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Researching adaptivity for individual differences in

numeracy games

MEES, Martyn <http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-2277>, JAY, Tim

<http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4759-9543>, HABGOOD, Jacob

<http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-0507> and HOWARD-JONES, Paul

Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at:

http://shura.shu.ac.uk/17063/

This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the

publisher's version if you wish to cite from it.

Published version

MEES, Martyn, JAY, Tim, HABGOOD, Jacob and HOWARD-JONES, Paul (2017).

Researching adaptivity for individual differences in numeracy games. In: CHI PLAY

'17 Extended Abstracts : Extended Abstracts Publication of the Annual Symposium

on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. ACM Press, 247-253.

Copyright and re-use policy

See

http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html

Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive

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re

d

in

fo

rm

a

ti

o

n

,

re

la

ti

n

g

to

n

u

m

be

r.

M

a

n

y

o

f

th

e

se

p

ro

ce

sse

s

a

re

u

n

co

n

sci

o

u

s

,

b

u

t

a

re

i

m

p

o

rta

n

t

co

m

p

o

n

e

n

ts

o

f

ch

il

d

re

n

's

le

a

rn

in

g

o

f

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

cs.

[

1

5

]

F

u

rth

e

rm

o

re

,

fl

u

e

n

cy

o

f

n

u

m

b

e

r

se

n

se

m

e

a

n

s

th

a

t

c

h

il

d

re

n

ca

n

so

lv

e

p

ro

b

le

m

s

b

y

u

si

n

g

th

e

ir

k

n

o

w

le

d

g

e

o

f

re

la

ti

o

n

sh

ip

s

b

e

tw

e

e

n

n

u

m

b

e

rs

.

T

h

is

is

a

lso

b

e

n

e

fi

ci

a

l

to

th

e

d

e

v

e

lo

p

m

e

n

t

o

f

o

th

e

r

a

sp

e

cts

o

f

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

ca

l

th

in

k

in

g

a

n

d

p

ro

b

le

m

so

lv

in

g

.

T

h

is

p

ro

je

ct

a

im

s

to

e

x

p

lo

re

h

o

w

th

e

r

a

te

s

a

n

d

m

e

a

n

s

o

f

a

cq

u

isi

ti

o

n

o

f

th

e

s

e

sk

il

ls

d

if

fe

r

o

n

a

n

i

n

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v

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u

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l

le

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e

l,

a

s

w

e

ll

a

s

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e

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ff

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ct

th

a

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th

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se

sk

il

ls

h

a

s

o

n

o

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e

r

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sp

e

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o

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m

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th

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m

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ti

ca

l

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cti

v

ity

.

C

o

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m

p

o

ra

ry

v

id

e

o

g

a

m

e

p

la

tf

o

rm

s

o

ff

e

r

si

g

n

if

ica

n

t

p

ro

m

ise

a

s

a

to

o

l

fo

r

re

se

a

rch

in

g

h

o

w

ch

il

d

re

n

de

v

e

lo

p

th

e

se

sk

il

ls

,

du

e

to

th

e

ir

a

b

il

ity

to

ca

p

tu

re

l

a

rg

e

a

m

o

u

n

ts

o

f

d

a

ta

r

e

la

ti

n

g

to

ch

il

d

re

n

's

in

d

iv

id

u

a

l

le

a

rn

in

g

tr

a

je

cto

ri

e

s.

F

u

rth

e

rm

o

re

,

th

e

y

o

ff

e

r

a

g

o

o

d

e

n

v

ir

o

n

m

e

n

t

fo

r

th

e

d

e

v

e

lo

p

m

e

n

t

o

f

n

u

m

be

r

se

n

se

,

du

e

to

th

e

q

u

a

n

ti

ty

o

f

p

ro

b

le

m

s

th

a

t

a

v

id

e

o

g

a

m

e

ca

n

g

e

n

e

ra

te

,

co

m

p

a

re

d

to

m

o

re

co

n

v

e

n

ti

o

n

a

l

m

e

th

o

d

s

.

T

h

e

y

ca

n

a

lso

b

e

a

d

a

p

ti

v

e

i

n

th

e

ir

d

e

li

v

e

ry

o

f

co

n

te

n

t

to

k

e

e

p

p

a

ce

w

ith

a

ch

il

d

's

o

w

n

i

n

di

v

id

u

a

l

le

a

rn

in

g

tr

a

je

cto

ry

.

