har# #/sthar# #/st have $een done (ith proper !are and

have $een done (ith proper !are and pre!a/tions&

pre!a/tions& An An a!!ident a!!ident !a/sed !a/sed d/e d/e toto

negligen!e is not e!/sa$le& A person #/st ta6e negligen!e is not e!/sa$le& A person #/st ta6e pre!a/tions for an% e2e!ts that an%

pre!a/tions for an% e2e!ts that an% person (ithperson (ith average intelligen!e (o/ld anti!ipate& or

average intelligen!e (o/ld anti!ipate& or ea#ple) a o(ner of a $ore(ell #/st fen!e the ea#ple) a o(ner of a $ore(ell #/st fen!e the hole to prevent !hildren falling into it $e!a/se hole to prevent !hildren falling into it $e!a/se an% person (ith average pr/den!e !an

an% person (ith average pr/den!e !an anti!ipate that a !hild !o/ld fall into an

anti!ipate that a !hild !o/ld fall into an openopen $ore(ell&

Fh/pendra Singh Ch/dasa#a vs Fh/pendra Singh Ch/dasa#a vs

State of G/3arat State of G/3arat

• The The appellant) appellant) an an ar#ed ar#ed !onsta$le !onsta$le of of SRPSRP

shot at his i##ediate s/pervisor (hile the shot at his i##ediate s/pervisor (hile the latter (as inspe!ting the da# site in d/s6 latter (as inspe!ting the da# site in d/s6 ho/rs& The appellant too6 the plea that it (as ho/rs& The appellant too6 the plea that it (as dar6 at that ti#e and he sa( so#eone #oving dar6 at that ti#e and he sa( so#eone #oving near the da# (ith 8re& Je tho/ght that there near the da# (ith 8re& Je tho/ght that there (as a #is!reant& Je sho/ted to stop the

(as a #is!reant& Je sho/ted to stop the

person $/t /pon getting no response he 8red person $/t /pon getting no response he 8red the shot&

the shot& Jo(everJo(ever) it (as ) it (as proven that proven that the shotthe shot (as 8red fro# a !lose range and it (as held (as 8red fro# a !lose range and it (as held that he did not ta6e eno/gh pre!a/tion $efore that he did not ta6e eno/gh pre!a/tion $efore 8ring the shot and (as !onvi!ted&

• A!!ident in a a!t done (ith !onsentA!!ident in a a!t done (ith !onsent

Se!tion ;* etends the s!ope of a!!ident to !ases (here an Se!tion ;* etends the s!ope of a!!ident to !ases (here an a!t (as done (ith the !onsent of the vi!ti#& It sa%s th/s : a!t (as done (ith the !onsent of the vi!ti#& It sa%s th/s :

Se!tion ;* : Nothing (hi!h is not intended to !a/se death or Se!tion ;* : Nothing (hi!h is not intended to !a/se death or grevio/s h/rt and (hi!h is not 6no(n to the doer to $e

grevio/s h/rt and (hi!h is not 6no(n to the doer to $e li6

li6el% to !a/se death el% to !a/se death or grevio/s h/rt is an o2enor grevio/s h/rt is an o2en!e $%!e $% reason of an% har# that

reason of an% har# that it #a% !a/se or $e intended $% theit #a% !a/se or $e intended $% the doer to !a/se to an% person a$ove eighteen %ears of age) doer to !a/se to an% person a$ove eighteen %ears of age) (ho has given !onsent (hether epress or i#plied) to s/2er (ho has given !onsent (hether epress or i#plied) to s/2er that har#M or $% reason of

that har#M or $% reason of an% har# (hi!h it #a% $e 6no(nan% har# (hi!h it #a% $e 6no(n $% the doer to $e li6el% to !a/se to an% s/!h person (ho has $% the doer to $e li6el% to !a/se to an% s/!h person (ho has !onsented to ta6e the ris6 of that har#&

• Ill/stration : A and H agree to fen!e (ith ea!h other forIll/stration : A and H agree to fen!e (ith ea!h other for

a#/se#ent& This agree#ent i#plies the !onsent $% ea!h to s/2er a#/se#ent& This agree#ent i#plies the !onsent $% ea!h to s/2er an% har# (hi!h in the !o/rse of s/!h fen!ing #a% $e !a/sed an% har# (hi!h in the !o/rse of s/!h fen!ing #a% $e !a/sed (itho/t fo/l pla%M and if A

(itho/t fo/l pla%M and if A) (hile pla%ing fairl%) h/rts H) A !o##itts) (hile pla%ing fairl%) h/rts H) A !o##itts no o2en!e&

no o2en!e&

This is $ased on the pre#ise that ever% $od% is the $est 3/dge for This is $ased on the pre#ise that ever% $od% is the $est 3/dge for hi#self& If a person 6no(ingl% /nd

hi#self& If a person 6no(ingl% /nderta6es a tas6 that is li6el% toerta6es a tas6 that is li6el% to !a/se !ertain da#age) then he !annot hold an%$od% responsi$le for !a/se !ertain da#age) then he !annot hold an%$od% responsi$le for s/2ering that da#age& Th/s) a person (at!hing another litting /p s/2ering that da#age& Th/s) a person (at!hing another litting /p 8re!ra!6ers agrees to ta6e the ris6 of getting $/rned and #/st not 8re!ra!6ers agrees to ta6e the ris6 of getting $/rned and #/st not hold an%$od% responsi$le if he gets $/rned& In Nagesh(ar vs hold an%$od% responsi$le if he gets $/rned& In Nagesh(ar vs E#peror

