Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: Developing a support structure to turn Solid Waste into Resource A strategic analysis

Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi:

D l i

Developing a support structure to turn 

Solid Waste into Resource – A strategic analysis

Allison Kasozi 10 July 2009

Supervisor: Prof. Harro Von Blottnitz

Environmental & Process Systems Engineering Group

Environmental & Process Systems Engineering Group

University of Cape Town

• Current population at 3 03m (2008)

Nairobi:  Social & Economic Climate

• Current population at 3.03m (2008)

‐ Average annual population growth 

of  ≈ 4% since 2000 (UNEP &UN‐Habitat 2007)

Nairobi population growth

3,000,000 3,500,000

, 2007).   

‐ World average  ‐ 1.2% p.a.

1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000

Population

• Economy

500,000 1,000,000

00 0 0 0 40 0 60 0 80 0 00 0 0

P

• Economy

‐

‐ Dominant sector:  Agriculture; employs 80% of population & accounts for 50% of    Kenya’s exports (City‐data 2009)

1900 1910

1920 1930

1940 1950

1960 1970

1980 199

0 2000

201 0

2020

Year

Kenya s exports (City data, 2009). 

‐ Also sizable service, manufacturing  & tourist sectors

•

Demographics Demographics

‐ 44 – 50% of Nairobi’s population estimated to live in poverty  (UNEP &UN‐Habitat, 2007)

• High population & economic growth has led to increased solid waste

Municipal Solid Waste: status & management

High population & economic growth has led to increased solid  waste   generation 

‐ (Bahri, 2005), and will only increase

• Immediate reaction from Authorities

‐ Decision to move from problematic Dandora to new engineered landfill at  Ruai, however waste‐landfill has its issues:,

‐ scarcity of land and increasing  expenses in future

‐ leachate generation & CH₄ formation;

and only deals with part of the waste  problem.

• The real prize however is, within 

Integrated Solid Waste Management – ISWM

•

A key part of the journey to achieving this (esp. in developing 

nations) is  to see waste as a resource, not a nuisance

Nairobi’s waste management & recovery/recycling  structure

Final Disposal Nairobi City Council & Private 

waste collectors

- Official Dandora

Informal sector waste

- ≈ 25% (33%?) waste collected - private collection

ffi i t b t

dumpsite

- undesignated sites

& open dumping - No WtE, some

recovery & trading

- Waste pickers (streets

& dumps) more efficient, but

mostly in high income areas

incinerators at major hospitals

Waste Generation

Inorganics recycling

- Neighborhood traders - Central waste dealers - Active small scale

recycling Waste Generation

- Private company actors

- Sub-national interest (KNCPC)

Organic reuse/recycling

y g

- 2400t/day (ITDG, 2004) - 83% from households - No source separation - 60% organic, 20%

- CBOs

g ,

plastic, 12% paper, 8%

glass/metal & other - CBOs (initially not very business

oriented)

Derived from Baud et al, 2004 & Karanja, 2005

Plastic recycling

- Green Loop Company (≈ 3% waste plastic,≈ 100 pple) - Rainbow Plastic Ltd (Nairobi)

Skyplast Manufacturers (Nairobi)

Detailed Waste 

Reuse & Recycling

- Up to 17 other companies nationwide in some form/degree of recycling, waste plastic reuse

- KNCPC Plastics Waste Managt. Strategy - 2005

(Karanja 2005) (Bahri 2005)

Reuse & Recycling Chain 

Waste Generation - 2400t/day

20% l ti

(Karanja, 2005) (Bahri, 2005)

Paper recycling

- Chandaria paper (≈ 8% waste paper,1100 jobs) - Madhupaper (≈ 7% waste paper)

- Pan Africa paper (60% Kenyan paper market) - 20% plastic,

- 12% paper,

- 8% glass/metal &

other

Pan Africa paper (60% Kenyan paper market)

(Karanja, 2005)

Glass recycling

- Central Glass Industries [Kenya Breweries]

(able to handle more than available - 60% organic waste glass, employs 205 pple)

(Karanja, 2005)

Metal recycling

- Roll Mill Ltd ≈ 42% waste metal ( t 8 th ll ill )

- (up to 8 other roll mills) - Jua Kali Enterprises

(Karanja, 2005)

Organic recycle via compost

10 15 C it B d O i ti

-10-15 Community Based Organizations (≈ 5% organic waste, involves 10,300 pple)

