Contrastive Negation : Constructional Variation within and across Languages

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Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki

CONTRASTIVE NEGATION

CONSTRUCTIONAL VARIATION WITHIN AND ACROSS

LANGUAGES

Olli O. Silvennoinen

DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

To be presented for public discussion with the permission of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki, in Room 107, Athena, on the 18th of October, 2019 at

12 o’clock.

Helsinki 2019

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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my research in the context of all the world’s languages, not just the ones that

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Evaluation of the dissertation: ‘Cognitive linguistics’s seven

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SD

LIST OF TABLES

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SDD

LIST OF FIGURES

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SDDD

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND

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SDQ

LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 CHARTING

THE

TERRAIN

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may be identical, most of them do not work as part of the fictional agent’s request. In > AJM DINO@ OC@ 9016 $76 !: >JINOMP>ODJI N@@HN OJ NPBB@NO OC<O < K<MOD>DK<IO JA OC@ @S>C<IB@C<N<>OP<GGT@IO@MO<DI@?OC@KJNND=DGDOTJANODMMDIBM<OC@MOC<INC<FDIBOC@?MDIF N@@%DQ`IRCD>CN@@HNPIGDF@GTBDQ@IOC<OJPM<B@IOC<NEPNO<MMDQ@?<OOC@=<M<I? C<NIJONKJF@IOJOC@=<MO@I?@M=@AJM@

There is another factor constraining the form that the agent’s utterance takes. We have

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‘There is a moral crisis in sport, 12621/;,1$1$'$%7621$924/'9,'( 5&$/(,’ he said. (BNC)

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1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND AIMS

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JAPN@+@<IDIBDNN@@I<N<IDIO@BM<GK<MOJABM<HH<OD><G?@N>MDKODJI<I?BM<HH<MDNJAO@I ?@N>MD=@?<N<I@ORJMFJAK<DMDIBNJAAJMH<I?API>ODJID@>JINOMP>ODJIN%JG?=@MB 1JH@K<MONJAOCDNI@ORJMF<M@?@IN@MOC<IJOC@MNOC@>JINOMP>ODJINDIOC@N@K<MONJAOC@ I@ORJMF<M@NDHDG<MDIO@MHNJAAJMHAPI>ODJIJM=JOC'IJOC@MRJM?NOC@T<M@M@G<O@?R@ H<TN<TOC<OOC@TAJMH<A<HDGT!JINOMP>ODJIA<HDGD@N<M@<I@NO<=GDNC@?OJKD>DIOC@PN<B@ =<N@?OM<?DODJI<IDNNP@OJRCD>C'NC<GGM@OPMIDI>C<KO@M'IOCDN?DNN@MO<ODJI'<KKMJ<>C >JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI<N<>JINOMP>ODJIA<HDGT'<DHOJ>JIOMD=PO@<=<ND>?@N>MDKODJIJA< >JINOMP>ODJIA<HDGTOC<OC<NIJOM@>@DQ@?OC@<OO@IODJIDO?@N@MQ@N<I?OC<ODN>JIND?@M<=GT G@NNI@<O<I?HJM@PIMPGTOC<IOC@K@OOJKD>NDIOC@GDO@M<OPM@NP>C<NOC@?<ODQ@<GO@MI<ODJI @B M@NI<I@O<GOC@B@IDODQ@<GO@MI<ODJI@B1UHM@>N<ITD%M<AHDGG@M <I?OC@Q@M=K<MOD>G@<GO@MI<ODJI@B%MD@N1UHM@>N<ITD-IOC@JI@ C<I?<NRDGG=@>JH@>G@<MG<O@MJI>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI>JH@NDI<BM@<OIPH=@MJAAJMH<G <MM<IB@H@ION<I?H<ITJAOC@N@<M@LPDO@NDHDG<MOJJI@<IJOC@M-IOC@JOC@MNJH@JAOC@ AJMHNOC<O><I=@<OO@NO@?DI>JMKPN?<O<?JIJON@@HOJ=@Q@MTCDBCGT>JIQ@IODJI<GDN@?'I MOD>G@N ' <I? ''' ' NC<GG <MBP@ JI OCDN =<NDN OC<O >JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI DN <O G@<NO K<MOGT @H@MB@IODIOC@N@IN@JA&JKK@M<MDNDIBKD@>@=TKD@>@M<OC@MOC<IAJGGJRDIB<KM@ ?@O@MHDI@?BM<HH<OD><GO@HKG<O@