No

n

e

th

e

le

ss

,

m

a

n

y

o

f

th

e

e

x

isti

n

g

m

a

th

s

le

a

rn

in

g

to

o

ls

a

re

n

o

t

fo

u

n

de

d

o

n

th

e

o

re

ti

ca

ll

y

so

u

n

d

p

ri

n

ci

p

le

s,

a

n

d

d

o

n

o

t

in

te

g

ra

te

th

e

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

cs

d

ir

e

ctl

y

i

n

to

th

e

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

.[

1

7

][

1

3

(4)

Psy

ch

o

lo

g

y

a

n

d

N

e

u

ro

sci

e

n

c

e

o

f

G

a

m

e

s

fo

r

L

e

a

rn

in

g

In

si

g

h

ts

fr

o

m

n

e

u

ro

sci

e

n

ce

a

re

r

e

v

e

a

li

n

g

th

e

p

ro

ce

sse

s

in

h

o

w

g

a

m

e

s

ca

n

e

ff

e

cti

v

e

i

n

e

n

ga

gi

n

g

th

e

b

ra

in

's

re

w

a

rd

sy

ste

m

,

a

n

d

th

a

t

pr

o

v

id

e

s

so

m

e

i

n

si

g

h

t

in

to

h

o

w

g

a

m

e

s

ca

n

a

cce

le

ra

te

t

h

e

r

a

te

o

f

le

a

rn

in

g

[

1

0

].

T

h

e

re

i

s

a

l

o

n

g

h

isto

ry

o

f

m

o

ti

v

a

ti

o

n

a

l

th

e

o

ri

e

s

o

f

g

a

m

e

d

e

si

g

n

f

o

r

le

a

rn

in

g

[1

9

],

bu

t

o

n

ly

r

e

ce

n

tl

y

h

a

v

e

n

e

u

ro

sci

e

n

ce

te

ch

n

iq

u

e

s

b

e

e

n

a

b

le

to

d

e

m

o

n

str

a

te

th

e

ir

le

a

rn

in

g

b

e

n

e

fi

ts

;

fo

r

e

x

a

m

p

le

:

1

.

U

n

ce

rta

in

R

e

w

a

rd

[

1

4

]

2

.

C

u

e

/g

o

a

l-d

ir

e

cte

d

a

cti

o

n

[

1

2

]

3

.

C

o

o

p

e

ra

ti

o

n

a

n

d

/o

r

co

m

p

e

ti

ti

o

n

[

9

]

4

.

A

d

a

p

ti

v

ity

[

8

][

1

]

O

th

e

r

a

sp

e

cts

o

f

g

a

m

e

d

e

si

g

n

th

a

t

a

re

l

ik

e

ly

to

a

ff

e

ct

le

a

rn

in

g

a

n

d

m

o

ti

v

a

ti

o

n

ca

n

b

e

i

n

fe

rr

e

d

f

ro

m

th

e

m

a

th

s

e

d

u

ca

ti

o

n

l

ite

ra

tu

re

,

bu

t

h

a

v

e

n

o

t

b

e

e

n

te

ste

d

y

e

t

in

a

g

a

m

e

e

n

v

ir

o

n

m

e

n

t,

su

ch

a

s

ti

m

e

d

te

sts,

a

n

d

th

e

in

di

v

id

u

a

l

re

s

p

o

n

se

s

to

su

ch

te

sts.

T

h

e

re

i

s

e

v

id

e

n

ce

th

a

t

ti

m

e

d

te

sts

a

re

a

si

g

n

if

ica

n

t

ca

u

se

o

f

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

cs

a

n

x

ie

ty

a

m

o

n

g

st

pr

im

a

ry

sc

h

o

o

l

ch

il

d

re

n

[

1

1

].

T

h

e

se

g

a

m

e

a

ttr

ib

u

te

s

h

a

v

e

so

m

e

ti

m

e

s

b

e

e

n

in

v

e

sti

g

a

te

d

i

n

di

v

id

u

a

ll

y

,

bu

t

ra

re

ly

i

n

co

m

b

in

a

ti

o

n

,

a

n

d

n

e

v

e

r

in

i

n

te

ra

cti

o

n

.