(JICA, 1998) (Bahri, 2005) (Karanja, 2005)

Some hindrances noted to larger scale waste 

/ li

reuse/recycling 

• Waste material contamination from the lack of source segregation  strategies,

• poor recycled product quality resulting mostly from waste 

contamination (esp in organics composting and paper recycling) contamination (esp. in organics composting and paper recycling),

• inadequate marketing strategies, 

• uncertain financial sustainability (esp. self‐help CBO organics 

composting – problems related to product quality and marketing not  product demand), 

• lack of land/space for recycling activities and  / p y g

• recycle technology/equipment related problems

Proposed direction for ISWM efforts in Nairobi : Use  organic waste as a leverage point (pivot) for ISWM

Reasons

• Organic waste reuse has the potential to lead to biggest waste reduction (up to  60% MSW) & largest direct (employment) and indirect (wider economy) socio 60%  MSW) & largest direct (employment) and indirect (wider economy) socio‐

economic  benefit;

‐ Agriculture employs 80% population, accounts for 50% of exports Presence of prime agricultural lands on outskirts of Nairobi & urban

‐ Presence of prime agricultural lands on outskirts of Nairobi & urban   agriculture in upto a third of all urban households (Karanja, 2005) 

‐ local artificial fertiliser manufacturing gap & increasing EU & worldwide  consumer pressure to grow organic ; opportunity for profitable compost consumer pressure to grow organic ; opportunity for profitable compost – better prices for Kenyan horticultural & food exports

‐ Acute energy needs – only 52% lighting in Nairobi uses electricity, 75% 

ki d i ffi (CBS 2001) t it f f bi

cooking done using paraffin (CBS, 2001); opportunity for energy from biogas

•

i l h d i bl i i d i f l i i If

importantly, has attracted sizable private interest and informal sector activity.  If  good waste separation & collection strategies can be achieved, inorganic  waste  contamination↓, economic value of inorganic waste ↑, recycling ↑

System‐wide (organic and inorganic) waste reductions to landfill, reuse  and recycling in Nairobi’s ISWM system can be achieved by:

D l i h ld

i

Developing a waste‐to‐resource support structure that would propel organic  waste reuse  and encourage inorganic recycling consisting of ;

1) knowledge of current total Nairobi waste flows composition and future 1) knowledge of current total Nairobi waste flows, composition and future 

projections (all waste types) – (Primary Waste Characterisation);

2) regional/zonal knowledge of the above to determine the potential for 2) regional/zonal knowledge of the above to determine the potential for 

local resource ecologies for all waste types ‐ (Primary & Secondary Waste  Data Collation – zonal data & GIS mapping );  in particular a pressing 

need to develop local/zonal & urban to peri‐urban organic resource p p g ecologies further;

3) developing appropriate waste source separation and collection strategies  to improve organic (and implicitly inorganic) waste quality; 

4) optimising organic waste processing technology for local conditions 

(b i l k d t b Mi G i M EPSE G UCT)

(being looked at by Miss Gracia Munganga – EPSE Group UCT); 

5) developing strategies to stimulate market demand for end products;  

Bringing the waste‐to‐resource structure together

Local current & potential

waste to resource ecologies

zonal total & organic waste flows & projections

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

waste-to-resource ecologies

local waste generators

- e.g. households, markets, restaurants, Shops etc

S ti &

identify & quantify local resource needs that can be met by waste

identify local opportunities for Source separation &

Waste collection strategies

can be met by waste resource

- e.g. local compost use,

crop farms & potential market, biogas potential & thermal use

identify local opportunities for waste conversion to resource

- current reuse/recycle activity - technology choice & optimisation

ti / bi di ti

biogas potential & thermal use for organic waste

- similar strategies can be used to investigate local inorganic waste recycling possibilities etc composting/anaerobic digestion

- technical & social considerations - lessons from global knowledge -- expansion possibilities

waste recycling possibilities etc

Nairobi Municipal Solid Waste Big picture - Current total flows & characterisation

- Target setting & implications for landfill size, transfer stations etc Zonal waste flows & individual characteristics

Yes, we can? 

‐ Definitely 

Reduction in US Waste to landfill as a result of ISWM efforts (Clarke, 2005)

Thank you

Thank you

References:

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C l f S i i 2003 i k C l f S i i [O li ]

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K j A 2005 S lid W t M t i N i bi A t I tit ti l A t d C t ib ti t

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http://www.shaker.nl. 

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