1OP?D@NJI>JINOMP>ODJIA<HDGD@NPNP<GGT<DHOJ@NO<=GDNC<?DQDNDJIJAG<=JPM=@OR@@IOC@ A<HDGTH@H=@MN+JNOAPI>ODJI<GDNOOC@JMD@NJAG<IBP<B@<NNPH@OC<O>JHKG@O@NTIJITHTDN

avoided, a sentiment expressed as the ‘Principle of No Synonymy’ by Goldb@MB N@@<GNJ JGDIB@M @><PN@JAOC@<=NOM<>OI<OPM@JA>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI<I?OC@G<MB@ IPH=@M JA >JINOMP>ODJIN >JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI DN HP>C HJM@ KMJI@ OJ >JINOMP>ODJI<G NTIJITHTOC<IJOC@M>JINOMP>ODJIA<HDGD@NRDOCHJM@>JIO@IOAPGN@H<IOD>N 2C@=MJ<?M@N@<M>CLP@NODJINJAOCDN?DNN@MO<ODJI<M@<NAJGGJRN D 5C<O<M@OC@?DAA@M@IOAJMHNJA>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI DD 5C<OA<>OJMN<M@<NNJ>D<O@?RDOCOC@PN@JARCD>CAJMHN DDD 5C<OKM<BH<OD>API>ODJIN?J@N>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJIC<Q@ $JM@<>CJAOC@N@LP@NODJIN<INR@MN<M@NJPBCOAMJH=JOCHJIJGDIBP<G<I?>MJNNGDIBPDNOD> >JMKPN?<O<

1.3 OUTLINE

2CDN?DNN@MO<ODJIDN?DQD?@?DIOJOCM@@K<MON.<MO'KM@N@IONOC@=<>FBMJPI?OJOC@NOP?D@N .<MO''JAOC@?DNN@MO<ODJIDN<M@KMDIOJAAJPMKM@QDJPNGTKP=GDNC@?JMNJJIOJ=@KP=GDNC@? NOP?D@NJI>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI.<MO'''KM@N@ION>JI>GP?DIBM@H<MFN $46DNAPMOC@M?DQD?@?DIOJAJPM>C<KO@MNJARCD>COCDNDIOMJ?P>ODJIDNOC@ADMNO!C<KO@M M@QD@RNOC@KM@QDJPNNOP?D@NJI>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI<I?KM@N@IONOC@R<TDIRCD>CDODN ?@ADI@?DIOCDN?DNN@MO<ODJI<I?CJROCDN?@ADIDODJI?DAA@MNAMJHOCJN@JAOC@GDO@M<OPM@DI >@MO<DI M@NK@>ON !C<KO@M DN <=JPO OC@ OC@JM@OD><G <KKMJ<>C O<F@I DI OCDN ?DNN@MO<ODJI >JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI DN N@@I <N < >GPNO@M JA AJMHAPI>ODJI K<DMDIBN JA Q<MDJPN G@Q@GN JA N>C@H<OD>DOT KMJ?P>ODQDOT <I? @IOM@I>CH@IO OC<O >JHK@O@ <B<DINO JI@ <IJOC@M DI JI@ G<IBP<B@ <I? RCD>C >MJNNGDIBPDNOD> NOM<O@BD@N JA @SKM@NNDIBOC@API>ODJI!C<KO@MDIOPMIDN<=JPOOC@H@OCJ?JGJBD><G<KKMJ<>CJAOC@AJPM ><N@NOP?D@N>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJIDNGJJF@?<ODIG<IBP<B@PN@

