TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017
What are we doing?
Survey Reproductive System Structures and Function
Why are we doing it?
Students will understand the structures and functions
of the reproductive system.
How does it fit in with what we have previously
done?
SURVEY
Do not put your name on it.
THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
A Practical Guide
Unlike other animals, humans can
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Major Structures:
Testes
Vas Deferens
Prostate
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Testes - make sperm via
meiosis. The testes are also responsible for
produces testosterone, the male hormone.
Testosterone is
responsible for many of the "male"
characteristics.
Seminiferous tubules –
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Seminal vesicle – Makes seminal fluid.
Seminal Fluid - Fluid that nourishes and transports sperm
Prostate gland – Makes seminal fluid.
Urethra – Tube through which semen and urine travel out of the body.
Scrotum – External sac that contains the testes.
Epididymis - Collects mature sperm which is eventually propelled through the vas deferens.
Vasectomy
Considered a permanent
method of birth control.
Prevents the release of sperm. The vas deferens from each
testicle is clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed.
This prevents sperm from
mixing with the semen.
This procedure can be done
WORD BANK Vas deferens Scrotum Urethra Prostate Epididymus Bladder Teste Seminal Vesicle Vas deferens Scrotum Urethra Prostate Epididymus Bladder Seminal Vesicle Teste
MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – PROSTATE
CANCER
Prostate Cancer-usually no warning signs Possible Symptoms:
A frequent need to urinate, especially at
night
Difficulty starting or stopping a stream of
urine
A weak or interrupted urinary stream Leaking of urine when laughing or
coughing
Inability to urinate standing up
A painful or burning sensation during
urination or ejaculation
Blood in urine or semen
Diagnosed by prostate exam - Recommended after age 50, earlier if there is a family history
Female Reproductive System
Main Structures
• Ovary
• Uterus
• Fallopian
Tubes
The
uterus
consists of a body and a cervix.The cervix protrudes into the vagina.
The uterus maintains an environment for accepting a fertilized egg.
The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, attaches to a wall of the uterus, creates a placenta, and develops into a fetus
(gestates) until childbirth.
OVARY - this is where the eggs
are produced through cell
division (MEIOSIS)
Each ovary takes turns releasing eggs
every month, twins occur if two eggs are released.
Ovaries secrete both estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen is responsible for the appearance of secondary sex characteristics of
females.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Fallopian Tube – egg travels from ovary to uterus through this tube, fertilization can occur here.
Cervix – outer end of the uterus
In animals that have a large number of offspring (like cats) the uterus is divided into two uterine horns (the fallopian
MENSTRUATION
FERTILIZATION normally occurs in the Fallopian Tubes
An egg is
usually a few
days old
before it
implants in the
uterus. At this
point, it has
already
divided
FERTILIZATION & PREGNANCY
Sperm must travel to the egg and penetrate to
combine the DNA from both parents -- this creates the first cell after fertilization: the ZYGOTE
CONCEPTION
Refers to the point at which the egg is fertilized
*Some believe life begins at conception*
Conception can also be a verb
Jane did not have trouble conceiving her first child.
Bob could not conceive of a situation where he would need a parachute.
IF THE ZYGOTE HAS THE
INCORRECT NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES, IT MAY NEVER
START GROWING. AN EXTRA
CHROMOSOME #21 WILL RESULT IN
THE BABY HAVING DOWN
How does a woman know she is pregnant?
●
Missed period
●
Changes in body,
tenderness in
breasts, nausea…
etc
●
Pregnancy test –
tests urine for
At the 8th week, the embryo is called a FETUS
At 8 weeks
What Causes Morning Sickness?
It is likely hormones that rise rapidly with most incidences occurring in the first trimester
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): This hormone rises rapidly during early pregnancy. No one knows how hCG contributes to nausea, but it's a prime suspect because the timing is right:
Nausea tends to peak around the same time as levels of hCG.
What's more, conditions in which women have higher levels of hCG, such as carrying multiples, are
FETAL TESTS
Ultrasound - sound waves are used to get an image of the baby
Amniocentesis & Chorionic Villi Sampling
LABOR
Contractions of muscles occur and become
faster and faster, this timing can be used to predict the
progression of the labor. Braxton Hicks contractions can occur throughout pregnancy, but probably more
frequent at the end
An epidural can be used to manage pain of labor. A shot in the spine will temporarily eliminate any feeling below that point. Mom is awake for the birth, but doesn't have the pain of it.
Babies aren’t so cute when
they’re born – it’s a rough road to leave the womb
Some women opt to give birth in water.
This woman was waiting on the midwife and delivered when her husband went to answer the door.
COMPLICATIONS DURING BIRTH
Placenta Previa
placenta is not
attached to the top of the uterus,
partially or fully blocks the cervix, this can cause
bleeding during pregnancy
What Is An Episiotomy?
It is a surgical incision to open the perineum -
the tissue between the anus and vagina. It is
performed during the second stage of labor
when the baby is being pushed through the
If the baby is rear or feet first, it is called a BREECH BIRTH. Doctors will attempt to turn the baby or even do an emergency C section. Breech births are dangerous for baby because the head can get stuck or umbilical cord gets tangled.
Solution: turning the baby before delivery, C-section, or footling birth - photos (graphic)
This video shows an episiotomy with a breech birth (graphic)
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Fertilized egg attaches (or implants)
someplace other than the uterus, most often in the fallopian tube. (sometimes called a tubal pregnancy.)
The pregnancy cannot continue to term,
usually embryo is removed.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Pregnancy hormones can block insulin from doing its job. When this happens, glucose levels may
PROBLEMS WITH GETTING
PREGNANT
Fertility clinics can assist with family planning
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
involves the removal of egg and fertilization in a petri
dish, then transferring one or more fertilized eggs back
into the uterus
(once called test-tube babies)
What if you don't want to have a baby?
What are methods of birth control?
Are some more effective than others?
Are some more available than others?
Which types are specific for men? for women?
Where can you go to obtain contraception?
Methods of Birth Control
Barrier Methods
Condom (male & female)
Sponge
The cap must fit tight against the cervix to work.
Cervical caps come in different sizes. Your doctor or nurse will let you know the size that is right for you and will give you a prescription. Then you can buy a
Hormone Methods
Females only (for now)
Using estrogen and progesterone
prevent release of an egg.
Delivery system varies.
What are some issues with hormonal
NUVA RING
Provides estrogen and progesterone that prevents a woman from becoming pregnant - the same as used oral contraceptive pills.
Remove the ring after 3 weeks. During the fourth week, the body will continue with a menstrual period as usual. After 7 days,
Permanent Options…
Vasectomy
What about the morning after pill - also known as Plan B?
Plan B must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex, it prevents the egg from releasing or the sperm from
fertilizing the egg. It may also prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.
Plan B does NOT work on women who are already pregnant.
It can be bought from pharmacies, though some states have age
What about abortion?
Regardless of your political views on the subject, abortion is legal in the U.S.
With all these options, there is no reason why unplanned pregnancies should happen at all…
