Railway Track Engineering 1(1)

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Transportation Engineering

Akhtar Abbas Akhtar Abbas Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

The University of Lahore The University of Lahore

www.uol.edu.pk/ce

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

(07-05-2013)

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Railway Engineering

•

• Brief History of RailwaysBrief History of Railways •

• Railways originates in England, In 1784,Railways originates in England, In 1784, mail coaches for carrying mails were

mail coaches for carrying mails were introduced.

introduced. •

• In 1789 cast iron rails resting on stoneIn 1789 cast iron rails resting on stone blocks were introduced.

blocks were introduced. •

• The first ever railway in the world wasThe first ever railway in the world was

opened for traffic on 27 September 1825 opened for traffic on 27 September 1825

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Railway Engineering

•

• This railway line was run betweenThis railway line was run between

Stockton and Darlington. The planning Stockton and Darlington. The planning

and design of railway line was carried out and design of railway line was carried out by George Stephenson.

by George Stephenson. •

• In France the first railway was opened inIn France the first railway was opened in 1828 with horse as a tractive power.

1828 with horse as a tractive power.

Passenger traffic had started in 1832, but Passenger traffic had started in 1832, but

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Railway Engineering

•

• The first railway line in America was laid inThe first railway line in America was laid in 1833.

1833. •

• The first railway line in India was openedThe first railway line in India was opened for traffic on 16

for traffic on 16thth _{April 1853 between}_{April 1853 between}

Bombay and Thana, a distance of 33 Km Bombay and Thana, a distance of 33 Km

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Railway Engineering

•

• Advantag Advantage of railwe of railwaysays 1.

1. RaRaililwaways ys havhave hele helped ped in in ththe me masasss

migration of the people in search of the migration of the people in search of the better prospect of livelihood

better prospect of livelihood 2.

2. RaRaililwaways pys prorovivide sade safe anfe and cod convnvenienienentt mode of transport to people

mode of transport to people 3.

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Railway Engineering

•

• Railway Track Railway Track

A railway track is a combination of rails, A railway track is a combination of rails,

formation, ballast, sleepers and fastenings formation, ballast, sleepers and fastenings It also called permanent way

It also called permanent way

It costs nearly 40% of the total It costs nearly 40% of the total investment to the railways.

investment to the railways.

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Railway Engineering

•

• Requirement of Ideal Track Requirement of Ideal Track 1.

1. ThThe gaue gauge oge of trf tracack shk shouould bld be coe correrrect act andnd uniform

uniform 2.

2. The The alialignmgnment ent of tof tracrack shk shoulould be d be corcorrerectct 3.

3. In In strstraigaight ht reacreaches hes the the rail rail levlevel sel shouhouldld be same, while on curves proper super be same, while on curves proper super elevation should be provided

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Railway Engineering

4. The gradient should be uniform. Any 4. The gradient should be uniform. Any

change in gradient should be followed by change in gradient should be followed by vertical curve.

vertical curve. 5.

5. The The tratrack ck shoshould uld pospossessess s sufsufficficienientt elasticity.

elasticity. 6.

6. The The tractrack sk shouhould ld pospossessess as anti nti thetheft ft andand sabotage quality.

sabotage quality.

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Railway Engineering

7.

7. The The tratrack sck shouhould bld be coe constnstrucructed ted in sin such uch aa way that its maintenance cost is

way that its maintenance cost is minimum.

minimum. 8.

8. The The tratrack sck shouhould bld be dee desigsign in n in sucsuch a h a wayway that the load of train should be

that the load of train should be distributed uniformly over it.

distributed uniformly over it. 9.

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Railway Engineering

•

• Capacity Of Railway Track Capacity Of Railway Track

The maximum number of trains that can The maximum number of trains that can be run safely on any given length of the be run safely on any given length of the track per hour. In actual practice it is

track per hour. In actual practice it is some what less due to safety

some what less due to safety

consideration. The maximum # of trains consideration. The maximum # of trains which can be handled in a yard per day which can be handled in a yard per day isis known as terminal capacity.

known as terminal capacity.