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$46KM@N@IONOC@<>OP<GNP=NO@JAOC@?DNN@MO<ODJI'IDO>C<KO@MN<I? >JMM@NKJI?OJMOD>G@N''''''<I?'4M@NK@>ODQ@GTMOD>G@'‘Not only apples but also oranges: Contrastive negation and register’DN<>JMKPN?MDQ@INOP?TJA>JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJIDINKJF@I<I?RMDOO@I#IBGDNC2C@<DHJAOC@<MOD>G@DNORJAJG?JIOC@JI@C<I? DOPI>JQ@MNDI<=JOOJHPKA<NCDJIOC@Q<MDJPNAJMHNJA>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJIDI#IBGDNC?<O< <I?JIOC@JOC@MDO@S<HDI@NOC@?DNOMD=PODJIJAOC@AJMHNDIQ<MDJPNI@RNK<K@MM@BDNO@MN<N R@GG<N><NP<G>JIQ@MN<ODJI2C@H<DIM@NPGOJAOC@NOP?TDNOC<ONKJF@I<I?RMDOO@I#IBGDNC ?DAA@MLPDO@@SO@INDQ@GT<NOJCJR>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJIDN@SKM@NN@?DIGDI@RDOCKM@QDJPN NOP?D@N JI >G<PN@ >JH=DIDIB NK@@>C A<QJPMN @SKM@NNDJIN RDOCJPO >JIEPI>ODJIN RCDG@ DI RMDODIB>JINOMP>ODJINRDOCOC@>JMM@>ODQ@>JIEPI>ODJI$76<M@<GNJ>JHHJI

MOD>G@ '' ‘Constructional schemas in variation: Modelling contrastive negation’>JIODIP@N RDOCOC@ #IBGDNC ?<O< @S<HDIDIB OC@ API>ODJI<G?DQDNDJI JA G<=JPM =@OR@@IOC@NDS>JINOMP>ODJINDI– <N@?JI<NO<ODNOD><G<I<GTNDNJAN@Q@M<GQ<MD<=G@N 'NCJROC<OOC@M@DNAPI>ODJI<GNK@>D<GDN<ODJI<HJIBOC@>JINOMP>ODJIN=PO<GNJNP=NO<IOD<G JQ@MG<K2C@9016 $76!:N>C@H<DN<NNJ>D<O@?RDOC<??DODQ@N@H<IOD>N<NNO<O@?<=JQ@ RC@M@<NOC@9016 !:N>C@H<A<QJPMNM@NOMD>ODQ@N@H<IOD>N2C@G<OO@MO@I?@I>TH<T=@ M@G<O@? OJ OC@ R@GGknown grammaticalisation path from exclusive focus particles (‘only’, ‘just’) to adversative and corrective conjunctions (König 1991: 110–

MOD>G@'''‘From constructions to functions and back: Contrastive negation

,1nglish and Finnish’>JIOM<NON#IBGDNCRDOC$DIIDNCPNDIB><NP<G>JIQ@MN<ODJI?<O< <I?OC@H@OCJ?JGJBD><GOJJGFDOJADIO@M<>ODJI<GGDIBPDNOD>N!JPK@M)PCG@I1@GODIB *DF@1K<IDNC<I?%@MH<I$DIIDNCH<F@N<?DNODI>ODJI=@OR@@I<?Q@MN<ODQ@<I?>JMM@>ODQ@ >JIEPI>ODJIN 2C@ @SKM@NNDJI JA >JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI DN ?DAA@M@IO DI OC@ ORJ G<IBP<B@N $DIIDNCH<F@NHJM@PN@JA>JIEPI>ODJINOC<I#IBGDNCDIRCD>COC@>JMM@>ODQ@>JIEPI>ODJI $76 N@@HN OJ =@ <GHJNO >JHKG@O@GT M@NOMD>O@? OJ RMDOO@I JM AJMH<G >JIO@SON !JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI<KK@<MNOJ=@<?JH<DIJABM<HH<MRCJN@@SKM@NNDJIDNK<MOD<GGT@H@MB@IO<I? KJNDODJI<GGT N@INDODQ@ DIO@M<>ODJI<G >JIODIB@I>D@N C<Q@ O JI OC@ AJMH<OODIB JA >JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJINJOC<O<BDQ@I@S<HKG@H<T=@M@>JBIDN<=GTM@<>ODQ@AJMDINO@