E#peror) a person as6ed the a!!/sed to ) a person as6ed the a!!/sed to tr% dao on htr% dao on his handis hand

$elieving that his hand (as dao proof d/e to a !har#& Je got h/rt $elieving that his hand (as dao proof d/e to a !har#& Je got h/rt and $led to death&

and $led to death& Jo(everJo(ever) the a!!/sed (as a!./itted ) the a!!/sed (as a!./itted $e!a/se he$e!a/se he (as prote!ted /nder this se!tion& The de!eased !onsented to the (as prote!ted /nder this se!tion& The de!eased !onsented to the ris6 of tr%ing dao on his hand&

• A!!ident #eans an /nintentional a!t or anA!!ident #eans an /nintentional a!t or an

/nepe!ted a!t& It is so#ething that happens o/t /nepe!ted a!t& It is so#ething that happens o/t of the ordinar% !o/rse of

of the ordinar% !o/rse of things&things&

• It is ne!essar% to prove that the a!t (as doneIt is ne!essar% to prove that the a!t (as done •

,&

,& (itho/t (itho/t an% an% !ri#inal !ri#inal intention) intention) (ith (ith nono #ens rea& An a!t that (as intended $% or 6no(n #ens rea& An a!t that (as intended $% or 6no(n to the doer !annot $e an

to the doer !annot $e an a!!ident&a!!ident&

• 5& 5& The The a!t a!t #/st #/st $e $e a a la(f/l la(f/l a!t) a!t) in in a a la(f/lla(f/l

#anner $% la(f/l #eans& #anner $% la(f/l #eans&

• <& <& Proper Proper !are !are and and !a/tion !a/tion #/st #/st $e $e eer!ised&eer!ised& • Cases4Cases4

@o!trine of Ne!essit%

@o!trine of Ne!essit%

•

• Se!tion ;,Se!tion ;, of the IPC re!ognises the do!trineof the IPC re!ognises the do!trine

of ne!essit%

of ne!essit% as a defen!eas a defen!e against !ri#inalagainst !ri#inal lia$ilit%

lia$ilit%& Ne!essit% & Ne!essit% in legal in legal !ontet involves!ontet involves the 3/dg#ent that the evil of o$e%ing the the 3/dg#ent that the evil of o$e%ing the letter of the la( is so!iall% greater in the letter of the la( is so!iall% greater in the parti!/lar !ir!/#stan!es than the evil of parti!/lar !ir!/#stan!es than the evil of $rea6ing it& It is pertinent to note that $rea6ing it& It is pertinent to note that altho/gh Se!tion ;, does not spe!i8!all% altho/gh Se!tion ;, does not spe!i8!all% refer to ‘greater evil" or ‘lesser evil" it in refer to ‘greater evil" or ‘lesser evil" it in e2e!t deals (ith the !ase of ‘lesser evil"& e2e!t deals (ith the !ase of ‘lesser evil"&

ens Rea

ens Rea

• Se!tion ;-Se!tion ;- stip/lates the a$sen!e ofstip/lates the a$sen!e of !ri#inal intention as (ell as

!ri#inal intention as (ell as !ri#inal 6no(ledge& F/t

!ri#inal 6no(ledge& F/t Se!tion ;,Se!tion ;,

stip/lates the a$sen!e of

stip/lates the a$sen!e of !ri#inal!ri#inal intention alone& Th/s) the ter# intention alone& Th/s) the ter# ‘(itho/t !ri#inal intention" or ‘(itho/t !ri#inal intention" or

‘6no(ledge" are present in se!tion ‘6no(ledge" are present in se!tion ;o) (hereas ter# /sed in se!tion ;, ;o) (hereas ter# /sed in se!tion ;, is

Preventing or Avoiding Other Jar# Preventing or Avoiding Other Jar#

• The The i##/nit% i##/nit% fro# fro# !ri#inal lia$ilit% !ri#inal lia$ilit% /nder /nder Se! Se! ;,;,

(ill $e availa$le (here an o2en!e is !o##itted (ill $e availa$le (here an o2en!e is !o##itted (itho/t an% !ri#inal intention

(itho/t an% !ri#inal intention) to !a/se har# and) to !a/se har# and in good faith and if s/!h o2en!e is !o##itted for in good faith and if s/!h o2en!e is !o##itted for the p/rpose of preventing or avoiding other har# the p/rpose of preventing or avoiding other har# to person or

to person or propert%propert%& In order & In order to attra!t se!tionto attra!t se!tion ;,) it is ne!essar% to sho( that the a!t

