Physics p2 Essay

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http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin PAPER 2 SECTION B & C

CHAPTER 2

1. Diagram 9.1 shows the effect of a man falls from a high position to the ground without opening the parachute. Diagram 9.2 shows a man with the same mass falls from the same height when the

parachute is open.

Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.1 (a) (i) What is the meaning of free fall?

[ 1 mark] (ii) Based on diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the acceleration, the rate of change of momentum and the time of impact.

Relate the rate of change of momentum with the time of impact to make deduction on the relationship between the acceleration and the rate of change of momentum.

[ 5 marks] (b) A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air

which is trapped underneath it, as shown in Diagram 9.3. The trapped air reduces the friction. The hovercraft starts from rest and as it starts, the propeller produces a forward force until it reaches a constant velocity .

Diagram 9.3

(i) Sketch a velocity-time graph to show the motion of hovercraft.

(ii) Explain why the hovercraft moves with constant velocity in terms of the force acting on it

[4 marks] (c) Diagram 9.4 shows a canoe

Diagram 9.4

You are required to give some suggestions to design a canoe which can travel faster and safer . Using the knowledge on motion, forces and the properties of materials, explain the suggestions based on the following aspects:

(i) the surface of the canoe (ii) the shape of the canoe (iii) the material of the canoe (iv) the material of the canoe (v) the material of the canoe

[ 10 marks ] 2. Diagram 9.1 shows a car and a lorry stopping at a

red traffic light. When the traffic light turns green as in diagram 9.2, the car is found to move ahead of the lorry.

Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2 (a) What is meant by mass?

[ 1 mark ] (b) Based on diagram 9.1 and 9.2, compare the

masses of the vehicles and their ability to speed ahead. Relate the mass of the vehicle and the way it can start moving from rest to deduce a concept in physics with regard to the motion of objects.

State the physics concept.

[ 5 marks ]

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http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

(c) Based on the physics concept stated in (b), (i) explain why a driver lurch forwards when a car he is driving comes to a sudden stop, (ii) describe and explain a method which can overcome the situation in (c)(i).

[ 4 marks ] (d) Diagram 9.3 shows a water rocket made from

an empty 1.5 litre plastic soft drink bottle by adding water and pressurizing it with air for launching.

Diagram 9.3

The objective is to keep the rocket in the air as long as possible. Using the appropriate

physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable designs based on the characteristics of (i) the acceleration,

(ii) the shape (iii) the structure

(iv) the buoyant force (upthrust),

(v) the stability of the motion, to improve the water rocket.

[ 10 marks ] 3. Diagram 11.1 shows ‘Newton’s cradle’ which

consists of five identical balls suspended in a row from a wooden frame by wires.

Diagram 11.1

When the ball on left end is pulled aside (Diagram 11.2) and allowed to fall, the ball on the far end is knocked away from the others with the same speed as the first ball (Diagram 11.3).

Diagram 11.2 Diagram 11.3 (a) Name the physics principle involved which

makes the ball on the other far end is knocked away from the others.

[1 mark] (b) Explain, in term of momentum and energy transfer,

why the ball on the opposite end is knocked away from the others.

[4 marks] (c) Diagram 11.4 shows five designs of ‘Newton’s

Cradle’, P, Q, R, S and T, with different

specifications. You are required to determine the most suitable design to make the ball at the end swings up to higher level and at bigger speed. Study all the five designs from the following aspects: (i) The arrangement of the balls

(ii) The type of material used to make the balls (iiii) The number of string used to hang the balls (iv) The position of the ball to start the

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Diagram 11.4

Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your choice..

[ 10 marks] (d) In a game, a 50 g white ball of speed 0.8 m

s-1 hits a 30 g red ball at rest . If the white ball stops after the collision, calculate;

(i) the velocity of the red ball after the elastic collision.

(ii) the change of the momentum of the white ball.

(iii) the impulsive force acting on the white ball during the collision if it is stopped in 0.05 seconds.

[5 marks]

4. Diagram 9.1 shows the initial and final position of a student sliding down a slide. Diagram 9.2 shows the initial and final position of the same student sliding down the slide from a different initial position.

(a) (i) What is the meaning of gravitational potential energy of the student?

[1 mark] (ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.

Compare the initial position of the student and the speed of the student on reaching the final position.

Relate the speed of the student on reaching the final position with the energy gained by the student to make a deduction on the relationship between the initial position and the energy gained.

[4 marks] (iii) Name the physics principle that explains

the situation in (a)(ii).

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(b) Diagram 9.3 shows a baby sleeping in a cradle. The cradle is made to oscillate between position P and Q through the equilibrium position O.

Diagram 9.3

(i) State the changes in energy that occur when the cradle swings from P to O, and then from O to Q.

(ii) After some time, the cradle stops oscillating. Explain why.

[4 marks] (c) Diagram 9.4 shows an archer getting ready to

shoot an arrow towards a target board from a far distance. When he releases the arrow, he observes that the arrow falls short of the target.

