Animal Overview

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1

AP Biology 2007-2008

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Domain Eukarya

Common ancestor

Kingdom: Animals

Domain Eukarya

AP Biology

Animal Characteristics



Heterotrophs



must ingest others for

nutrients



Multicellular



complex bodies



No cell walls



allows active movement



Sexual reproduction



no alternation of generations

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2 Division Ave. High School

Ms. Foglia

AP Biology

Disagreement about phylogeny of BILATERIA

Images from Campbell and Reece AP BIOLOGY Protostomia

WHY ARE ECHINODERMS PLACED

IN BILATERIA?

Its larvae are BILATERALLY symmetrical

and develop like deuterostomes!

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3

AP Biology

Porifera Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms

Nematoda

Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Echinoderm

mollusks

multicellularity

Ancestral Protist tissues

bilateral symmetry body cavity

segmentation

Animal Evolution

eucoelom

starfish vertebrates

endoskeleton segmented

worms insects spiders

backbone

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Porifera



Sponges



Diploblastic (two germ layers)



no distinct tissues or organs

 do have specialized cells



no symmetry



sessile (as adults)

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4 Division Ave. High School

Ms. Foglia

AP Biology

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Cnidaria



Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral



Diploblastic (two germ layers)



tissues, but no organs



radial symmetry



predators

 tentacles surround gut opening

 GASTROVASCULAR cavity  extracellular digestion

release enzymes into gut cavity

AP Biology hydra

stinging cell with nematocyst

trigger

discharged nematocyst

undischarged nematocyst tentacles

mouth

sensory cell

stinging cell

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5 3 KINDS OF WORMS - 3 KINDS OF COELOMS

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

acoelomate

pseudocoelomate

True coelomate

FLATWORMS

ROUND WORMS

SEGMENTED

WORMS

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes



Flatworms

 Triploblastic (3 germ layers)

 Acoelom

 Fluke, tapeworm, Planaria

 Some parasitic  bilaterally symmetrical

 Have “less than 2” opening digestive system  Flame cells-excretory

 Breathe through skin

 Open circulation

GASTROVASCULAR

CAVITY

absorb thru skin

(6)

6 Division Ave. High School

Ms. Foglia

AP Biology

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Nematoda



Roundworms  Triploblastic  Pseudocoelom

 bilaterally symmetrical

 have both mouth & anus

 well-developed digestive system

 many are parasitic

 Hookworm, pinworms

 Breathe through skin

 Open circulation

C. elegans

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Annelida

Segmented worms



earthworms, leeches



segments are not specialized



bilaterally symmetrical



true coelom



2 opening digestive system



Breathe through skin



CLOSED circulation



NEPHRIDIA- excretory

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7

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Mollusca

Mollusks



clams, snails, octopus



bilaterally symmetrical



soft bodies, many protected by hard shells



true

coelom



OPEN circulation (except cephalopods)

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Arthropoda

Spiders, insects, crustaceans



most successful animal phylum



bilaterally symmetrical



segmented



JOINTED APPENDAGES

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8 Division Ave. High School

Ms. Foglia

AP Biology

AP Biology

Arthropod groups

insects

6 legs, 3 body parts

crustaceans

gills, 2 pairs antennae Green glands

crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp

arachnids

8 legs, 2 body parts MALPIGHIAN TUBULES

spiders, ticks, scorpions

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Echinodermata



Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber  Adults - radially symmetrical

 Larva-bilaterally symmetrical

 spiny endoskeleton

 Water vascular system

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9

AP Biology

Invertebrate quick check…



Which phylum includes snails, clams, and octopus?



Which phylum is the sponges?



Which are the flatworms?

…segmented worms?

…roundworms?



Which phylum has jointed appendages & an

exoskeleton?



Which two groups are radially symmetrical?



Which group has no symmetry?



Type of circulation most invertebrates have?



Which groups are DIPLOBLASTIC?