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Railway Engineering

•

• FormationFormation

The surface prepared to receive the ballast, The surface prepared to receive the ballast,

sleepers and rails for construction the sleepers and rails for construction the railway track is called formation or sub railway track is called formation or sub grade,

grade, depending depending upon upon the the groundground conditions, the formation may be in conditions, the formation may be in embankment or cutting

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Railway Engineering

•

• Function of FormationFunction of Formation 1.

1. It pIt prorovivides des a sma smooooth ath and und uninifoform brm bed oned on which the track is laid.

which the track is laid. 2.

2. It bIt bearears ts the ehe entirntire loe load tad tranransmismittetted frd fromom the moving loads to it through the ballast the moving loads to it through the ballast 3.

3. It pIt prorovivides des drdraiainagnage fae facicililititieses.. 4.

4. It pIt prorovividedes sts stababililitity to thy to the tre tracack.k.

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Railway Engineering

Design Aspects Design Aspects

•

• WidthWidth, The width of formation depend, The width of formation depend

upon the following factors upon the following factors 1.

1. NuNumbmber oer of trf tracack to bk to be lae laid oid ovever itr it 2.

2. GGauaugge e oof f ttrraacckk.. 3.

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Railway Engineering

•

• HeightHeight

The height of the formation depends upon The height of the formation depends upon the topography of the alignment and the the topography of the alignment and the gradient adopted.

gradient adopted. •

• Side SlopesSide Slopes

The side slopes of the formation depend The side slopes of the formation depend upon the characteristics of the soil, as

upon the characteristics of the soil, as shear strength, angle of repose.

shear strength, angle of repose.

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Railway Engineering

•

• Angle of Rep Angle of Reposeose

is the steepest angle of descent or dip of is the steepest angle of descent or dip of the slope relative to the horizontal plane the slope relative to the horizontal plane when material on the slope face is on the when material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding. This angle is in the range verge of sliding. This angle is in the range 0°

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Railway Engineering

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Railway Engineering

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Railway Engineering

•

• CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAY TRACK

CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAY TRACK

IN DENMARK ON June 25'th 2010 BY

USING

Plasser & Theurer

equipment

(Attached

(Attached movie)

movie)

•

• http://www.youtube.com/watch

http://www.youtube.com/watch

?v=Bk82bgPUcAM

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Rail Gauges

The minimum perpendicular distance The minimum perpendicular distance between the inner face of the two rails. between the inner face of the two rails. •

• In some countries gauge is measuredIn some countries gauge is measured at a point 14 mm below t

at a point 14 mm below the top of rails.he top of rails. •

• It is difficult to spell out the It is difficult to spell out the reasons of reasons of adopting different gauges in different adopting different gauges in different countries or in a country.

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Rail Gauges

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Rail Gauges

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Rail Gauges

•

• Factors Factors Affecting Affecting the the Choice Choice of of Gauge Gauge 1.

1. TrTraaffffiic c coconnddiittiioonnss

If the intensity of traffic on track is more, If the intensity of traffic on track is more, a gauge wider than the standard gauge a gauge wider than the standard gauge may

may be be adopted. adopted. For For such such a a condition condition aa gauge width of 1676 mm (5’

gauge width of 1676 mm (5’ --6”) is more6”) is more acceptable as the cost of operation per acceptable as the cost of operation per tone-km will be less for more carrying tone-km will be less for more carrying capacity, known as Broad gauge (B.G) capacity, known as Broad gauge (B.G) 2222

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Rail Gauges

2.

2. DeDevevelolopmpmenent t of of popoor or arareaeass

To provide rail facilities for the To provide rail facilities for the

development of poor areas, small gauge development of poor areas, small gauge than standard may be adopted. It is

than standard may be adopted. It is

known as narrow gauge. The width of known as narrow gauge. The width of this gauge varies from 762 to 610 mm. this gauge varies from 762 to 610 mm.

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Rail Gauges

3.

3. CCosost t of of ththe e trtraack ck

If the sufficient funds are not available If the sufficient funds are not available for the construction of standard or Broad for the construction of standard or Broad Gauge railway track, then meter gauge Gauge railway track, then meter gauge 1000 mm gauge is adopted for this area. 1000 mm gauge is adopted for this area. 4.

4. CoCost st of of coconsnstrtrucuctitionon There is not an

There is not an appreciable increase inappreciable increase in the cost of construction due to increase the cost of construction due to increase

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Rail Gauges

in the width of gauge due to following in the width of gauge due to following reasons

reasons I.