;,) it is ne!essar% to sho( that the a!t

!o#plained of (as done in good faith in order to !o#plained of (as done in good faith in order to prevent or avoid greater har# to the person or prevent or avoid greater har# to the person or propert% of others& Jo(ever the har# !a/sed propert% of others& Jo(ever the har# !a/sed need not ne!essaril% $e lesser than the har# need not ne!essaril% $e lesser than the har# averted) tho/gh this ./estion $e!o#e #aterial averted) tho/gh this ./estion $e!o#e #aterial (hen 3/dging the good faith of an a!t&

Ne!essit% as a Reason for Jo#i!ide Ne!essit% as a Reason for Jo#i!ide

• The The ./estion ./estion is tis that hat the the do!trine do!trine of of ne!essit% !anne!essit% !an

$e applied as a 3/sti8!ation for 6illing another $e applied as a 3/sti8!ation for 6illing another h/#an QQ

h/#an QQ $eing is a ver% tri!6% ./estion& The$eing is a ver% tri!6% ./estion& The /s/al vie( is that ne!essit% is no defen!e to a /s/al vie( is that ne!essit% is no defen!e to a !harge of #/rder& Killing a person in self defen!e !harge of #/rder& Killing a person in self defen!e #a% appear to $e an ea#ple of ne!essit%& hile #a% appear to $e an ea#ple of ne!essit%& hile self defen!e #a% overlap

self defen!e #a% overlap ne!essit%ne!essit%) the ) the t(o aret(o are not the sa#e& Private defen!e operates onl% not the sa#e& Private defen!e operates onl% against aggressors&

against aggressors& Generall%Generall%) the ) the aggressors areaggressors are (rongdoers) (hile the person against (ho#

(rongdoers) (hile the person against (ho# a!tion is

a!tion is ta6en $% ne!essit%ta6en $% ne!essit%) #a% $e an ) #a% $e an aggressoraggressor or (rongdoers&

or (rongdoers& nli6e ne!essit%nli6e ne!essit%) private ) private defen!edefen!e involves no $alan!ing of revie(s&

• a!ts& The defendants)a!ts& The defendants)r& Froo6sr& Froo6sand the vi!ti#and the vi!ti# r&r&

Par6er

Par6er(ere English sea#en& The gro/p (as (ere English sea#en& The gro/p (as !ast a(a% in!ast a(a% in a stor# After the gro/p had

a stor# After the gro/p had $een (itho/t food for seven$een (itho/t food for seven da%s and (itho/t (ater for 8ve

da%s and (itho/t (ater for 8ve da%s) the @efendantsda%s) the @efendants

spo6e to r& Froo6s a$o/t sa!ri8!ing the vi!ti# r& Par6er spo6e to r& Froo6s a$o/t sa!ri8!ing the vi!ti# r& Par6er to save the rest&

to save the rest&

• r& Froo6s dissented and the vi!ti# (as not !ons/lted&r& Froo6s dissented and the vi!ti# (as not !ons/lted&

r& @/dle% s/ggested that if no vessel (as in sight the r& @/dle% s/ggested that if no vessel (as in sight the net #orning) the% (o/ld 6ill the vi!ti#& No vessel net #orning) the% (o/ld 6ill the vi!ti#& No vessel

appeared the net da%) so r& @/dle% (ith the assent of appeared the net da%) so r& @/dle% (ith the assent of r& Stephens 6illed the vi!ti#& The three re#aining r& Stephens 6illed the vi!ti#& The three re#aining

!asta(a%s fed /pon the vi!ti# r& Par6er for fo/r da%s at !asta(a%s fed /pon the vi!ti# r& Par6er for fo/r da%s at (hi!h ti#e a passing vessel res!/ed the#&Iss/e&

(hi!h ti#e a passing vessel res!/ed the#&Iss/e& @oes the @oes the defense of ne!essit% per#it the 6illing of

defense of ne!essit% per#it the 6illing of one person toone person to save othersQ

save othersQ Jeld& Jeld& No&No&

The /een v& @/dle% and Stephens The /een v& @/dle% and Stephens

.

• At the ti#e of this !ase the At the ti#e of this !ase the do!trine ofdo!trine of

ne!essit% (as still largel% /neplored& /!h of ne!essit% (as still largel% /neplored& /!h of the prevailing a/thorit% at the ti#e sp

the prevailing a/thorit% at the ti#e sp o6e ofo6e of ne!essit% in ter#s of

ne!essit% in ter#s of (hat is no( !alled self:(hat is no( !alled self: defense) i&e& ta6ing another"s life to

defense) i&e& ta6ing another"s life to safeg/ardsafeg/ard one"s o(n& Lord Fa!on provided so#e a/thorit% one"s o(n& Lord Fa!on provided so#e a/thorit% for the eisten!e of the defense of

for the eisten!e of the defense of ne!essit% tone!essit% to lesser !ri#es& or ea#ple) a h/ngr% #an is lesser !ri#es& or ea#ple) a h/ngr% #an is notnot g/ilt% of lar!en% for stealing food& Jo(ever

g/ilt% of lar!en% for stealing food& Jo(ever ) the) the /een"s Fen!h a!6no(ledged that no !o/rt has /een"s Fen!h a!6no(ledged that no !o/rt has ever a!!epted ne!essit% as a defense to

ever a!!epted ne!essit% as a defense to #/rder#/rder and for good reason&

.