Diagram 9.4

Suggest and explain how he would be able to shoot the arrow to hit the centre of the target board, based on the following aspects:

(i) The strength of the cord (ii) The force constant of the bow (iii) The material used for the bow (iv) The design of the arrow

(iv) The way the arrow is aimed at the target [10 marks] 5. Diagram 11.1 shows a balloon taped to straw.

Diagram 11.1

(a) When the paper clip is removed, the balloon propels forward.

(i) Name the principle used in the propulsion of the balloon.

[ 1 mark ] (ii) Explain what makes the balloon propel forward.

[ 4 marks ] (b) The balloon moves with an initial velocity of

4 ms -1

. Then it decelerates for 2 seconds and finally stops.

(i) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the motion of the balloon.

(ii) Calculate the deceleration of the balloon.

(iii) Calculate the distance travelled. [ 5 marks ] Diagram 11.2 shows four racing cars , P , Q , R and S, with different specifications. You are required to determine the most suitable car to complete in the Formula 1 Summer Race.

Diagram 11.2

Study the specifications of all racing cars from the following aspects:

(i) The shape of the car (ii) The ridges on the tyres (iii) The engine power

(iv) The material for the body of the car. (v) Explain the suitability of aspects. Justify

your choices.

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6. (a) Diagram 9.1 shows two identical feeding bottles floating in liquid P and liquid Q respectively. The feeding bottle floats because the net force acting on the bottle is zero.

Diagram 9.1

(i) What is the meaning of net force?

[ 1 mark] (ii) Using Diagram 9.1 compare the position of

the bottles in liquid P and liquid Q. Compare also the weights and the buoyant forces that are acting on the bottles in liquid P and liquid Q. Compare the density of liquid P and liquid Q.

Relate the position of the bottle and the density of liquid to deduce a relevant physics concept.

[5 marks] (b) Diagram 9.2 shows a simple hydraulic

jack.

Diagram 9.2

Explain how load M can be lifted and give a reason why the cross sectional area of piston A is smaller than the cross sectional area of piston B.

[4 marks] (c) The simple hydraulic jack in Diagram 9.2

is not suitable to use to lift a car in a workshop.

Using suitable physics concepts, explain the required modification that need to be

done to enable the machine to lift a car easily in a workshop.

You can emphasise on the following aspects in your modification;

(i) method so that only small force is applied at piston A

(ii) component to control flow of liquid in the hydraulic jack (iii) component in the hydraulic jack

to lowered the car (iv) size of pistons (v) type of liquid used

[ 10 marks ] 7. Diagram 9.1 shows a hydraulic lift used to raise

loads Q and R.

(a) (i) What is meant by pressure?

[1 mark] (ii) A force of 100 N is used to push

down piston P and able to raise piston Q and piston R. With reference to Diagram 9.1

compare the pressure acted on piston Q and R, the cross sectional area and the force produced at the piston Q and piston R.

Relate the cross sectional area of the pistons with the force produced on the pistons.

Name a physics principle relating the cross sectional area and the force exerted on pistons Q and R.

[5 marks] (b) Diagram 9.2 shows a cross section of an

aeroplane wing. The wing help the aeroplane to be lift up when the plane speeding along the runaway.

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Name the shape in Diagram 9.2 and explain how the aeroplane can be lifted up to the air.

[4 marks] (c) Submarine is used to move underwater.

Using suitable physics concepts, explain how you can design a basic structure of a small submarine so that it can be used for an underwater exploration.

The design should include the following aspects:

(i) the material and thickness of the wall, (ii) shape of the submarine,

(iii) able to submerge,

(iv) the equipments to detect underwater obstacles and depth

[10 marks] 8. Diagram 11.1 shows a submarine floating in sea

water due to the effect of buoyant force.

Diagram 11.1

(a) What is the meaning of buoyant force? [ 1 mark ] (b) Explain how a submarine is able to

submerge into deep sea water.

[ 4 marks] (c) You are asked to investigate the

characteristics of four submarines shown in Table 11.1.

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the submarines and determine the submarine which can travel faster, stay l onger in deeper sea water and able to carry more crew.

Give reasons for your choice.

[ 10 marks ] (d) Diagram 11.2 shows oil drum floats

stationary in water. The density of water is 1000 kg m-3.

Diagram 11.2 Calculate

(i) The volume of the oil drum immersed in water.

[ 2 marks ] (ii) The buoyant force acting on the oil drum.

[ 2 marks ] (iii) The mass of the oil drum.

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9. Diagram 11.1 shows an aeroplane. Diagram 11.2 shows a cross section of the aeroplane’s wing.

Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.2

(a) Name the shape of the cross sectional of the aeroplane wing.

[1 mark] (b) The aeroplane can be lifted up when flying

due to a difference in pressure of the air between the upper and bottom sides of the wings.

(i) Explain how this difference in pressure is produced.

[ 3 marks] (ii) Name the principle involved in your answer in (b)(i).

[ 1 mark ] (c) Table 11 shows characteristic of four designs

of the aeroplane wings.

Table 11

You are requested to choose the most suitable wing to be installed to the body of an

aeroplane.

By referring to the information given in Table 11, explain the suitability of each

characteristic and suggest the most suitable wing to be installed with the body of the aeroplane.