I. ThThe ce cosost ot of bf briridgdge, e, tutunnnnelels, s, ststatatioion, n, ststafaff f quarter buildings, signals and level

quarter buildings, signals and level crossing etc. is same for all gauges. crossing etc. is same for all gauges. II.

II. CosCost of et of eartarth woh work, srk, sleepleepers, ers, ballballast ast etcetc.. however will increase proportionally to however will increase proportionally to

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Rail Gauges

III.The cost of acquisition of land for III.The cost of acquisition of land for

permanent land width increases permanent land width increases

proportionally with the increase in gauge proportionally with the increase in gauge width.

width. IV.

IV. Cost of rolCost of rolling stoling stock will be indck will be independentependent of gauge width.

of gauge width.

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Rail Gauges

5.

5. SSpepeeed d of of momovevemmenentt

The speed of a train is proportional to the The speed of a train is proportional to the gauge . It is also a function of wheel

gauge . It is also a function of wheel

diameter and the wheel diameter is kept diameter and the wheel diameter is kept 0.75 times the gauge width. Hence for 0.75 times the gauge width. Hence for higher speed Broad Gauge is prefered higher speed Broad Gauge is prefered

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Rail Gauges

6.

6. ToTopopogrgrapaphy ohy of arf area oea or thr the nae natuture ore of f country

country

In hilly areas narrow gauges 762 to 610 In hilly areas narrow gauges 762 to 610 mm gauge track is more useful as it is mm gauge track is more useful as it is

more flexible and can be laid of a smaller more flexible and can be laid of a smaller radius on the curve.

radius on the curve.

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Rail Gauges

Types of Gauges Types of Gauges 1 1.. BBrrooaad Gd Gaauuggee 2.

2. SSttananddaarrd d ggauauggee 3

3.. MMeetteer r GGaauuggee 4

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Rail Gauges

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Rail Gauges

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Rail Gauges

•

• Disadvantages of Adoption of DifferentDisadvantages of Adoption of Different Gauges

Gauges 1.

1. InIncoconvnvenieniencence e to to paspassensengergerss At the place of change of

At the place of change of gauge,gauge,

passengers have to move from one train passengers have to move from one train to another train. This trans-shipment

to another train. This trans-shipment

causes great hardship to passengers such causes great hardship to passengers such as climbing stair cases of over head

as climbing stair cases of over head bridge,

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Rail Gauges

movement of luggage, getting suitable movement of luggage, getting suitable accommodation in the new train.

accommodation in the new train. 2.

2. TrTrananshshipipmement nt of of gogoododss a

a. . LLaabboor r pprroobblleemm b.

b. DaDamamage of goge of goodods whis while trle tranans-s-shshipipmementnt c.

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Rail Gauges

3.

3. HiHindndrarancnce to fae to fast mst movovememenent of got of goodsods and passenger traffic

and passenger traffic 4.

4. InIneffefficicieient unt use se of rof raiailwlway say stotock ck As meter gauge w

As meter gauge wagons and locomotagons and locomotivesives can not be used on broad gauge

can not be used on broad gauge 5.

5. DuDuplplicicitity of ey of eququipipmenment at st at statatitiononss At station where tw

At station where two gauges meet,o gauges meet,

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Rail Gauges

duplicate facilities such as platform, duplicate facilities such as platform, clocks, ticket office, sanitary

clocks, ticket office, sanitary

arrangements, etc. have to be provided, arrangements, etc. have to be provided, which will involve extra expenditure.

which will involve extra expenditure. 6.

6. DiDifffficicululty ty in in wawar r titimeme 7.

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Rail Gauges

•

• Loading GaugeLoading Gauge

Loading gauge consist of a vertical post Loading gauge consist of a vertical post

with an arm. A steel arc is suspended from with an arm. A steel arc is suspended from the top. It is constructed at the exit of the the top. It is constructed at the exit of the goods yard.

goods yard. Function

Function

Its main function is to confirm that the top Its main function is to confirm that the top

of the loaded wagon would clear all the of the loaded wagon would clear all the

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Rail Gauges

structures along the track such as

structures along the track such as tunnelstunnels and bridges etc. It represents the

and bridges etc. It represents the

maximum height and width up to which a maximum height and width up to which a wagon should be loaded

wagon should be loaded



 Construction GaugeConstruction Gauge

By adding suitable clearance at the top By adding suitable clearance at the top

side of loading gauge, construction gauge side of loading gauge, construction gauge is obtained

is obtained

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Rail Gauges

Function of construction gauge Function of construction gauge

It decided the dimensions such as height It decided the dimensions such as height and width of structure such as bridges and and width of structure such as bridges and tunnels along the track, so that all

tunnels along the track, so that all wagonswagons may pass through them without any

may pass through them without any damage to the structures.