• @is!/ssion&@is!/ssion& Ne!essit% is never aNe!essit% is never a

defense to #/rder& defense to #/rder&

.

• Per#itting s/!h a defense to $e asserted raisesPer#itting s/!h a defense to $e asserted raises poignant ./estions s/!h as ho( does one

poignant ./estions s/!h as ho( does one #eas/re#eas/re the !o#parative val/es of lives and

the !o#parative val/es of lives and (ho de!ides(ho de!ides s/!h things& /rther) spe!i8! to the present !ase) s/!h things& /rther) spe!i8! to the present !ase) Lord Coleridge as6s) 0as it #ore ne!essar% to 6ill Lord Coleridge as6s) 0as it #ore ne!essar% to 6ill UPar6er than one of the gro(n #enQ1 hile this UPar6er than one of the gro(n #enQ1 hile this #/rder (as arg/a$l% not 0devilish1 and even #/rder (as arg/a$l% not 0devilish1 and even tho/gh the #en pro$a$l% (o/ld not

tho/gh the #en pro$a$l% (o/ld not have s/rvivedhave s/rvived other(ise)

other(ise) Lord Coleridge held that there is neverLord Coleridge held that there is never an% a$sol/te

an% a$sol/te

or /n./ali8ed ne!essit% to preserve one"s o(n l or /n./ali8ed ne!essit% to preserve one"s o(n lifeife&& On!e s/!h a defense is allo(ed) there is

On!e s/!h a defense is allo(ed) there is no tellingno telling (hat atro!io/s !ri#es #a% $e 3/sti8ed $% the (hat atro!io/s !ri#es #a% $e 3/sti8ed $% the e!/se of ne!essit%&

R.Vs Laughman

• Ne!essit% does not 3/stif% es!apeNe!essit% does not 3/stif% es!ape

fro# the prison on apprehension fro# the prison on apprehension of danger to lifeWConvi!tion

of danger to lifeWConvi!tion

/pheld= SC of vi!toria )A/stralia:: /pheld= SC of vi!toria )A/stralia:: ,;,

London borough of southwark vs Williams

• Ne!essit% does not 3/stif% theNe!essit% does not 3/stif% the

ho#eless ‘S./atting ‘ in ho#eless ‘S./atting ‘ in

/no!!/pied $/ildings= Co/rt of /no!!/pied $/ildings= Co/rt of appeal :,*,

United states v Holmes

• Ne!essit% does not 3/stif%Ne!essit% does not 3/stif%

indis!ri#inate thro(ing of indis!ri#inate thro(ing of

passengers over $oard to save passengers over $oard to save sin6ing $oatWCir!/it !o/rtW sin6ing $oatWCir!/it !o/rtW penns%lvania =S ::,;?5

R v Quayle and others

• Ne!essit% does not 3/stif%Ne!essit% does not 3/stif%

#edi!al /se of !anna$is on #edi!al /se of !anna$is on etraneo/s !onsiderations etraneo/s !onsiderations

!ontrar% to the #is/se of dr/gs !ontrar% to the #is/se of dr/gs A!t ,*5: Convi!tion /phelds A!t ,*5: Convi!tion /phelds

A!ts of Infant /nder Se!tions ;5 A!ts of Infant /nder Se!tions ;5

and ;< of IPC and ;< of IPC

• A !hild !an !o##it no (rA !hild !an !o##it no (rong iBong iB

if he is $elo( * %ears of age as if he is $elo( * %ears of age as he is at s/!h age pres/#ed to $e he is at s/!h age pres/#ed to $e not endo(ed (ith a s/!ient

not endo(ed (ith a s/!ient #at/rit% of /nderstanding to $e #at/rit% of /nderstanding to $e a$le to disting/ish right fro# a$le to disting/ish right fro#

(rong) or iiB if he is a$ove * and (rong) or iiB if he is a$ove * and $elo( ,5 $/t too (ea6 in

$elo( ,5 $/t too (ea6 in

intelle!t to 3/dge (hat is right or intelle!t to 3/dge (hat is right or (rong&

• Se!tion ;5 sa%s nothing is an o2en!eSe!tion ;5 sa%s nothing is an o2en!e

(hi!h is done $% a !hild /nder seven (hi!h is done $% a !hild /nder seven %ears of age

%ears of age

• Se!tion ;< sa%s nothing is an o2en!eSe!tion ;< sa%s nothing is an o2en!e

(hi!h is done $% a !hild a$ove seven (hi!h is done $% a !hild a$ove seven %ears of age and /nder t(elve) (ho has %ears of age and /nder t(elve) (ho has not attained s/!ient #at/rit% of

not attained s/!ient #at/rit% of

/nderstanding to 3/dge of the nat/re and /nderstanding to 3/dge of the nat/re and !onse./en!es of his !ond/!t on that