T

h

e

p

ro

je

ct

a

im

s

to

e

x

p

lo

re

h

o

w

th

e

r

e

su

lts

o

f

se

p

a

ra

te

a

n

d

c

o

m

b

in

e

d

te

sti

n

g

o

f

th

e

se

a

sp

e

cts

e

ff

e

ct

s

o

n

l

e

a

rn

in

g.

A

n

a

ly

ti

cs

C

u

rr

e

n

t

re

se

a

rch

i

s

sh

o

w

in

g

h

o

w

a

n

a

ly

ti

ca

l

p

ro

ce

ss

d

a

ta

c

a

n

be

u

se

d

to

i

n

v

e

sti

g

a

te

h

o

w

g

a

m

e

d

e

si

g

n

e

ff

e

cts

m

o

ti

v

a

ti

o

n

,

e

n

g

a

g

e

m

e

n

t

a

n

d

le

a

rn

in

g

.

[4

][

2

2

]L

a

rg

e

d

a

ta

se

ts

cr

e

a

te

d

f

ro

m

g

a

m

e

a

n

a

ly

ti

cs

ca

n

b

e

u

se

d

to

m

o

re

f

u

ll

y

e

x

p

lo

re

th

e

m

e

ch

a

n

ism

s

o

f

e

ff

e

cti

v

e

l

e

a

rn

in

g

w

it

h

g

a

m

e

s,

r

a

th

e

r

th

a

n

j

u

st

th

e

o

u

tco

m

e

s.

T

h

is

p

ro

je

ct

a

im

s

to

e

x

p

lo

re

th

e

p

o

te

n

ti

a

l

to

u

se

f

o

rm

a

l

co

n

ce

p

t

a

n

a

ly

si

s

[

2

]

to

r

e

v

e

a

l

m

e

a

n

in

gf

u

l

re

la

ti

o

n

sh

ip

s

b

e

tw

e

e

n

ga

m

e

f

e

a

tu

re

s

a

n

d

in

di

v

id

u

a

l

p

la

y

e

r

ch

a

ra

cte

ri

sti

cs,

a

s

w

e

ll

a

s

p

ro

v

id

in

g

co

n

ce

p

tu

a

l

m

o

d

e

ls

a

s

a

b

a

si

s

fo

r

a

d

a

p

ti

v

e

co

n

te

n

t.

G

a

m

e

D

e

si

g

n

C

o

n

n

o

ll

y

e

t

a

l.

[

1

0

],

i

n

th

e

ir

r

e

v

ie

w

o

f

se

ri

o

u

s

g

a

m

e

s,

h

a

v

e

f

o

u

n

d

th

a

t

th

e

re

i

s

a

l

a

ck

o

f

h

ig

h

qu

a

li

ty

e

v

id

e

n

ce

re

g

a

rd

in

g

th

e

i

m

p

a

ct

o

f

g

a

m

e

s,

a

n

d

th

e

o

u

tco

m

e

s

fo

r

le

a

rn

e

rs.

T

h

e

re

i

s

a

d

isti

n

ct

la

ck

o

f

re

se

a

rch

o

n

w

h

a

t

m

a

k

e

s

a

g

a

m

e

a

g

o

o

d

p

la

tf

o

rm

f

o

r

le

a

rn

in

g.

R

e

se

a

rch

o

fte

n

f

o

cu

se

s

o

n

i

n

di

v

id

u

a

l

g

a

m

e

s

a

n

d

th

e

st

u

di

e

s

ra

re

ly

m

a

k

e

co

m

p

a

ri

so

n

s

o

f

k

e

y

d

e

si

g

n

v

a

ri

a

b

le

s.

F

u

rth

e

rm

o

re

,

th

e

stu

di

e

s

a

re

f

ro

m

a

w

id

e

r

a

n

ge

o

f

fi

e

ld

s,

bu

t

ra

re

ly

a

li

g

n

w

ith

e

a

ch

o

th

e

r

a

n

d

fe

w

l

in

k

s

a

re

m

a

d

e

w

ith

psy

ch

o

lo

g

y

,

n

e

u

ro

sci

e

n

ce

a

n

d

e

d

u

ca

ti

o

n

.