Invertebrates:Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

postanal

tail _notochord

hollow dorsal nerve cord

pharyngeal pouches

PHYLUM = Chordata

becomes brain & spinal cord

becomes vertebrae becomes gills or

Eustachian tube

becomes tail or tailbone

CHARACTERISTICS:

NOTOCHORD

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES

POST ANAL TAIL

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10 Division Ave. High School

Ms. Foglia

AP Biology

SUBPHYLUM = VERTEBRATA

VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS:

ALL CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS PLUS:

• Bones or cartilage around a dorsal nerve cord

• Cranium (skull) to protect brain

• Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage

• Closed circulatory system

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

NOTOCHORD

Notochord:

flexible rod

Helps organize developing

cells in embryo

Replaced by spinal cord in

most vertebrates

Becomes the vertebrae

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11 DORSAL NERVE CORD

VENTRAL HEART

Spinal cord forms along dorsal side

Images from:

http://www.nvo.com/jin/nssfolder/scrapbookanatomy/dorsal%20nerve%20cord.jpg http://www.ekinos.com.ar/horse.jpg

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES

Become gills in

some vertebrates

Become back of

throat and inner

ears in humans

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12 Division Ave. High School

Ms. Foglia

AP Biology

POST ANAL TAIL

Human Embryo

32 days old

Pharyngeal arches

appear during 4

th

_week

Tail disappears at

approximately 8 weeks

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13

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Fish

salmon, trout, sharks

450 mya



Characteristics



body structure

 bony OR cartilaginous skeleton  Scales, fins

 Lungs/swim bladder



body function

 gills for gas exchange  two-chambered heart;

single loop blood circulation  ectotherms



reproduction

 external fertilization  external development in

aquatic egg

gills

body

AP Biology

Transition to Land

Evolution of tetrapods

Tibia Femur Fibula Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna Tibia Femur Pelvis

Fibula Lobe-finned fish

Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna Pelvis Early amphibian

Evidence suggests

lobe finned fish are

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14 Division Ave. High School

Ms. Foglia

AP Biology

TIK-TAALIK

Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods



Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers



Earliest fish with a neck



Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction.jpg

AP Biology

lung

buccal cavity

glottis closed

Vertebrates: Amphibian



Characteristics



body structure

 legs (tetrapods)  Thin, moist skin



body function

 lungs (positive pressure) &

diffusion through skin for gas exchange  three-chambered heart/2 loops

 Ectotherms  Excrete UREA



reproduction

 external fertilization

 external development in aquatic egg  metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

frogs

salamanders toads

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15

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Reptiles

250 mya

dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile

embryo leathery shell

chorion allantois

yolk sac

amnion



Characteristics

 Dry, scaly skin



body function

 lungs for gas exchange

 three-chambered heart/2 loops (except crocodilians)

 ectotherms  excrete URIC ACID



reproduction

 INTERNAL fertilization

 external development- AMNIOTIC egg

amnion-bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg

IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT

AMNIOTIC

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16 Division Ave. High School

Ms. Foglia

AP Biology

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Birds



Characteristics



body structure

 feathers & wings  thin, hollow bone;

flight skeleton



body function

 very efficient lungs & air sacs  four-chambered heart/2 loops  endotherms

 excrete URIC ACID



reproduction

 INTERNAL fertilization

 external development in AMNIOTIC egg

150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey trachea anterior air sacs lung posterior air sacs AP Biology

Vertebrates: Mammals



Characteristics



body structure

 hair

 specialized teeth



body function

 lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure

 four-chambered heart/2 loops  endotherms



reproduction

 internal fertilization

 internal development in uterus nourishment through placenta

 birth live young

 mammary glands make milk

220 mya / 65 mya

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17

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Mammals



Sub-groups



monotremes

 egg-laying mammals  duckbilled platypus, echidna



marsupials

 pouched mammals  short-lived placenta  koala, kangaroo, opossum