!onse./en!es of his !ond/!t on that o!!asion

O$3e!t

O$3e!t

• A person of s/!h age isA person of s/!h age is

a$sol/tel% in!apa$le of a$sol/tel% in!apa$le of

disting/ishing $et(een right and disting/ishing $et(een right and (rong& Je is a$sol/tel% doli

(rong& Je is a$sol/tel% doli

in!apa& Indian la( on this point in!apa& Indian la( on this point is the sa#e&

• F/t /nder this Code) if F/t /nder this Code) if the a!!/sed is a$ove seventhe a!!/sed is a$ove seven %ears of age and /nder

%ears of age and /nder t(elve) the in!apa!it% tot(elve) the in!apa!it% to !o##it an o2en!e onl% arises (hen the !hild has !o##it an o2en!e onl% arises (hen the !hild has not attained s/!ient #at/rit% of /nderstanding to not attained s/!ient #at/rit% of /nderstanding to 3/dge the nat/re a

3/dge the nat/re and !onse./en!es of his !ond/!tnd !onse./en!es of his !ond/!t and s/!h non:attain#ent (o/ld have apparentl%) to and s/!h non:attain#ent (o/ld have apparentl%) to $e spe!iall% pleaded and p/rs/ed) li6e the

$e spe!iall% pleaded and p/rs/ed) li6e the

in!apa!it% of a person (ho at the ti#e of doing an in!apa!it% of a person (ho at the ti#e of doing an a!t !harged as an o2en!e) (as

a!t !harged as an o2en!e) (as alleged to havealleged to have $een of /nso/nd #ind (hether reall% the !hild in $een of /nso/nd #ind (hether reall% the !hild in ./estion possesses s/!ient #at/rit% of

./estion possesses s/!ient #at/rit% of

/nderstanding is a #atter to $e inferred $% the /nderstanding is a #atter to $e inferred $% the Co/rt fro# the fa!ts and

Legislations on Age of Child in

Legislations on Age of Child in

India

India

• Child La$o/r and Contra!t A!t)Child La$o/r and Contra!t A!t)

,;*54 E#plo%ing !hildren $elo( ,;*54 E#plo%ing !hildren $elo( ,; is $asi!all% against the

,; is $asi!all% against the f/nda#entals of general f/nda#entals of general

Contra!t A!t& E#plo%#ent of a Contra!t A!t& E#plo%#ent of a !hild is a !ontra!t and the !hild !hild is a !ontra!t and the !hild is not !apa$le of entering into is not !apa$le of entering into !ontra!t /ntil she did not attain !ontra!t /ntil she did not attain age of #a3orit%) ,; %ears

age of #a3orit%) ,; %ears

a!!ording to Se!tion ,, of Indian a!!ording to Se!tion ,, of Indian

• Age of a3orit%4 A!!ording to Se!tion <)Age of a3orit%4 A!!ording to Se!tion <)

Indian a3orit% A!t) ,;*>) 0ever% person Indian a3orit% A!t) ,;*>) 0ever% person do#i!iled in India shall $e dee#ed to have do#i!iled in India shall $e dee#ed to have attained his #a3orit% (hen he shall have attained his #a3orit% (hen he shall have !o#pleted his age of eighteen %ears and not !o#pleted his age of eighteen %ears and not $efore se!ond paragraphB& Sa#e se!tion $efore se!ond paragraphB& Sa#e se!tion provides that (here a g/ardian is appointed provides that (here a g/ardian is appointed for the propert% of the #inor) the #inor is for the propert% of the #inor) the #inor is dee#ed to have attained #a3orit% (hen he dee#ed to have attained #a3orit% (hen he shall have !o#pleted his age of t(ent%:one shall have !o#pleted his age of t(ent%:one and not $efore 8rst paragraphB&

• Age of !apa!it% to #arr%4 ,; to 5, %ears4 The age ofAge of !apa!it% to #arr%4 ,; to 5, %ears4 The age of

!apa!it% to !ontra!t a #arriage is ,; %ears for a girl !apa!it% to !ontra!t a #arriage is ,; %ears for a girl and 5, %ears for a $o%

and 5, %ears for a $o%) for all !o##/ni) for all !o##/nities& The Childties& The Child arriage Restraint A!t) ,5) de8nes a !hild as a arriage Restraint A!t) ,5) de8nes a !hild as a person (ho) if a #ale) has not !o#pleted 5, %ears of person (ho) if a #ale) has not !o#pleted 5, %ears of age) and if a fe#ale) has not !o#pleted ,; %ears of age) and if a fe#ale) has not !o#pleted ,; %ears of age& nder Se!tion > of this A!t (hoever perfor#s) age& nder Se!tion > of this A!t (hoever perfor#s) !ond/!ts or dire!ts an% !hild #arriage shall $e !ond/!ts or dire!ts an% !hild #arriage shall $e p/nisha$le (ith si#ple i#prison#ent /p to three p/nisha$le (ith si#ple i#prison#ent /p to three #onths and shall also $e lia$le to 8ne) /nless he #onths and shall also $e lia$le to 8ne) /nless he proves that he had reason to $elieve

proves that he had reason to $elieve that thethat the

#arriage (as not a !hild #arriage& This /ni

#arriage (as not a !hild #arriage& This /nifor#for#

legislation is an e2ort to dis!o/rage !hild #arriages legislation is an e2ort to dis!o/rage !hild #arriages /nder personal la(s&