W

h

il

e

e

x

e

m

p

la

r'

s

d

o

e

x

ist

[6

],

m

a

n

y

co

m

m

e

rci

a

l

e

x

a

m

p

le

s

sti

ll

tr

e

a

t

th

e

ir

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

ca

l

co

n

te

n

t

a

s

a

se

p

a

ra

te

ta

sk

,

a

r

o

a

d

b

lo

ck

i

n

th

e

g

a

m

e

to

b

e

o

v

e

rco

m

e

w

ith

r

e

ti

ce

n

ce

a

n

d

re

lu

cta

n

ce

,

ra

th

e

r

th

a

n

a

s

p

a

rt

o

f

th

e

co

re

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

.

T

h

is

'ch

o

co

la

te

-co

v

e

re

d

b

ro

cco

li

'

a

p

p

ro

a

ch

[

7

]

is

e

m

p

lo

y

e

d

i

n

co

n

te

m

p

o

ra

ry

e

x

a

m

p

le

s

su

ch

a

s

S

ta

r

D

a

sh

S

tu

di

o

s

[2

0

]

a

n

d

th

e

T

im

e

s

T

a

b

le

A

d

v

e

n

tu

re

[

2

3

].

I

n

th

e

se

g

a

m

e

s,

th

e

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

cs

is

co

n

fi

n

e

d

to

sp

e

ci

fi

c

p

o

in

ts

in

th

e

g

a

m

e

,

re

p

re

se

n

ti

n

g

a

fr

a

cti

o

n

o

f

th

e

to

ta

l

e

x

p

e

ri

e

n

ce

a

n

d

h

a

v

in

g

li

ttl

e

co

n

n

e

cti

o

n

w

ith

th

e

co

re

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

a

n

d

str

a

te

g

y

.

T

h

e

g

a

m

e

s

co

u

ld

h

a

v

e

b

e

e

n

m

a

d

e

w

ith

o

u

t

a

n

y

o

f

th

e

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

cs

ch

a

ll

e

n

ge

s

a

n

d

p

ro

v

id

e

d

a

n

a

lm

o

st

id

e

n

ti

ca

l

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

e

x

p

e

ri

e

n

ce

(5)

F

ig

u

re

1

:

F

ly

in

g

a

ro

u

n

d

sp

a

c

e

.

F

ig

u

re

2

:

A

t

im

e

s

ta

b

le

m

in

i-g

a

m

e

.

F

ig

u

re

3

:

C

o

n

v

e

rs

io

n

o

f

cr

e

d

it

s

a

n

d

g

a

in

in

g

se

e

d

s.

F

ig

u

re

4

:

V

ie

w

o

f

th

e

b

a

s

e

.

F

ig

u

re

5

:

P

la

n

ti

n

g

in

p

ro

g

re

ss

.

Gam

e

p

lay

O

v

e

r

v

ie

w

T

h

e

g

a

m

e

i

s

d

e

si

g

n

e

d

a

ro

u

n

d

to

u

ch

-scr

e

e

n

co

n

tr

o

ls

o

n

ta

b

le

t

de

v

ice

s.

T

h

e

p

la

y

e

r

co

n

tr

o

ls

a

sm

a

ll

r

o

b

o

t,

w

h

ich

e

x

p

lo

re

s

a

n

a

re

a

o

f

sp

a

ce

a

ro

u

n

d

i

ts

m

o

th

e

r

sh

ip

i

n

se

a

rch

o

f

a

ste

ro

id

s

to

"

m

in

e

"

E

a

c

h

ti

m

e

a

n

a

ste

ro

id

is

fo

u

n

d,

th

e

p

la

y

e

r

b

e

g

in

s

o

n

e

o

f

th

e

m

a

th

s

b

a

se

d

m

in

i-g

a

m

e

s

w

h

ich

m

a

k

e

u

p

th

e

c

o

re

o

f

th

e

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

e

x

p

e

ri

e

n

ce

.

T

h

is

a

rca

d

e

-l

ik

e

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

a

ll

o

w

s

th

e

p

la

y

e

r

to

e

a

rn

g

a

m

e

cu

rr

e

n

c

y

fo

r

c

o

m

p

le

ti

n

g

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

ca

l

ta

sk

s

a

s

th

e

y

m

in

e

th

e

a

ste

ro

id

s.