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Rail Gauges

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Rail Gauges

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Rails

•

• Rail is an iron beam. Its main function Rail is an iron beam. Its main function isis to provide a most economical, smooth and to provide a most economical, smooth and level surface for the smooth passage of

level surface for the smooth passage of heavily loaded vehicles at great speed. heavily loaded vehicles at great speed. The two rails of the track also serve as The two rails of the track also serve as

lateral guide for the running of the wheel. lateral guide for the running of the wheel.

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Rails

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Types of Rails

Rails can be classified into the following Rails can be classified into the following

categories: categories: 1)

1) DoDoububle le heheadaded ed rarailil 2)

2) BuBull ll heheadaded ed rarailil 3)

3) FFlalat ft fooooteted rd raailil 1.

1. DoDoububle le HeHeadaded Red Raiaill

It is of I section or dumb bell section. It is of I section or dumb bell section.

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Types of Rails

It is the original rail. The

It is the original rail. The idea was thatidea was that when the head of the rail was worn out when the head of the rail was worn out

during the period of service, the rail could during the period of service, the rail could be inverted and reversed without incurring be inverted and reversed without incurring any extra expenditure. Such a rail have to any extra expenditure. Such a rail have to be supported in chairs which rest on

be supported in chairs which rest on

sleepers. Later it was found that during sleepers. Later it was found that during

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Types of Rails

was dented by the long and continuous was dented by the long and continuous contact with the chair to such an extent contact with the chair to such an extent that it was impossible to reuse it. Hence that it was impossible to reuse it. Hence itit was rejected and other types of rail was was rejected and other types of rail was searched.

searched. 2.

2. BuBull ll HeHeadaded ed RaRailil

It is similar in shape to double

It is similar in shape to double head rail.head rail. The only difference between double

The only difference between double

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Types of Rails

headed and bull headed rail is that in bull headed and bull headed rail is that in bull headed rail more metal is added to the

headed rail more metal is added to the head to allow the greater wear and tear. head to allow the greater wear and tear. The lower head or table was kept of just The lower head or table was kept of just sufficient size to be able to withstand the sufficient size to be able to withstand the stresses to be induced by moving loads. stresses to be induced by moving loads. This rail also required chair for fixing it to This rail also required chair for fixing it to

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Types of Rails

3.

3. FFlalat t FFooooteted d RaRailil

It is inverted T shaped rail. It was It is inverted T shaped rail. It was

developed by Charles Vignoles as earlier developed by Charles Vignoles as earlier as 1836. It posses the following

as 1836. It posses the following

advantages over double headed and bull advantages over double headed and bull headed rail

headed rail I.

I. FoFor fr fixixining tg thihis ts typype oe of cf chahair ir to to slsleeeepepersrs,, no chairs are required. The foot of the no chairs are required. The foot of the

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Types of Rails

rail may be spiked direct to the

rail may be spiked direct to the sleepers.sleepers. This effects economy to a great extent. This effects economy to a great extent. II.

II. For For the the samsame wee weighight, tt, this his typtype of re of rail ail isis stronger both vertically and laterally than stronger both vertically and laterally than the bull headed rails.

the bull headed rails.

III.This type of rail is cheaper than bull III.This type of rail is cheaper than bull

headed rails headed rails

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Types of Rails

than B.H. rails than B.H. rails V.

V. F.F. rails distribute train load over aF.F. rails distribute train load over a larger number of sleepers, which gives a larger number of sleepers, which gives a better stability to the

better stability to the track.track. VI.

VI. F.F. rails gives longer life to the track F.F. rails gives longer life to the track and reduce maintenance cost.

and reduce maintenance cost.