• Age of !onsent for Se/al a!ts4Age of !onsent for Se/al a!ts4

Se!tion <*> Indian Penal Code Se!tion <*> Indian Penal Code !onsiders age of ,+ %ears as the !onsiders age of ,+ %ears as the right age of !onsent to de!ide right age of !onsent to de!ide the !ri#inalit% of the o2en!e of the !ri#inalit% of the o2en!e of rape& In the !ase of #arriage) rape& In the !ase of #arriage) se (ith a fe#ale of ,+ %ears or se (ith a fe#ale of ,+ %ears or %o/nger is !onsidered rape

%o/nger is !onsidered rape /nder this Se!tion <*>

• ?& Voting and Epression Age of?& Voting and Epression Age of

Voting4 The age at (hi!h !hild Voting4 The age at (hi!h !hild !an vote in govern#ent ele!tions !an vote in govern#ent ele!tions so#eti#es !alled the age of

so#eti#es !alled the age of #a3orit% = the age at (hi!h #a3orit% = the age at (hi!h !hildren are no longer

!hildren are no longer

!onsidered a #inorB also varies !onsidered a #inorB also varies fro# !o/ntr% to !o/ntr%) tho/gh fro# !o/ntr% to !o/ntr%) tho/gh ,; is $% far the #ost !o##on ,; is $% far the #ost !o##on age !hosen&

The Ne( 7/venile La( The Ne( 7/venile La(

• The $ill allo(s for 3/veniles ,+The $ill allo(s for 3/veniles ,+

%ears or older to $e tried as %ears or older to $e tried as ad/lts for heino/s

ad/lts for heino/s o2en!es li6eo2en!es li6e rape and #/rder& Jeino/s

rape and #/rder& Jeino/s o2en!es are those (hi!h are o2en!es are those (hi!h are

p/nisha$le (ith i#prison#ent of p/nisha$le (ith i#prison#ent of seven %ears or #ore

• The $ill #andates setting /pThe $ill #andates setting /p

7/venile 7/sti!e Foards and

7/venile 7/sti!e Foards and ChildChild 

elfare Co##ittees in elfare Co##ittees in ever%ever%

distri!t& Foth #/st have at least distri!t& Foth #/st have at least one (o#an #e#$er ea!h&

• On!e the $ill $e!o#es la() theOn!e the $ill $e!o#es la() the

de!ision to tr% a 3/venile ,+ de!ision to tr% a 3/venile ,+ %ears or older as an ad/lt (i

%ears or older as an ad/lt (ill $ell $e ta6

ta6en $% the en $% the 7/venile 7/sti!e7/venile 7/sti!e

Foard) (hi!h (ill have a 3/di!ial Foard) (hi!h (ill have a 3/di!ial #agistrate and t(o so!ial

#agistrate and t(o so!ial (or6

(or6ers as #e#$ers& If ers as #e#$ers& If thethe $oard de!ides against it) the $oard de!ides against it) the 3/venile (ill $e sent for

3/venile (ill $e sent for reha$ilitation&

• The Child elfare Co##itteesThe Child elfare Co##ittees

(ill loo6 at instit/tional !are for (ill loo6 at instit/tional !are for !hildren in their respe!tive

!hildren in their respe!tive distri!ts& Ea!h !o##ittee (ill distri!ts& Ea!h !o##ittee (ill have a !hairperson and fo/r have a !hairperson and fo/r

other #e#$ers) all spe!ialists in other #e#$ers) all spe!ialists in #atters relating to !hildren

• The proposed la( also ai#s atThe proposed la( also ai#s at

ad3/di!ating and disposing !ases ad3/di!ating and disposing !ases dealing (ith 3/veniles

dealing (ith 3/veniles 66eeping ineeping in #ind Ythe $est interest of the

#ind Ythe $est interest of the !hildren and their

!hildren and their reha$ilitation&Y reha$ilitation&Y

Determination of age of an accused uvenile

• Umesh chandra v state of Raastan

• !mit Das v "tate of #ihar

• $rata% "ingh v "tate of&harkhand

Hiralal 'allick v "tate of

#ihar

( v Director $ublic $rosecution )**+ , all-R /

!RR-"1

$R2(-DUR-• &UV-34L- &U"14(- !(1 555"-(1423

• ,-& ,B As soon as a ,-& ,B As soon as a !hild alleged to $e in !oni!t!hild alleged to $e in !oni!t