T

h

e

m

in

in

g

p

ro

d

u

cts

re

tu

rn

to

th

e

m

o

th

e

r

sh

ip

i

n

sl

o

w

m

o

v

in

g

"

ca

rt

s

",

a

n

d

a

re

e

x

ch

a

n

ge

d

f

o

r

"cr

e

d

its"

w

h

e

n

th

e

y

g

e

t

th

e

re

.

T

h

e

p

la

y

e

r

a

lso

h

a

s

a

r

a

n

do

m

ch

a

n

ce

o

f

fi

n

di

n

g

se

e

d

s

w

ith

in

a

ste

ro

id

s

w

h

ich

ca

n

be

p

la

n

te

d

b

a

ck

a

t

th

e

m

o

th

e

r

sh

ip

.

T

h

e

d

if

fi

cu

lty

l

e

v

e

l

o

f

th

e

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

cs

is

d

e

te

rm

in

e

d

b

y

a

d

y

n

a

m

ic

l

e

a

rn

e

r

m

o

d

e

l

m

a

in

ta

in

e

d

b

y

th

e

g

a

m

e

.

T

h

e

p

la

y

e

r

th

e

n

ca

n

r

e

tu

rn

t

o

th

e

b

a

se

to

p

la

n

t

th

e

ir

se

e

d

s,

o

r

u

pg

ra

d

e

th

e

b

a

se

u

si

n

g

th

e

cr

e

d

its

th

a

t

h

a

v

e

co

ll

e

cte

d

.

S

e

e

d

s

ta

k

e

ti

m

e

to

g

ro

w

i

n

to

p

la

n

ts

w

h

ich

p

ro

v

id

e

a

h

a

b

ita

t

fo

r

a

li

e

n

l

if

e

o

r

ca

n

be

co

n

v

e

rt

e

d

i

n

to

fu

e

l

so

th

a

t

th

e

m

o

th

e

r

sh

ip

ca

n

tr

a

v

e

l

to

o

th

e

r

re

g

io

n

s

o

f

sp

a

ce

w

ith

co

n

tr

a

sti

n

g

f

lo

ra

a

n

d

fa

u

n

a

.

T

h

e

p

la

y

e

r

th

e

n

r

e

tu

rn

s

to

m

in

in

g

m

o

re

a

ste

ro

id

s.

T

h

is

o

v

e

ra

ll

l

o

o

p

co

n

ti

n

u

e

s

a

cr

o

ss

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

se

ssi

o

n

s

a

n

d

th

e

g

o

a

l

is

to

b

u

il

d

b

ig

g

e

r

m

o

th

e

r

sh

ip

s

a

n

d

a

ttr

a

ct

th

e

w

id

e

st

ra

n

ge

o

f

a

li

e

n

l

if

e

to

l

iv

e

w

ith

in

i

ts

bi

o

d

o

m

e

s.

G

am

e

D

e

s

ig

n

an

d

A

d

a

p

ti

v

it

y

T

h

e

ce

n

tr

a

l

g

o

a

l

o

f

th

e

g

a

m

e

d

e

si

g

n

w

a

s

to

e

n

su

re

th

a

t

th

e

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

cs

w

a

s

in

tr

in

si

ca

ll

y

p

a

rt

o

f

th

e

co

re

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

,

in

ste

a

d

o

f

b

e

in

g

su

pe

rf

ici

a

ll

y

"

b

o

lte

d

o

n

".

T

h

e

m

a

th

e

m

a

ti

cs

is

th

e

m

a

in

r

e

p

e

a

ta

b

le

g

a

m

e

p

la

y

a

cti

v

ity

o

f

th

e

co

re

l

o

o

p

a

n

d

o

ccu

p

ie

s

th

e

m

a

jo

ri

ty

o

f

th

e

p

la

y

e

r'

s

ti

m

e

sp

e

n

t

pl

a

y

in

g

th

e

g

a

m

e

.

T

h

e

cr

e

d

its

a

n

d

se

e

d

s

o

b

ta

in

e

d

f

ro

m

th

e

m

a

th

s

b

a

se

d

m

in

i-g

a

m

e

s

a

re

r

e

q

u

ir

e

d

to

d

o

a

n

y

o

th

e

r

a

cti

o

n

i

n

th

e

g

a

m

e

.