MOD>G@ '4 ‘Comparing corrective constructions: Contrastive negation in parallel and monolingual data’ O<F@N OC@ >JIOM<NODQ@ <KKMJ<>C JI@ NO@K APMOC@M @S<HDIDIB #PMJK@ %@MH<ID> <I? 0JH@PNDIBK<M<GG@G>JMKPN?<O<2C@<I<GTNDNPI>JQ@MN=JOCM@H<MF<=G@NDHDG<MDOT<I? ?DAA@M@IOD<ODJINPBB@NODIB<I<M@<GB@I@<GJBD><G>JM@JA!C<MG@H<BI@1KM<>C=PI?Q<I?@M PR@M< <I? %@MH<ID> G<IBP<B@N AMJH RCD>C OC@ JOC@M 0JH@ <I? OC@ $DIID> G<IBP<B@N JA OC@ NOP?T ?DAA@M 'I OC@ >JM@ G<IBP<B@N >JMM@>ODQ@ >JJM?DI<ODJI DN KM@?JHDI<IOGT PN@? AJM <??DODQ@ ><N@N DI OC@ ?<O<N@O -POND?@ JA OC@ >JM@ >JMM@>ODQ@ >JJM?DI<ODJIH<TC<Q@APMOC@M?DNODI>ODJIN@DOC@MHJMKCJNTIO<>OD><GGT5+01QN5+0137'DI 1K<IDNCJMAPI>ODJI<GGT/#QN$'05HDI'O<GD<I/#55+/QN%1/1DI.JMOPBP@N@JMDO H<T=@HJM@R@<FGT<NNJ>D<O@?RDOC<??DODQ@N@H<IOD>N8#+&DI#NOJID<I8##0DI$DIIDNC $46>JI>GP?@NOC@?DNN@MO<ODJI'I>C<KO@M'?DN>PNNOC@M@N@<M>CLP@NODJIN<I? <INR@MN <N R@GG <N KJDIO JPO GDHDO<ODJIN OJ OC@ NOP?D@N DI .<MO '' 'I >C<KO@M ' ?M<R >JI>GPNDJIN<I?NPBB@NO<Q@IP@NAJMAPMOC@MM@N@<M>C

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2 CONTRASTIVE

NEGATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2CDN >C<KO@M RDGG M@QD@R OC@ @SDNODIB NOP?D@N JI >JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI <I? KM@N@IO HT <KKMJ<>COJDO!JIOM<MTOJHP>CKM@QDJPNM@N@<M>CHT?@ADIDODJIJA>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJIDN @NN@IOD<GGT API>ODJI<G 2C<O DN ' ?J IJO NO<MO RDOC < KM@N@G@>O@? GDNO JA NTIO<>OD> >JIADBPM<ODJIN=PORDOCN@H<IOD><I?KM<BH<OD>IJODJIN<B<DINORCD>C'C<Q@<I<GTN@?OC@ >JMKPN?<O<2C@<KKMJ<>CDNOCPNJIJH<NDJGJBD><GBJDIBAMJHAPI>ODJIOJAJMH

@AJM@M@QD@RDIBOC@GDO@M<OPM@'NC<GGH<F@<A@RM@H<MFNJIO@MHDIJGJBT'C<Q@<GM@<?T BDQ@I<KM@GDHDI<MT?@ADIDODJIJA&2164$56,8(1(*$6,21OC@>@IOM<G>JI>@KODIOCDNNOP?T HJM@KM@>DN@?@ADIDODJIRDGG=@BDQ@IG<O@MJIDIOCDN>C<KO@M-IJ>><NDJI'NC<GG<GNJPN@ OC@ O@MH &2164$56,8( 1(*$6,21 &215647&6,215 JM 1(*$6,8(&2164$56,8( &215647&6,215OJM@A@MOJ@IOM@I>C@?K<DMDIBNJAAJMH<I?API>ODJIDIOCDN?JH<DIN@@ %JG?=@MB <I? >C<KO@M DI OCDN ?DNN@MO<ODJI AJM OC@ ?@ADIDODJI JA >JINOMP>ODJI

2C@M@<M@N@Q@M<GBM<HH<OD><G?JH<DINOC<O<M@M@G@Q<IOAJM>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI2C@HJNO J=QDJPNJAOC@HDN32/$4,6;RCD>C>JINDNONDIOC@>CJD>@=@OR@@I<AADMH<ODJI<I?I@B<ODJI 2C@ JOC@M ?JH<DI OC<O ADBPM@N KMJHDI@IOGT DI OC@ GDO@M<OPM@ JI >JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI DN &244(&6,8(&224',1$6,212C@GDO@M<OPM@JI>JMM@>ODQ@>JJM?DI<ODJIPNP<GGTJIGT>JIND?@MN NTI?@OD> I@B<ODQ@ADMNO AJMHN JA >JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI @B016 56+44'& $76 5*#-'0 2C@ >JIEPI>ODJINDINP>C>JINOMP>ODJIN<M@><GG@?&244(&6,8(&21-71&6,2152C@>JIEPI>ODJIN PN@?DI><N@NJAN@H<IOD>JKKJNDODJIJM?@ID<GJA@SK@>O<ODJI@B+-'+5#'27$.+%#0$76