(ith la( is apprehended $% the poli!e) s/!h !hild (ith la( is apprehended $% the poli!e) s/!h !hild shall $e pla!ed /nder the !harge of the spe!ial shall $e pla!ed /nder the !harge of the spe!ial 3/venile pol

3/venile poli!e /nit or i!e /nit or the designathe designated !hildted !hild

(elfare poli!e o!er) (ho shall prod/!e the !hild (elfare poli!e o!er) (ho shall prod/!e the !hild $efore the Foard (itho/t an% loss of ti#e $/t $efore the Foard (itho/t an% loss of ti#e $/t (ithin a period of t(ent%:fo/r ho/rs of

(ithin a period of t(ent%:fo/r ho/rs of apprehending the !hild e!l/ding the ti#e apprehending the !hild e!l/ding the ti#e

ne!essar% for the 3o/rne%) fro# the pla!e (here ne!essar% for the 3o/rne%) fro# the pla!e (here s/!h !hild (as apprehended4 Provided that in no s/!h !hild (as apprehended4 Provided that in no !ase) a !hild alleged to $e in !oni!t (ith la( !ase) a !hild alleged to $e in !oni!t (ith la( shall $e pla!ed in a poli!e lo!6/p or

shall $e pla!ed in a poli!e lo!6/p or lodged in alodged in a 3ail&

• 5B The State 5B The State Govern#ent shall #a6eGovern#ent shall #a6e

r/les !onsistent (ith this A!t)W iB to r/les !onsistent (ith this A!t)W iB to provide for persons thro/gh (ho# provide for persons thro/gh (ho# in!l/ding registered vol/ntar% or in!l/ding registered vol/ntar% or nongovern#ental organisationsB an% nongovern#ental organisationsB an% !hild alleged to $e in !oni!t (ith !hild alleged to $e in !oni!t (ith la(la( #a

#a% $e prod/!ed $efore the % $e prod/!ed $efore the FoardM iiBFoardM iiB to provide for the #anner in (hi!h the to provide for the #anner in (hi!h the !hild alleged to $e in !oni!t (ith

!hild alleged to $e in !oni!t (ith la(la( #a

#a% $e sent to % $e sent to an o$servation ho#e oran o$servation ho#e or pla!e of safet%) as the !ase #a% $e

• ,5& ,B hen an% person) (ho is apparentl% a !hild and is,5& ,B hen an% person) (ho is apparentl% a !hild and is

alleged to have !o##itted a $aila$le or non:$aila$le o2en!e) is alleged to have !o##itted a $aila$le or non:$aila$le o2en!e) is apprehended or detained $% the poli!e or appears or $ro/ght apprehended or detained $% the poli!e or appears or $ro/ght $efore a Foard) s/!h person shall) not(ithstanding an%thing $efore a Foard) s/!h person shall) not(ithstanding an%thing !ontained in the Code of Cri#inal Pro!ed/re) ,*< or in an% !ontained in the Code of Cri#inal Pro!ed/re) ,*< or in an% other la( for the ti#e $eing in for!e) $e released on $ail (ith other la( for the ti#e $eing in for!e) $e released on $ail (ith or (itho/t s/ret% or pla!ed /nder the s/pervision of a

or (itho/t s/ret% or pla!ed /nder the s/pervision of a pro$ation o!er or /nder the !are of an% 8t person4 pro$ation o!er or /nder the !are of an% 8t person4

• Provided that s/!h person shall not $e so released if thereProvided that s/!h person shall not $e so released if there

appears reasona$le gro/nds for $elieving that the release is appears reasona$le gro/nds for $elieving that the release is li6el% to $ring that person into asso!iation (ith an% 6no(n li6el% to $ring that person into asso!iation (ith an% 6no(n !ri#inal or epose the said person to #oral) ph%si!al or !ri#inal or epose the said person to #oral) ph%si!al or

ps%!hologi!al danger or the person"s release (o/ld defeat the ps%!hologi!al danger or the person"s release (o/ld defeat the ends of 3/sti!e) and the Foard shall re!ord the reasons for ends of 3/sti!e) and the Foard shall re!ord the reasons for den%ing the $ail and !ir!/#stan!es that led to s/!h a de!ision& den%ing the $ail and !ir!/#stan!es that led to s/!h a de!ision&

• 5B hen s/!h person having5B hen s/!h person having

$een apprehended is not $een apprehended is not released on $ail /nder released on $ail /nder

s/$se!tion ,B $% the o!er:in: s/$se!tion ,B $% the o!er:in: !harge of the poli!e station) s/!h !harge of the poli!e station) s/!h o!er shall !a/se the person to o!er shall !a/se the person to $e 6ept onl% in an o$servation $e 6ept onl% in an o$servation ho#e in s/!h

ho#e in s/!h #anner as #a% $e#anner as #a% $e pres!ri$ed /ntil the person !an pres!ri$ed /ntil the person !an $e $ro/ght $efore a Foard&