T

h

e

re

i

s

a

lso

a

w

a

iti

n

g

co

m

p

o

n

e

n

t

o

f

th

e

co

re

g

a

m

e

lo

o

p

a

s

th

e

"

ca

rts

"

re

tu

rn

to

th

e

m

o

th

e

r

sh

ip

.

A

s

th

e

se

ca

rts

a

re

a

l

im

ite

d

co

m

m

o

d

ity

,

th

is

cr

e

a

te

s

a

"se

ssi

o

n

in

g

"

m

e

ch

a

n

ic

f

o

r

th

e

g

a

m

e

.

S

e

ssi

o

n

in

g

is

si

m

p

ly

"

sh

o

w

in

g

th

e

p

la

y

e

r

a

n

e

x

it

fo

r

th

e

p

la

y

se

ssi

o

n

"

[1

8

].

S

e

ssi

o

n

in

g

o

fte

n

"

w

o

rk

s

b

y

l

im

iti

n

g

th

e

n

u

m

be

r

o

f

co

re

l

o

o

p

s

th

a

t

ca

n

be

p

la

y

e

d

b

y

i

n

tr

o

d

u

ci

n

g

a

l

im

ite

d

re

so

u

rce

."

[

1

8

]

In

o

u

r

g

a

m

e

,

th

is

co

n

ce

p

t

is

re

p

re

se

n

te

d

b

o

th

b

y

th

e

ca

rts

th

a

t

a

re

l

im

ite

d

i

n

n

u

m

be

r,

bu

t

a

lso

th

e

se

e

d

s

th

a

t

a

re

g

ra

n

te

d

a

s

a

re

w

a

rd

.

T

h

e

l

im

ite

d

n

u

m

be

r

o

f

ca

rts

r

e

str

icts

th

e

a

m

o

u

n

t

o

f

m

in

in

g

a

p

la

y

e

r

c

a

n

do

,

a

n

d

th

is

a

id

s

in

th

e

re

te

n

ti

o

n

o

f

p

la

y

e

rs,

a

s

it

sto

p

s

th

e

p

la

y

e

r

fr

o

m

o

v

e

rp

la

y

in

g

th

e

g

a

m

e

.

P

la

y

e

rs

w

il

l

e

v

e

n

tu

a

ll

y

ti

re

o

f

a

n

y

ga

m

e

p

la

y

,

bu

t

th

e

y

a

re

m

u

ch

m

o

re

l

ik

e

ly

to

r

e

tu

rn

if

th

e

y

l

e

a

v

e

b

e

fo

re

th

e

y

r

e

a

ch

th

is

sta

g

e

[

1

8

].

T

h

is

a

p

p

ro

a

ch

su

pp

o

rts

th

e

e

d

u

c

a

ti

o

n

a

l

co

n

ce

p

t

o

f

sp

a

ce

d

le

a

rn

in

g,

w

ith

r

e

se

a

rch

by

K

e

ll

e

y

su

gg

e

st

in

g

th

a

t

le

a

rn

in

g

is

b

e

st

do

n

e

i

n

2

0

-2

5

m

in

u

te

b

lo

ck

s,

w

ith

ga

ps

th

a

t

a

re

a

t

le

a

st

1

0

m

in

u

te

s

in

be

tw

e

e

n

e

a

ch

se

ssi

o

n

[1

6

].

I

d

e

a

ll

y

,

fo

r

th

is

g

a

m

e

,

th

e

g

a

p

s

b

e

tw

e

e

n

e

a

ch

se

ssi

o

n

w

o

u

ld

b

e

so

m

e

w

h

a

t

lo

n

g

e

r,

i

n

th

e

o

rd

e

r

o

f

1

-2

se

ssi

o

n

s

e

a

ch

da

y

.

A

n

o

th

e

r

k

e

y

co

m

p

o

n

e

n

t

o

f

re

te

n

ti

o

n

i

s

th

e

co

n

ce

p

t

o

f

"r

e

tu

rn

tr

ig

g

e

rs

".

A

r

e

tu

rn

tr

ig

g

e

r

is

s

im

p

ly

so

m

e

th

in

g

th

a

t

m

a

k

e

s

th

e

p

la

y

e

r

w

a

n

t

to

r

e

tu

rn

th

e

g

a

m

e

.

T

h

e

re

a

re

m

u

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