[ 10 marks ] 10. Diagram 11.1 shows the air balloon which is used

as a weather balloon to carry a radiosonde instrument for collecting data about the

atmosphere. The weather balloon rises up in the air due to Archimedes’ principle

(a) (i) State Archimedes’ principle.

. [1 mark] (ii) Explain why a weather balloon that is

rising up in the air will stop at certain altitude.

. [4 marks] (b) Diagram 11.2 shows four hot air balloons

P,Q,R and S with different features. You are required to determine the most suitable the most hot air balloon which is able to carry three or four people to a higher altitude in a shorter time.

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Study the characteristics of all the four hot air balloons from the following aspects:

- The size of the balloon - The number of burners

- The type of the fabric of the balloon - The temperature of the air in the balloon Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your choice.

[10 marks] (c) Diagram 11.3 shows a balloon which

contains helium. The volume of the balloon is 1.2 m3. Density of helium gas is

0.18 kgm-3

.

Diagram 11.3

(i) By neglecting the mass of the balloon, calculate the mass of helium gas in the balloon.

[2 marks] (ii) Calculate the buoyant force which

acts on the balloon.

(Density of air is 1.3 kg m-3)

[3 marks] 11. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the heating

curves obtained when 50 g and 80 g of the solid substance are heated respectively. The melting point of the substance is 78oC.

Diagram 9.1

Diagram 9.2

(a) (i) What is the meaning of melting point? [1 mark] (ii) Based on the information and the observation

on Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the mass, the time taken to reach the melting point and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely.

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Relate the mass and the time taken by the

substance to change into liquid completely to make a deduction on the relationship between the mass and the latent heat of fusion absorbed by the substance.

[5 marks] (b) Diagram 9.3 shows the phenomenon of sea

breeze.

Diagram 9.3

Using the concept of specific heat capacity, explain how the phenomenon of sea breeze occurs.

[4 marks] (c) Diagram 9.4 shows a design of central heating

system used in cold country to heat and keep houses warm.

Diagram 9.4

Suggest and explain how to build a house central heating system which can function effectively based on the following aspects: (i) The specific heat capacity of the liquid

(ii) The boiling point of the liquid (iii) The properties of material used for transmission pipe

(iv) The size of the fan used to blow the heat from radiator

12. Diagram 9.1 shows a boy pouring hot coffee into a cup. The hand of the boy is not scalded by the coffee droplets that are spattered from the kettle. Diagram 9.2 shows hot coffee spilling over and getting onto his hand and his hand gets scalded because of the higher heat capacity in it.

Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2 (a) What is meant by heat capacity?

[ 1 mark ] (b) (i) Observe Diagrams 9.1 and 9.2.

Compare the temperature of the coffee, the mass of

the coffee droplets spatters on his hand and the coffee from the kettle spills on it, and the injury to the hands.

State the relationship between the mass of the coffee and the injury that occurs.

[ 4 marks ] (ii) State the relationship between the heat capacity and the mass.

[ 1 marks ] (c) Diagram 9.3 shows a radiator of a car

Diagram 9.3

Water is used as a cooling agent in a radiator. Explain how water is used

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(d) You are required to give some suggestions to design an efficient thermometer to be used in physics laboratory.

Using your knowledge about heat and properties of materials, explain how to built a thermometer which can function effectively based on the following aspects,

(i) Strength of the thermometer (ii) Choice of the thermometric liquid (iii) Sensitivity of the thermometer (iv) Design of the thermometer so that the scale can easily be read.

(v) Melting point and freezing point of the liquid

[ 10 marks ]

CHAPTER 5

13. Diagram 11.1 shows Ali standing at the side of a pond. Ali can see the image of the fish and the image of the dragon-fly in the water as shown by the ray diagram.

Diagram 11.1

(a) (i) What is the meaning of virtual image? [1 mark] (ii) Explain how Ali can see the image of

the fish and the image of the fly. State the phenomenon of light that is involved in each case.

[4 marks] (b) (i) Calculate the angle and . θ α

[ Refractive index of water is 1.33 ] [4 marks] (ii) State one characteristic of the image of the dragon-fly.

[1 mark]

(c) Table 11 shows the design of five torchlights P, Q, R, S and T.

Table 11

You are asked to investigate the characteristics of the five torchlights shown in Table 11. Explain the suitability of each characteristics of the torchlight and determine the torchlight which can produce a strong parallel beam of light.

[10 marks] 14. Diagram 11.1 shows two convex lenses, P and Q,

used in an astronomical telescope. The focal length of P is 40 cm and for Q is 10 cm

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(a) What is the meaning of focal length of lens ? [ 1mark ] (b) By using suitable apparatus, explain how the

focal length of both lenses can be estimated. [ 4 marks ] (c) Diagram 11.2 shows an arrangement of lenses

to construct a simple astronomical telescope using lens P and lens Q.

Diagram 11.2

You are asked to investigate the arrangement and characteristics of the lenses used to construct the simple astronomical telescope as shown in Diagram 11.3.

Diagram 11.3

Explain the suitability of the arrangement and each characteristics of the lenses and

determine the arrangement which can produce the brightest and sharp image at normal adjustment.