• <B hen s/!h person is not<B hen s/!h person is not

released on $ail /nder s/$: released on $ail /nder s/$:

se!tion ,B $% the Foard) it shall se!tion ,B $% the Foard) it shall #a6

#a6e an order e an order sending hi# to sending hi# to anan o$servation ho#e or a pla!e of o$servation ho#e or a pla!e of safet%) as the !ase #a% $e) for safet%) as the !ase #a% $e) for s/!h period d/ring the penden!% s/!h period d/ring the penden!% of the in./ir% regarding the

of the in./ir% regarding the person) as #a% $e spe!i8ed in person) as #a% $e spe!i8ed in the order&

• ,<& ,B here a !hild alleged to $e in,<& ,B here a !hild alleged to $e in

!oni!t (ith la( is apprehended) the !oni!t (ith la( is apprehended) the o!er designated as Child

o!er designated as Child elfare Poli!eelfare Poli!e O!er of the poli!e station) or the

O!er of the poli!e station) or the

spe!ial 3/venile poli!e /nit to (hi!h s/!h spe!ial 3/venile poli!e /nit to (hi!h s/!h !hild is $ro/ght) shall) as soon as

!hild is $ro/ght) shall) as soon as

possi$le after apprehending the !hild) possi$le after apprehending the !hild) infor# W iB the parent or g/ardian of infor# W iB the parent or g/ardian of s/!h !hild) if the% !an $e fo/nd) and s/!h !hild) if the% !an $e fo/nd) and dire!t the# to $e present at the Foard dire!t the# to $e present at the Foard $efore (hi!h the !hild is prod/!ed

• ,?& ,B here a !hild alleged to,?& ,B here a !hild alleged to

$e in !oni!t (ith la( is $e in !oni!t (ith la( is

prod/!ed $efore Foard) the prod/!ed $efore Foard) the Foard shall hold an in./ir% in Foard shall hold an in./ir% in a!!ordan!e (ith the provisions a!!ordan!e (ith the provisions of this A!t

of this A!t and #aand #a% pass s/!h% pass s/!h orders in relation to s/!h !hild orders in relation to s/!h !hild as it dee#s 8t /nder se!tions ,* as it dee#s 8t /nder se!tions ,* and ,; of this A!t&

• ,>& ,B In !ase of a heino/s o2en!e alleged to have $een,>& ,B In !ase of a heino/s o2en!e alleged to have $een

!o##itted $% a !hild) (ho has !o#pleted or is a$ove the !o##itted $% a !hild) (ho has !o#pleted or is a$ove the age of siteen %ears) the Foard shall !ond/!t a preli#inar% age of siteen %ears) the Foard shall !ond/!t a preli#inar% assess#ent (ith regard to his #ental and ph%si!al

assess#ent (ith regard to his #ental and ph%si!al

!apa!it% to !o##it s/!h o2en!e) a$ilit% to /nderstand the !apa!it% to !o##it s/!h o2en!e) a$ilit% to /nderstand the !onse./en!es of the o2en!e and the !ir!/#/stan!es in !onse./en!es of the o2en!e and the !ir!/#/stan!es in (hi!h he allegedl% !o##itted the o2en!e) and #a% pass (hi!h he allegedl% !o##itted the o2en!e) and #a% pass an order in a!!ordan!e (ith the provisions of s/$se!tion an order in a!!ordan!e (ith the provisions of s/$se!tion <B of se!tion ,;4 Provided that for s/!h an assess#ent) <B of se!tion ,;4 Provided that for s/!h an assess#ent) the Foard #a% ta6e the assistan!e of eperien!ed

the Foard #a% ta6e the assistan!e of eperien!ed

ps%!hologists or ps%!ho:so!ial (or6ers or other eperts& ps%!hologists or ps%!ho:so!ial (or6ers or other eperts& Eplanation&Wor the p/rposes of this se!tion) it is

Eplanation&Wor the p/rposes of this se!tion) it is

!lari8ed that preli#inar% assess#ent is not a trial) $/t is !lari8ed that preli#inar% assess#ent is not a trial) $/t is to assess the !apa!it% of s/!h !hild to !o##it and

to assess the !apa!it% of s/!h !hild to !o##it and /nderstand the !onse./en!es of the alleged o2en!e& /nderstand the !onse./en!es of the alleged o2en!e&

Insanit%

Insanit%

• The defen!e of insanit% is aThe defen!e of insanit% is a

general defen!e (hi!h is general defen!e (hi!h is

availa$le to all !ri#es& here a availa$le to all !ri#es& here a defendant is fo/nd to $e insane& defendant is fo/nd to $e insane&

Se!tion ;?

Se!tion ;?

• Nothing is an o2en!e (hi!h isNothing is an o2en!e (hi!h is

done $% a person (ho) at

done $% a person (ho) at thethe ti#e of doing it) $% reason of ti#e of doing it) $% reason of /nso/ndness of #ind) is

/nso/ndness of #ind) is

in!apa$le of 6no(ing the nat/re in!apa$le of 6no(ing the nat/re of the a!t) or that he is doing

of the a!t) or that he is doing

(hat is either (rong or !ontrar% (hat is either (rong or !ontrar% to la(&1