Some engineers feels that B.H. rails gives Some engineers feels that B.H. rails gives

better alignment, more solid and smooth better alignment, more solid and smooth track

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Types of Rails

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Rails

•

• Requirement of an Ideal RailRequirement of an Ideal Rail 1.

1. It It shoshould uld be be pospossessess as adequdequate ate latlateral eral andand vertical stiffness.

vertical stiffness. 2.

2. ThThe she shapapes es of tof the bhe botottotom of m of ththe hee headad and top of the foot should be such that and top of the foot should be such that fish plate could be fixed easily.

fish plate could be fixed easily. 3.

3. The The C.GC.G. of . of the the rarail sil sectection ion shoshould uld bebe

located very near the centre of the height located very near the centre of the height

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Rails

of the rail. of the rail.

4. To allow the sufficient margin for the 4. To allow the sufficient margin for the

vertical wear, the depth of the head of rail vertical wear, the depth of the head of rail should be sufficient.

should be sufficient.

5. The rail should be shaped suitably. 5. The rail should be shaped suitably.

6. The metal distribution in head, web and 6. The metal distribution in head, web and

foot of the rail should be proper and foot of the rail should be proper and

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Rails

7. The surfaces and gauge faces of the rail 7. The surfaces and gauge faces of the rail

should be hard and capable of resisting should be hard and capable of resisting wear.

wear.

8. The thickness of the web of the rail 8. The thickness of the web of the rail

should be sufficient to withstand the load should be sufficient to withstand the load likely to come on the rail.

likely to come on the rail.

9. The width of the foot of rail should be 9. The width of the foot of rail should be

sufficient to spread the load on large area sufficient to spread the load on large area of sleepers

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Rails

10. The contact area between the rail and 10. The contact area between the rail and

the wheel should be sufficient to

the wheel should be sufficient to minimizeminimize the

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Defects in Rails



 Due to the passage of moving of aDue to the passage of moving of a number of wheels and the friction number of wheels and the friction

between the wheel and the rail, the rail between the wheel and the rail, the rail head gets worn out in course of time. head gets worn out in course of time.



 The impact of moving loads, the forcesThe impact of moving loads, the forces due to rail wheel interaction , braking of due to rail wheel interaction , braking of wheels and effect of weather conditions wheels and effect of weather conditions caused considerable wear and tear on caused considerable wear and tear on

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Wearing of Rails

vertical and lateral planes of a rail head. vertical and lateral planes of a rail head. Wear of rail head can be classified Wear of rail head can be classified I.

I. WWeaearriinng og on tn toop op or hr heaead od of a f a rraaiill II.

II. WeWear ar at at the the enend od of a f a rarailil

III. Wear on the sides of a rail III. Wear on the sides of a rail

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Wearing of Rails

I

I.. WWeeaarriinng g oon n ttoop op of rf raaiill

The metal from the top of the rail flows The metal from the top of the rail flows and assumes the shape forming

and assumes the shape forming projections on the sides. These projections on the sides. These

projections beyond the original section of projections beyond the original section of the rail are known as burrs.

the rail are known as burrs.



 Causes of Wear on top of a railCauses of Wear on top of a rail 1.

1. ThThe he heaead od of rf raiail wl wororn on out ut dudue te to to thehe

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Wearing of Rails

Abrasion of the rolling w

Abrasion of the rolling wheels over the rail.heels over the rail. 2. Due to the concentration of heavy wheel 2. Due to the concentration of heavy wheel

loads on a very small area, high stresses loads on a very small area, high stresses in rail exceeding the elastic limit are

in rail exceeding the elastic limit are

produced. Due to these high stresses the produced. Due to these high stresses the metal from the top flows out. This factor is metal from the top flows out. This factor is more significant than the first in producing more significant than the first in producing

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Wearing of Rails

3.

3. The The grigrindinding ang action of ction of the the sansand pd partarticlicleses between the wheel and rail also help to between the wheel and rail also help to produce wear of a rail.

produce wear of a rail. 4.

4. CorCorrosrosion ion of rof railail, al, also hso help ielp in wen wear oar of tof topp of a rail.

of a rail. II.