(d) A camera has a convex lens of focal length 5 cm is used to capture an object of 1 m in height and 4 m from the camera.

(i) determine the image distance from the camera

[2 marks] (ii) Calculate the height of image

produced in the camera

[2 marks]

(iii) State the characteristics of image formed in the camera

[1 marks]

15. Diagram 11.1 and 11.2 show two photographs captured using two lenses with different focal length.

Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.2 (a) (i) What is meant by focal length?

[ 1 mark ] (ii) Using Diagram 11.1 and Diagram 11.2, compare the thickness and the focal length of the lenses. Explain the relationships between the thickness and the power of the lens.

[4 marks] (b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a lens

with a power of + 5 D.

(i) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a lens with a power of + 5 D.

[ 2 marks ] (ii) Calculate the distance of the image.

[ 2 marks ] (iii) Calculate the magnification of the image

[ 1 mark ] (c) Diagram 11.3 shows an astronomical

telescope. An astronomical telescope is used to view very large objects like moon.

Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of four different simple astronomical telescopes.

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Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the telescope and determine the most suitable telescope to be used to observe very far object. Give reason for your choice.

[ 10 marks ] 16. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels

from a denser

medium to less dense medium and the angle of incidence is greater

than the critical angle.

(a) What is the meaning of critical angle?

[1 mark] (b) (i) Write an equation to show the

relationship between the critical angle, c, and the refractive index, n, of a medium.

(ii) Use the equation in (b)(i) to explain why total internal reflection is easier to occur in diamond than in glass.

[ Refractive index of glass = 1.5, refractive index of diamond = 2.4 ]

[4 marks] (c) Diagram 11.1 shows a ray of light from an

object at point P at the bottom of a swimming pool travelling from water into the air.

Diagram 11.1

Calculate,

(i) the refractive index of the water in the pool.

(ii) the apparent depth of the image. [5 marks]

(d) Diagram 11.2 shows a glass window which opens outwards at an angle θ.

Diagram 11.2 Diagram 11.3 Diagram 11.3 shows the side view of the window. If rays of sunlight incident on the window undergo total internal reflection at points like X, direct sunlight would not be able to enter the room and it would be cooler. Four designs P, Q, R and S of the window are available and are designed such that it can be opened at a maximum angle of θ.

Table 11 shows the characteristics of the glass used and the angle θ of each design.

Table 11

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the glass and the size of the angle θ and

determine the most suitable design to be used so that the room would be kept cool during the day. Give reasons for your choice.

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17. Diagram 11.1 shows a stamp collector examines a stamp using a magnifying glass.

Diagram11.1

Table 11 shows characteristics of four types of magnifying glass

Table 11

(a) What is meant by the focal length?

[1 mark] (b) You are requested to choose the magnifying

glass to be used by a stamp collector to examines the stamps.

By referring to the characteristics given in Table 11, explain the suitability of each characteristic and suggest the most suitable magnifying glass to be used by a stamp collector.

[10 marks] (c) A student is using a magnifying glass M to

observe a small ant at a distance of 2 cm. (i) Calculate the image distance.

[2 marks] (ii) Determine the linear magnification of

the image of the ant.

[2 marks]

(d) You are given a convex lens. Describe how the power of the lens can be determined. State the relationship between power and focal length of a lens.

[5 marks] 18. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the identical

objects located at different positions in front of identical concave mirror. Real images with different sizes are produced.

Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2 (a) (i) What is the meaning of real image?

(ii) Using Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the object distance, the size of image formed and the image distance. Relate the position of the object distance and the size of the image formed to make a deduction on the relationship between the object distance and the magnification scale.

[ 5 marks ] (b) Diagram 9.3 shows a photograph of a concave

mirror producing upright and magnified image.

Diagram 9.3

Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image formed as shown in Diagram 9.3. (c) Diagram 9.4 shows a ray diagram of a slide projector.

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Diagram 9.4

The slide projector is needed in your school hall. You are required to modify the slide projector so that it can produce clearer image and can be seen by 800 students. Suggest and explain based on the following aspect:

(i) The power of the bulb used. (ii) The position of the bulb from the concave mirror.

(iii) The curvature of the concave mirror. (iv) The position of the slide from the projector lens. (v) Position of the screen from the projector.

[ 10 marks ] 19. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show light rays from two identical objects passing through two identical convex lens. Both lenses produce real images. F is the focal point for the lens.

(a) (i) Name the phenomenon involved. [ 1 mark ]

(ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.

Compare the object distance, the size of the image and the power of the lens. Relate the size of the image with the object distance.

[ 1 mark ]

(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the structure of a simple camera.

(i) Explain how the camera is able to capture the image of a distant object.

[ 3 marks ] (ii) State the range of the object distance

where the image formed is sharp. [ 1 mark ] (c) A student is given two convex lenses , R and

S. The focal length of R and S are 20 cm and 5 cm respectively. Suggest and explain how to build a microscope which produces a sharp image and magnified image based on the following aspects:

(i) Arrangement of lenses (ii) Position of object

(iii) Position of the first image (iv) Distance between two lenses.