he’s honest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

2C@ @SDNO@I>@ JA N@Q@M<G O@MHN AJM OC@ N<H@ KC@IJH@IJI HDBCO =@ M@B<M?@? <N PIAJMOPI<O@ HJIB OC@ N@HDI<G

KM@QDJPN NOP?D@N OC@ O@MH‘negativecontrastive constructions’ is used by Gates and Seright (1967), while ‘contrastive negation’ is chosen by McCawley (1991; 1998: 612– 1JH@ODH@N JOC@M O@MHN C<Q@ =@@I NPBB@NO@? <NR@GG NP>C <N

‘replacive negation’ (Jacobs 1991; cited in e.g0@KK

2C@RJM?56#0&#4&.;I@@?NNJH@PIK<>FDIB'I$DIIDNC/766#DNB@I@M<GGT>JIND?@M@?OC@.>JIEPI>ODJI<I?8##0

OC@ 1,>JIEPI>ODJI &JR@Q@M DI ?D<G@>ON OC@ ?DNODI>ODJI N@@HN OJ =@ M@>@IO >A &<FPGDI@I 'I <??DODJI @Q@I DI NO<I?<M?G<IBP<B@8##0DNNJH@ODH@NPN@?<N<NOTGDN@?.>JIEPI>ODJI

D #0&*+0 8#.6# 6#+277 '+ 6#+67

%<I?CD%#, KJR@M =@I?1%8##0 ,#%1% AJG?!,%

‘Gandhi’s power bends but"4does not break.’ (Hakulinen et al. 2004: §1106) 1DI>@OCDNDNJIGT<HDIJMPN<B@8##0DN>JIND?@M@?<I1,>JIEPI>ODJIDIOCDN?DNN@MO<ODJI

'ND?@NO@KOC@LP@NODJIJARC<OOJ><GGOC@>JIEPI>ODJIDI>JINOMP>ONGDF@5*#-'0#0&01656+44'&'IR@NO@MI#PMJK@<I

(25)

'I<??DODJIOJ?@IJODIB<N@H<IOD>NP=?JH<DIJA>JJM?DI<ODJI&244(&6,21 DN<GNJ < KM<BH<OD>IJODJI3N@?H<DIGTDIAJMH<GDNONOP?D@NDO?@IJO@N <NK@@>C<>OOC<OKD>FNPK NJH@OCDIBOJ=@<H@I?@?DIOC@?DN>JPMN@PIDQ@MN@<I?NPBB@NON<M@KG<>@H@IO@BQJH@N>GJN@OJRC<ODIOC@>JIQ@MN<ODJI<I<GTOD>GDO@M<OPM@DN><GG@? 4(3$,41>C@BGJAA(@AA@MNJI1<>FN<GOCJPBCAJMM@K<DMOC@@SDNO@I>@JA<I@G@H@IO OJ=@<H@I?@?DNIJO<KM@M@LPDNDO@!JMM@>ODJI<I?M@K<DM<M@DI?@@?KJNND=G@API>ODJINAJM >JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI=POOC@T<M@IJOOC@JIGTJM@Q@IOC@HJNOAM@LP@IOJI@N<NMOD>G@''' NCJRN 2CDN DN JI@ M@<NJI RCT ' KM@A@M OJ PN@ OC@ KM<BH<OD><GGT HJM@ I@POM<G O@MH

‘contrastive negation’. Another sense of correction is merely the affirmative part of a

>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI>JINOMP>O@B"DF@O<G

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

DO DN @SKGD>DOGT K<DM@? RDOC <IJOC@M AJ><G @G@H@IO RDOC RCD>C DO NO<I?N DI JINOMP>ONJA>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI @SCD=DO>JIOM<NODQ@AJ>PNOCPN?@ADI@?