II. Wear at the end of a railWear at the end of a rail

At the joints due to the hamme

At the joints due to the hammering actionring action of the moving wheel cause the wear of

of the moving wheel cause the wear of

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Wearing of Rails

the rail at its ends. It

the rail at its ends. It is more pronouncedis more pronounced than the wear on the top. This wear is

than the wear on the top. This wear is

also known as rail end batter. The rail end also known as rail end batter. The rail end batter is measured as the difference

batter is measured as the difference

between the vertical height of rail at the between the vertical height of rail at the end and at a distance of 30 cm from the end and at a distance of 30 cm from the end. If the batter is up to 2 mm, it can be end. If the batter is up to 2 mm, it can be

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Wearing of Rails

but

but a a batter batter 2 a2 and nd 3 3 mm imm is s known known asas

severe and in this condition rail end needs severe and in this condition rail end needs correction. If the batter is excessive and correction. If the batter is excessive and rail is otherwise alright , a portion of the rail is otherwise alright , a portion of the rail may be cut off and it can be reused rail may be cut off and it can be reused



Effect of End Wear of a RailEffect of End Wear of a Rail Due to the impact blows of t

Due to the impact blows of the movinghe moving wheels on the end of the rail, Results wheels on the end of the rail, Results

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Wearing of Rails

1.

1. The The concontactact sut surfarfaces ces betbetweeween ran rails ils andand sleepers get worn out.

sleepers get worn out. 2.

2. FisFish bh boltolts ans and fid fish plash plates tes becbecomeomes ls loosoose.e. 3.

3. Due Due to to vibvibratrationions as at tt the he joijointsnts, t, thehe

settlement of the ballast takes place, settlement of the ballast takes place, which results in depression of the

which results in depression of the

sleepers. The defect is enlarged due to sleepers. The defect is enlarged due to

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Wearing of Rails

i i.. DDuue te to ho heeaavvy ly looaadds as annd ld laarrgge je jooiinntt opening opening ii

ii.. DuDue te to bo bad ad cocondndititioions ns of of vehvehicicle le spspriringngs.s. iii

iii.. Due Due to pto poor oor maintemaintenannance ce of of the the tratrack.ck. III

III Wear Wear on on the the sides sides of of a a RailRail

This is the most destructive type of wear This is the most destructive type of wear and occurs when the tracks are laid on and occurs when the tracks are laid on curves.

curves.

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Wearing of Rails

These type of wear is caused by the These type of wear is caused by the

following factors. following factors. 1.

1. On On cucurvrved ped porortition on of of ththe tre tracack , tk , thehe centrifugal force causes thrust of the centrifugal force causes thrust of the wheel flanges against the side of the wheel flanges against the side of the outer rail head, which results in the outer rail head, which results in the grinding of the rail by the flanges grinding of the rail by the flanges

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Wearing of Rails

2. On curved portion of the

2. On curved portion of the track, thetrack, the

vehicles do not bend to the shape of the vehicles do not bend to the shape of the curvature, resulting into biting of the inner curvature, resulting into biting of the inner side of the outer rail head by

side of the outer rail head by wheelwheel

flanges i.e., due to rigidity of wheel base. flanges i.e., due to rigidity of wheel base. 3. Wear on inner side of head of the inner 3. Wear on inner side of head of the inner

rail also occurs. It takes place mainly due rail also occurs. It takes place mainly due to slipping and skidding action of wheels to slipping and skidding action of wheels on curves.

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Measure to minimize Wear to Rails

i

i.. BBy y ccoonniinng g tthhe e wwhheeeellss ii

ii.. By By prprovovididining thg the se supuper eer elelevavatition on on on ththee track.

track. iii

iii.. By thBy the use use of se of specpecial ial allalloy soy steeteel fol for rar railsils.. iv.

iv. By aBy adopdoptinting gg good ood maimaintenntenancance of e of tratrack.ck. v.

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Measure to minimize Wear to Rails

vi. When the wear exceeds 5% of the total vi. When the wear exceeds 5% of the total

weight of the section. The rail must be weight of the section. The rail must be replaced.

replaced.

vii. Regular tightening of fish bolts and vii. Regular tightening of fish bolts and

packing of ballast will reduce wear packing of ballast will reduce wear

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RAILWAY TRACK

ENGINEERI

NG

GOOD LUCK

FOR FOR

MID TERM

•

• "How can one be considered among the people of knowledge when "How can one be considered among the people of knowledge when his worldly life is dearer to

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