[ 8 marks ] (d) Suggest two modifications that need to be

done to the microscope to produce a bigger final image.

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20. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the parallel rays of light directed towards the convex lenses J and K. Both the lenses produce real images. F is the focal point for each lens.

(a) (i) What is meant by focal length?

[1 mark] (ii) With reference to Diagram 9.1 and

Diagram 9.2, compare the thickness of the lenses and the effects it has on the refracted rays to make a deduction regarding the relationship between the thickness of the lenses and their focal length.

[5 marks] (b) Diagram 9.3 shows the ray diagram of a

simple microscope.

Diagram 9.3

(i) State the function of the eyepiece. [1 mark] (ii) State the characteristics of the image

formed by a microscope.

[3 marks] (c) You are given two convex lenses S and Q of

different focal length. Lens S has a longer focal length than lens Q.

(i) Using the two lenses above explain how are you would make a simple astronomical telescope.

[4 marks] (ii) Suggest modification that need to be

done on the telescope to produce clearer and bigger images.

[6 marks] 21. Diagram 9.1 shows a light ray passing through

from air into water. Diagram 9.2 shows a light ray passing through from air into glass.

[Refractive index: Glass= 1.50 , Water=1.33]

Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2 (a) (i) Name the phenomenon of light as

shown in Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2. [ 1 mark ]

(ii) What is the meaning of refractive

index?

[ 1 mark ] (b) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.

Compare the refractive index, the density and the angle of refraction of light ray. Relate the density of medium with the angle of refraction to make a deduction of the relationship between the density of medium and the refractive index.

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(c) With the aid of ray diagram, explain how a man shoots a fish in water so that he hits the target.

[ 3 marks ] (d) (i) You are given two pieces identical

prism with internal angle 45o , 900 and 450 and two converging lenses to make a binocular.

Using the material stated above, explain how you are going to build a simple binocular.

[ 6 marks ] (ii) Suggest modifications need to be done

on the simple binocular to produce brighter and bigger image.

[ 4 marks ]

CHAPTER 6

22. Diagram 10.1 and 10.2 show wave pattern

produced by the vibration of two spherical dippers on the water surface set to be at different distances.

Diagram 10.1

Diagram 10.2

(a) (i) What is the wave phenomenon shown in diagram 10.1 and 10.2?

[ 1 mark ] (ii) Explain why the water level in the ripple

tank must be at constant depth during the experiment.

[ 4 marks ]

(iii) Observe Figure 10.1 and 10.2. Compare the wave patterns produced by the spherical dippers. State the relationship between the distance of two coherent sources and the separation / distanceof two consecutive nodes or antinodes lines.

[ 10 marks ] (b) Sonar technique can be used to determine the distance between two positions. Ultrasonic wave is used in this technique.

(i) What is sonar?

[ 1 mark ] (ii) Explain why using ultrasonic wave is

better than just ordinary sound waves. [ 2 marks ] (iii) A marine researcher wants to use

ultrasonic sound to determine the depth of the ocean bed. Explain how he can do so.

[ 7 marks ]

23. Diagram 12.1 shows the pattern of sea waves when approaching the beach.

Diagram 12.1

(i) Name the wave phenomenon shown in Diagram 12.1.

[1 mark] (ii) Explain in terms of the wave phenomena in 12

(a)(i), why the water waves follow the shape of the beach as it approaches the shore.

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(b) The beach in Diagram 12.1 will be used as a place where fisherman boats are kept.

You are assigned to investigate the design for the location to keep the boats and the characteristics of the retaining wall as shown in Diagram 12.2 based on the following aspects:

- the location to keep the boat - material used for the retaining wall - the height of retaining wall

- size of slit

Explain the suitability of the location and the characteristics of the retaining wall and determine the most suitable design to keep the boat safely.

[10 marks] (c) Diagram 12.3 show a pattern of wave formed

when the water waves with a speed of 6 cm s -1

propagates from a deeper area to a shallow region in a ripple tank.

Deep area Shallow area λ = 0.8 cm λ = 0.5 cm

Diagram 12.3 Calculate:

(i) the frequency of water waves at the deeper region

(ii) the speed of the water waves at shallow region.

[5 marks] 24. A student carries out an experiment to investigate a

water wave phenomenon using a ripple tank. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show the pattern obtained on the screen of the ripple tank when two vibrators, S and T, are vibrating simultaneously.

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Diagram 10.2

(a) (i) State the reason why the depth of water in the ripple tank must be uniform.

[1 mark] (ii) Name the water wave phenomenon that

is being investigated.

[1 mark] (iii) State the amplitude of the wave along the

nodal lines.

[1 mark] (iv) Using a suitable diagram, explain how a

nodal line is formed.

[2 marks] (b) Observe Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2.

(i) Compare the distance between vibrators S and T.

[1 mark] (ii) Compare the distance between adjacent

nodal lines.

[1 mark] (iii) Compare the wavelength of the water

waves.

[1 mark] (iv) State the relationship between a and x.