'IN@>ODJI'KM@N@IOHTJRIAPI>ODJI<G?@ADIDODJIJA>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI<GJIBRDOC <NTIO<>OD>N@H<IOD><I?KM<BH<OD>>C<M<>O@MDN<ODJIJAOC@FDI?NJA>JINOMP>ODJINOJRCD>C OCDN?@ADIDODJI>JMM@NKJI?N'IN@>ODJI'KM@N@IOOC@M@N@<M>C=<>FBMJPI?OC@Q<MDJPN KC@IJH@I<OC<OM@G<O@OJ>JIOM<NODQ@I@B<ODJI<I?DIRCJN@>JIO@SODOC<N=@@I?DN>PNN@?

<I<GJBJPN>JINOMP>ODJIDNAJMH@?=T<KK@I?DIB<I<??DODQ@>GDOD>-BOJOC@I@B<OJM'<NDI4#8+56'6670#'+-B5'-1+6'6670#

‘shaken and not stirred’). By contrast, in some Slavonic languages such as Russian, the equivalents of both ‘but’ in ‘not X but Y’ and ‘and’ in ‘Y and not X’ are corrective conjunctions (<NDINF<E<

,JO <GG <BM@@ JI OCDN OCJPBC 3H=<>C @SKGD>DOGTNO<O@N OC<O OC@ 9016 $76 !: >JINOMP>ODJI DN IJO <I

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NP>C<NI@B<ODJI>JMM@>ODQ@>JJM?DI<ODJI<I?NP=JM?DI<ODJI'IN@>ODJI'NPHH<MDN@ OC@>C<KO@M

2.2 WHAT

IS

CONTRASTIVE

NEGATION?

2.2.1 CONTRASTIVE NEGATION AS A FUNCTION

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Contrastive negation is what Haspelmath (2010) has called a ‘comparative concept’ < >JI>@KOOC<ODN?@NDBI@?OJ=@<KKGD><=G@OJ>MJNNGDIBPDNOD>>JHK<MDNJI=T=@DIBKMDH<MDGT =<N@?JIAPI>ODJI<GIJODJIN'I<??DODJI<>JHK<M<ODQ@>JI>@KOH<T=@=<N@?JIAJMH<G IJODJIN OC<O <M@ G<IBP<B@DI?@K@I?@IO NP>C <N >JH=DI<ODJI &JR@Q@M >JIOM<NODQ@

negation also denotes ‘descriptive categories’ in Haspelmath’s terms, i.e. it delimits a class

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‘carrot’ nor simple ‘stick’, but a carrot&7056,&. ,!

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Quirk et al. (1985: 787) define the scope of negation as ‘the stretch of language over which the negative item has a semantic influence’. The focus of negation is the eS<>OK<MOJA<>G<PN@ OC<ODNI@B<O@?/PDMF@O<G2C@AJ>PNDNDIND?@OC@N>JK@=POOC@N>JK@H<T<GNJ DI>GP?@@G@H@IONOC<O<M@IJODIAJ>PN<I?RCD>CH<TOC@M@AJM@=@G@AOPII@B<O@?!JIND?@M AMJH/PDMF@O<GNGDBCOGTHJ?DAD@?

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I didn’t take Joan toswĭm in the pool today–EPNOOJN@@DO

?I didn’t take Joan to swim in the pŏol today.–'OJJFC@MOJOC@N@<ND?@ @I didn’t take Joan to swim in the pool todăy.–'OR<NG<NOR@@FOC<O'?D?NJ AĬ didn’t take Joan to swim in the pool today.–'OR<NHT=MJOC@MRCJOJJF C@M

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a clause is the element that brings new information. Since in Lambrecht’s (1994: 206) view,

<GG>G<PN@N>JIO<DII@RDIAJMH<ODJI<GG>G<PN@NJ=GDB<OJMDGTC<Q@<AJ>PN$J>D>JH@DIOCM@@

types, which Lambrecht calls ‘focus structures’: narrow focus, predicate focus and sentence

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#S<HKG@N – DGGPNOM<O@ >JIOM<NODQ@ I@B<ODJI RDOC I<MMJR KM@?D><O@ <I? N@IO@I>@ AJ>PNM@NK@>ODQ@GT

I simplify Quirk and colleagues’ account somewhat. In their view, focusing may change the scope of negation to

=@>JH@ I<MMJR@M 2CPN OC@ N>JK@ H<T <GNo become discontinuous. My account is closer to Huddleston and Pullum’s

–

In fact, Lambrecht uses the term ‘argument focus’ for what I have chosen to call ‘narrow focus’, following Van Valin

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<I?OC@N<H@FDI?JANPAA@MDIB<NOC<OJAPN>CRDOUJMJA>@M@=M<GH@IDIBDODN: ,!

