Review Class Day 1
Early Human History, the First Civilizations & Judaism
Social Studies is a combination of eight specialized disciplines
-______________________________ = the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains
-______________________________ = the study of man, especially of the variety, physical & cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, social relationships, etc. of mankind: often restricted to the study of the institutions, myths, etc. of non-literate peoples
-______________________________ = (1) the science of dealing with the earth’s surface features and the climate, vegetation, population, etc. of it’s countries, and other divisions (2) the topographical features of a region
-______________________________ = the science of human society & of social relations, organization & change. Specifically, the study of beliefs, values, etc. of societal groups & of the processes governing social phenomena
-______________________________ = the science of dealing with the mind and with mental and emotional processes; science of human and animal behavior
-______________________________ = the science of political institutions or of the principles, organization and methods of government
-______________________________ = the science of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods & services
-______________________________ = (1) the study of past events, particularly in human affairs, (2) the whole series of past events connected with someone or something
_____________________________ = “texts nearest to any subject of investigation”
-A document, speech, or other sort of evidence written, created, or otherwise produced _______________________
____________________________________. It is the original work of a person who lived during the time period—it tells you a person’s ideas in his or her own words, and offers an inside view of a particular event
-Examples:
-Historians (you) can interpret & draw their own conclusions
-Is __________________________________
_____________________ Sources
Includes ___________________ (think about what information is included as well as excluded, remember that historians want their opinion to be as strong as possible).
Examples:
The First Humans
The _________________________ (= Old Stone) Age
2 million years ago, started in the ______________________________ = East Africa
-Nomadic =
Traveled & lived in groups of 2-3 dozen people
Knew how to make fire, as well as tools such as spears & digging sticks out of stone, bone & wood
Made clothing out of animal skins
Had a spoken language, but nothing written
Were spiritual (buried dead with tools)
These humans migrated to Europe & Asia
This time period was ended by climate change
The _____________________________ Revolution 10,000 BC, caused by climate change (warmer)
Was the first Agricultural Revolution
-Happened at the same time in many parts of the world
Effects of the Neolithic Revolution
Humans no longer needed to wander looking for food, so they were able to create permanent settlements. As a result, they
Traditional Economy
Based on ______________________
The majority of people are _______________________ (85% or more)
Subsistence Agriculture
=
Some limited crafts
Pottery
Metalworking
Cloth
Limited __________________________ or trade
Characteristics of Civilization Advanced cities
A food surplus allowed the population to increase
Complex institutions
The government oversaw food production & distribution as well as protection & public works/infrastructure =
Organized religion: ______________________________ = many gods (crop production & protection)
Specialized workers
Division of labor =
Led to a creation of a ________________________________________: pyramid shaped: priests/nobles, warriors/merchants, peasants/farmers, slaves
Record keeping
Used for business transactions at first but then to record events, ect.
Had a __________________________________ = based on barter/trade Primarily farming but also craftsmen who made pottery, clothing, ect.
Advanced technology
Examples of Early Civilizations & their Achievements Nile River-______________________
Tigris & Euphrates-Mesopotamia/ “________________________” / “___________________________________”
Sumerians:
Phoenicians:
Babylonians:
Indus River Valley: cities of ________________________ & ___________________ were well planned: grid-like roads, indoor plumbing
Huang He (Yellow) & Yangzi: isolated due to geography so they called themselves the ______________________
Judaism -about 1000 BC
- religion
Belief in only one (1) God
God is thought to be all-powerful, all-knowing
Given _______________________________________________ by God
-system of laws that describe how people should behave
Hebrew Civilization and Judaism
Major Features of Judaism
God = Yahweh, monotheistic religion, God is everywhere and all-powerful
God chose _________________________ as His Chosen People
Holy book = ______________________ (also included as the Old Testament of the Christian Bible)
Places of Worship = Synagogue or Temple
Religious leader = Rabbi
Important People = Abraham, Moses, and
The Prophets: Teachers of moral standards and justice
Holidays = Yom Kippur; Hanukkah; Rosh Hashanah, Passover
Quiz
1. Which type of economic system relies primarily on hunting, gathering, herding, and farming to maintain self-sufficiency?
(1) traditional (3) capitalism (2) command (4) mixed
2. • Keeping field notes from excavation sites • Analyzing radiocarbon dating test results • Examining and cataloging artifacts
Which type of social scientist directly engages in these activities? (1) Political scientist (2) sociologist
(3) Historian (4) archaeologist
3. Historians follow rules to help them analyze primary sources. Some of the rules they use are: • Every piece of evidence and every source must be read or viewed skeptically and critically.
• Each piece of evidence and source must be cross-checked and compared with related sources and pieces of evidence. —Library of Congress
These rules are designed to help historians determine the (1) reliability of document information
(2) popularity of a publication (3) differences in belief systems (4) laws of a civilization
4. Discovery of streets arranged in a grid-like pattern and a system of pipes for moving water in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro suggest that these ancient river valley cities in South Asia had
(1) organized governments (2) subsistence-based economies (3) polytheistic beliefs
(4) rigid social classes
5. Historically, the Huang He has also been known as the “River of Sorrows” because (1) frozen ports have made trade difficult
(2) cataracts have made transportation impossible (3) floods have destroyed crops and villages (4) burials have taken place at the sacred waters
6. One way in which the ancient Sumerians, Egyptians, and Mayas are similar is that these civilizations developed (1) irrigation systems (2) iron weapons
7. Long before the rule of pharaohs, Egyptians grew wheat and barley and raised pigs, goats, sheep and cattle. Spotty evidence had suggested that agriculture was practiced there more than 7,000 years ago, two millenniums earlier than the first royal dynasties.…
— John Noble Wilford, New York Times, February 12, 2008 Which period in history is referred to in this excerpt?
(1) Industrial Revolution (2) Neolithic Revolution (3) Scientific Revolution (4) Green Revolution
8. Historians rely on primary sources because these sources (1) are more detailed than secondary sources
(2) provide eyewitness accounts of events (3) have the approval of religious authorities (4) establish rules for writing history
9.
• Studies systems of government • Formulates public policy proposals • Analyzes election polls and results
A person who specializes in these activities is called
(1) an economist (2) a sociologist (3) a political scientist (4) an anthropologist
10. Which social scientists focus their studies on scarcity, resources, and profit motives? (1) archaeologists (3) economists (2) historians (4) sociologists
11. A geographer attempts to understand and interpret patterns and processes primarily by (1) examining political theories
(2) authenticating oral histories