[a = distance between the vibrators, x = distance between adjacent lines]

[2 marks] (c) Diagram 10.3 shows the plan of a football

stadium. When an announcement was made using only one loudspeaker, spectators at positions such as P, Q and R could not hear the announcement clearly.

Diagram 10.3

Suggest and explain improvements to the sound system and transmission of the sound so that spectators all around the stadium can hear the announcement clearly.

Your answer should cover the following aspects:

(i) The number of loudspeakers (ii) The position of the loudspeakers (iii) The amplification of the sound

[6 marks] (d) The loudspeaker used in (c) is as shown in

Diagram 10.4

Explain whether D and L should be big or small so that sound from the loudspeaker can be transmitted over a longer distance.

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25. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show the pattern of interference using coherent sources of water waves.

(a) How does constructive interference occur? [ 1 mark ]

(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,

compare the distance between the two coherent sources, wavelength of the propagating water waves and distance between two consecutive antinodes.

[ 4 marks ] (c) Relate the distance between the two

coherent sources with the distance between two consecutive antinodes.

[ 2 marks] (d) Diagram 10.3 shows tourists at a beach

observing the sunset.

Diagram 10.3

Using physics concepts, explain why the tourist can still able to see the sun even though it has already set.

(e) Diagram 10.4 shows a restaurant in the town of Seremban. The restaurant is always packed with customers and always noisy. A student and his parents often visit the restaurant to enjoy a pleasant dinner. The restaurant in Diagram 10.4 is not suitable for a quiet evening and they decided to suggest a few modifications to the restaurant owner.

Diagram10.4

Using the appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain the modifications that have to be done to reduce the noise pollution. The modifications should include the

following aspects:

(i) Materials used for floor, ceiling and wall. (ii) Finishing for table and countertops. (iii) Solution for large windows

(iv) Dining space design

[ 10 marks ]

26. Diagram 10.1 shows a tuning fork vibrating near a microphone. The sound waves detected by the microphone are displayed on the screen of a Cathode -Ray Oscilloscope (CRO).

When the tuning fork is struck harder , sound produced is louder and the sound waves produces are shown in Diagram 10.2.

(a) What is the meaning of longitudinal wave? [ 1 mark ] (b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,

(i) Compare the amplitude of vibrations of tuning fork.

(ii) Compare the peak values a

1 and a2of the waves displayed by the oscilloscope. (iii) Relate the amplitude of vibrations of

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(iv) Relate the peak values to the loudness of the sound produced.

(v) Hence, deduce the relationship between the loudness of the sound and the amplitude of the wave.

[ 5 marks ] (c) Explain how the sound wave is used to

determine the depth of an ocean.

[ 4 marks ] (d) You have been assigned as a consultant to

assemble a speaker system to improve the acoustics of a school hall. Using the appropriate concept explain how the installation of the speaker system and the other modifications that can improve audible sound. In your explanation , elaborate on the following aspects:

(i) Distance between two stereo speakers. (ii) Wall and floor finishing

(iii) Power of the loud speakers (iv) Positioning of speakers and microphones.

[ 10 marks ]

CHAPTER 7

27. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show two circuits. Each circuit contains an ammeter, 4 cells, rheostat and a filament lamp labeled 6V, 24 W. Diagram 10.3 and Diagram 10.4 show the thickness of coiled wire of the filament lamp M and N, respectively.

Filament lamp M Filament lamp N Diagram 10.3 Diagram 10.4

(a) What is the meaning of the labeled “6V, 24 W” on the filament lamp?

[1 mark] (b) (i) Observe Diagram 10.1and Diagram 10.2.

Compare the reading of the ammeter and the brightness of the filament lamp M and N.

[2 marks] (ii) Observe Diagram 10.3 and Diagram

10.4. Compare the thickness of coiled wire of the filament lamps.

[1 mark] (iii) Relate the brightness of the filament

lamp with the thickness of coiled wire to make a deduction on the relationship between thickness of coil wire and the heat produced by the filament lamp

[2 marks] (c) Diagram 10.5 shows two types of plug for the

electric kettle that can be connected to the electric supply. Diagram 10.5(a) uses two pin plug, while Diagram 10.5(b) uses a three pin plug with an earth wire.

Diagram 10.5(a) Diagram 10.5(b) Explain why a three pin plug is more suitable compared with a two pins plug.

[4 marks] (d) Diagram 10.6 shows a water heater used to

boil water.

Diagram 10.6

Using appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain how to build a water heater which can boil a larger quantity of water faster ,

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more efficient, and more safety based on the following aspects;

(i) type of material used for the heating element of the water heater

(ii) shape of the heating element of the water heater

(iii) melting point of the heating element of the water heater

(iv) rate of rusting of the heating element of the water heater

(v) additional component used for safety when the water boil

[10 marks] 28. Diagram 12.1 shows a hair dryer labelled 240 V,

500 W connected to a three pin plug.

Diagram 12.2 shows the fuse in the three pin plug.

Diagram 12.1

Diagram 12.2

(a) State two properties of the material of the heating element in the hair dryer.

[4 marks] (b) (i) What is the meaning of the label 0.5 A on the

fuse?