‘I’HQJODIBAJM(JCI+<EJM=@><PN@C@DN<BM@<O.MDH@+DIDNO@M @><PN@C@

doesn’t $-!9KPIDNCNP>>@NN:C@$-![promotes it],’ she purred. (BNC) ,-*"H<SDHJA MDODNCKJGDOD>NNO<O@NOC<O$-!9JKKJNDODJIN?JIJORDI

@G@>ODJIN:$-!9BJQ@MIH@IONGJN@OC@H: ,!

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Kay & O’Connor 1988).

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B: I don’t [go to the gym often], I go running instead. "JTJPBJOJOC@BTHJAO@I

,J'BJMPIIDIBDINO@<?

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!*:2* <<h>>> uwele ma:gsch no (.) ↑guck da hat=s no 47D,1(.5.B=6*+7*0.

:24 (72@4:2.0<.:6.62:6E;;.<:*=,1. :24 zum wohl. ((Anstoβen von Gläsern))

(%25+.7)

77* (-*4866<6.<8<*5=7<.:.:7C1:<4866<6.:1826 bloβ weil die rauche wollet.

‘1 +<MD< uwe dear do you want anything else (.) look there’re =J9I@NOJKD>F

#MDF [he’ll get nothing more we have to smoke. (.) #MDF >C@@MN>GDIFDIBJA>G<NN@N

9NTGG<=G@N:

II< [we’ll come home totally undernourished, just because these guys want to smoke.’

In line 2 of this excerpt, Erik produces two clauses, ‘he’ll get nothing more’ and ‘we have to smoke’. Together they form a clause combination or, in Gohl’s (2000: 85) terms, a ‘construction’, bound together by the semantics: the latter clause is a cause for the former.

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‘Sandy plays soccer but not tennis.’ ()JID@OUFJ5DIFG@M

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2.2.2 CONTRASTIVE NEGATION AS A FAMILY OF CONSTRUCTIONS

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9:2JOOD@><GGNI@B<ODQ@ADMNO<I?I@B<ODQ@second forms ‘negfirst’ and ‘negsecond’, respectively, while McCawley opts for ‘basic’ and ‘reverse’. Both nomenclatures have problems, which is why I have not followed either of them. See not@DI MOD>G@'AJM?DN>PNNDJI

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.0#$!#",#%2'4#$'012

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5744(1'(46+(),*+6*2(521.’ (BNC: A9E)

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hand, contrasts finite clauses. In Articles I and II, I retained McCawley’s (1991) term ‘expanded’ for such constructions. @SCD=DON<><N@RC@M@OC@>JIOM<NO@?@G@H@IONC<Q@ ?DAA@M@IONTIO<>OD>M<IFNOC@I@B<ODQ@@G@H@IODNKCM<N<G<I?<KK@I?@?OJ<APGG<AADMH<ODQ@ >G<PN@ @><PN@ JA OC@ ?@K@I?@I>@ JA OC@ I@B<ODQ@ JI OC@ <AADMH<ODQ@ ' ><GG@? NP>C >JINOMP>ODJINKM@A<>@?!JINOMP>ODJINGDF@ –<M@>JIND?@M@?DI<GGAJPM<MOD>G@NDI .<MO'''I<??DODJIDIMOD>G@''IJO@?OC@>JIADBPM<ODJINDI–

901651/7%* #5$76!:

The influence of all three is perceptible in Nicholas Shakespeare’s first novel,

OCJPBCDODNnot so much the magical flights of Marquez as Greene’s

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bombers for callous lack of ‘consideration for their own humanity and flesh’. ‘"+(;$4($1,0$/56+(;$4(126+70$1,’ he said. (BNC: AKH)

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lessons), adds, ‘I get girls who want to marry well, who don’t want to

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26only will it not be like its parents, it probably won’t want to be. (BNC: A7Y) 7@OC@?D?126JKKJN@<GGOJSD>R<NO@HJQ@H@IO<AO@M<GGOC@N<H@PIDJI M@KM@N@IONRJMF@MN<O0@>C@HDON@GA); he simply didn’t like the idea that big

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go area for caravans parked don’t they? (BNC: KBP)

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Table 1. Contrastive negation vs. other construction types

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9!

Contrastive Negation : Constructional Variation within and across Languages