[1 mark] (ii) Table 12 shows the specification of a few

metals to be used as a fuse wire.

Table 12

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the four metals and determine the most suitable metal to be used as the fuse wire. Give reasons for your choice.

[10 marks] (c) The hair dryer is Diagram 12.1 is switched on.

(i) Calculate the current flowing through the hair dryer.

(ii) State whether the 0.5 A fuse is suitable to be used in the plug.

(iii) Calculate the energy used by the hair dryer when it is switched on for 10 minutes.

[5 marks]

28. Diagram 12.1 shows a typical circuit on a household electrical appliance that using a fuse.

Diagram 12.1 (a) What is a fuse?

[ 1 mark ] (b) Explain the advantages o parallel circuit in a house wiring system.

[ 4 marks ] (c) An immersion heater its specifications of

240V , 500 W is used to boil water. The efficiency of that immersion heater is 85. (i) What is meant by 250 V, 500 W?

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(ii) Calculate the electric current that passes through the immersion heater.

[ 2 marks ] (iii) Calculate the output power of the

immersion heater.

[ 2 marks ] (d) Fuse takes some time to melt or blow. A

fast-blowing fuse is required to protect semiconductor equipments which cannot stand high current surge for too long. When a fuse blows, sparking may occur and produces high temperature. The fuse wire is placed in a sheath or catridge as shown in Diagram 12.2 to prevent its sparks from causing damage.

Diagram 12.1

Table 12.1 shows the specifications of five fuses tat can be used to protect a

semiconductor device.

Table 12.1

Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a 240V, 2000 W semiconductor material device. Study the specifications of all five fuses based on the following aspects:

- The thickness of wire - The rating of fuse - The catridge type - The melting point

Explain the suitability of the aspects and justify your choice.

[ 10 marks ]

CHAPTER 8

29. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show two identical electromagnets, X and Y. The current flow in electromagnet X is 2 A and the current flow in electromagnet Y is 3 A.

Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2 (a) What is the meaning of electromagnet ?

[1 mark] (b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,

compare the amount of iron filings attracted, current flow and the magnetic field strength of the two electromagnets.

Relate the current flow with the magnetic field strength to make a deduction on the relationship between magnetic field strength and the amount of iron filings attracted in this situation.

[5 marks] (c) Diagram 10.3 shows an electromagnet crane.

Explain how the electromagnet crane can be used to lift scrap metal.

[4 marks] (d) A man needs an adaptor to charge his

handphone as shown in Diagram 10.4. The transformer inside the adaptor is used to reduce the 240 V alternating current (a.c) to 12 V direct current (d.c).

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Using the knowledge of a transformer and rectifier, suggest and explain how to built an adaptor which can be used to charge the handphone.

(i) The type of transformer (ii) The ratio of number of turns in primary coil to the number of turns in secondary coil

(iii) The type of core

(iv) The electronic component that should be connected to the output of the secondary coil

(v) The material of wire used

[ 10 marks ]

30. Diagram 12.1 shows a simple transformer.

Diagram 12.1

(a) State the transformations of energy involved in Diagram 12.1.

[ 1mark] (b) Explain how the transformer works

[ 4 marks] (c) You are asked to investigate the design and

the characteristic of four transformers shown in Diagram 12.2.Explain the suitability of each characteristics of the transformer and determine the transformer which can be use as an ideal transformer.

[10 marks] (d) Diagram 12.3 shows a 12V, 48W bulb lights

up with normal brightness when it is connected to a 240V main supply through a transformer.

Calculate:

(i) the output voltage of the transformer (ii) the number of turns of the primary coil (iii) the efficiency of the transformer .

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31. When a current flows through the solenoid it produces a magnetic field and then becomes electromagnet.

(a) What is a meaning of electromagnet ?

[ 1 mark ] (b) Diagram 12.1 shows a graph of number of

paper clips attached, n against current, I, for a solenoid.

Diagram 12.1

(i) Based on the graph, state the relationships between n and I .

What can you conclude about the strength of electromagnet?

[ 2marks] (ii) State two physical quantities that affect

the strength of electromagnet?

[ 2marks] (c) You are asked to investigate the design and the characteristics of four alternating current generators shown in Table 12.1.

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the alternating current generators and

determine the alternating current generator which can supply a large direct current to an electrical component S shown in Diagram 12.2.

Diagram 12.2

(d) Diagram 12.3 shows a model for transmission of electrical power. The resistance of the transmission cable in the model is 30Ω.

Diagram 12.3

(i) Name a type of conductor that is most suitable to be used as transmission cable.

[ 1 mark ] (ii) Calculate the current that flows

through the transmission cable

[ 2 marks ] (iii) The power loss due to heating effect

of the transmission cable

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32. Diagram 12.1 shows a bulb labelled 12 V, 24 W is connected to the output of a transformer. The efficiency of the transformer is 40%.

(a) (i) Name the type of transformer.

[1 mark] (ii) Explain the working principle of the

transformer.

[4 marks] (b) Calculate

(i) the current flow in the secondary coil. (ii) power input in the primary coil.

[5 marks] (c) You are asked to investigate the design and

the characteristics of four transformers shown in Diagram 12.2.

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the transformers and determine which transformer has the highest efficiency.

Give reasons for your choice

[10 marks]

33. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show how induced current are produced in solenoids

(a) What is meant by induced current? (b) Using Diagram 10.1 and 10.2,

compare

(i) The number of turns of the solenoid.

(ii) The deflection of the galvanometer pointer. (iii) The rate of cutting of the

magnetic flux.

(iv) The magnitude of induced current produced.

[ 4 marks ] (c) Using Diagram 10.1 and 10.2

(i) Relate the number of turns of the solenoid and the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux.

(ii) Relate the rate of cutting of magnetic flux and the

magnitude of the induced current produced and hence.

[ 2 marks ] (d) Name the physics law involved.

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(e) Diagram 10.3 shows a simple step-up transformer

(i) Explain why step-up transformers are used in the transmission of electricity?

[ 2 marks ] (ii) You are required to modify the

transformer in Diagram 10.3 so that it can use as an efficient laptop adapter with output of 18.5 V of direct current. Your suggestions and explanation should be based on the following aspects: - Type of the core used. - materials and diameter of the wire used.

- Ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the secondary coil.

- The arrangement of the primary coil and the secondary

coil.

- The numbers of diodes used. [ 10 marks ] 34. Diagram 10.1 shows one insulated conductor

which is moved downwards in a magnetic field. Diagram 1.2 shows three insulated conductors which are moved downwards in the magnetic field.

(a) What is meant by electromagnetic induction?

[ 1 mark ] (b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 ,

compare

(i) The number of conductor wires. [ 1 mark ] (ii) The deflection of the galvanometer

pointer.

[ 1 mark ] (iii) Relate the number of conductor and

the rate of cutting of magnetic flux. [ 1 mark ] (iv) Relate the rate of cutting of magnetic

flux and the induced current

[ 1 mark ] (v) Name the physics law involved.

[ 1 mark ] (c) Diagram 10.3 shows the structure of a

generator. Explain how the generator can e used to produce electricity.

[ 4 marks ] (d) Diagram 10.4 shows the cross section of a

moving coil microphone which converts one form energy into another.

When sound vibrates the diaphragm , the attached voice coil moves and cut the

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magnetic field and generates a small electric current in coil.

Using the appropriate concepts in physics , suggest and explain suitable modification or ways to enable the microphone to detect sound effectively and generate bigger current based on the following aspects: (i) The thickness of diaphragm

(ii) The strength of the material for the diaphragm

(iii) The number of turns of coil (iv) The diameter of the coil wire (v) The strength of magnet

[ 10 marks ] 35. (a) Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 shows two

identical electromagnet, X and Y .

(i) What is meant by electromagnet?

[ 1 mark ] (ii) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2

compare the current flow, the amount of iron filing and the magnetic field strength of the two electrodes. Relate the current flow and amount of iron filing attracted by the electromagnet and the magnetic field strength..

[ 5 marks ] (b) Diagram 10.3 shows a circuit breaker.

Diagram 10.3

Explain how the circuit breaker works.

[ 4 marks] (c) Diagram 10.4 shows an a.c generator

Diagram10.4

(i) Explain how the generator works to produce alternating current..

[ 4 marks ] (ii) Explain the modification that needs to

be done on the generator and the external circuit to enable the generator to be a d.c generator and produce more current.

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CHAPTER 9

36. As a research engineer in a factory, you are asked to investigate the characteristics of several substances in order to produce semiconductors with better conductivity.

(a) What is meant by semiconductor?

[1 mark] (b) Name two types of semiconductors. Explain the differences between this two types of semiconductors

[5 marks] (c) Table 12 shows the characteristics of five

substances P, Q, R, S and T.

Table 12

Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the substances to be used in the production of a semiconductor with better conductivity and determine the most suitable substance to be used Give reasons for your choice

[10 marks] (d) An extra high voltage (EHT) supply gives 4 kV across the anode and the cathode of a vacuum tube.

(i) Name the process that occurs.

[1 mark] (ii) Calculate the velocity of the electron

when it reaches the anode tube. [ mass of electron , m = 9.1 x 10 -31 kg, charge of electron, e = 1.6 x 10 -19 [3 marks]

37. A semiconductor diode is an electronic device made by joining pieces of p-type and n-type semiconductors. n-type and p- type

semiconductors are produced through the doping process

Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2 (a) What is the meaning of doping?

[1 mark] (b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 , compare the connection of diode to the dry cell, the lighting of bulbs and the reading of ammeter. Relate the lighting of bulbs with the connection of diode to the dry cell to make a deduction regarding the relation between the current flowing in the circuits and the connection of diode to the dry cell..

[5 marks] (c) Box Y contains four identical electronics

component for full wave rectification.

Diagram 10.3

On Diagram 10.3 draw the electronic components in the circles provided.

(ii) A capacitor is placed across the output to smooth the current. In Diagram 10.3, draw the wave form produced .

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Explain how a capacitor is used to smooth the current.

[4 marks] (d) Diagram 10.4 shows a circuit with a

transistor that acts as an automatic switch. LED will light up when it is dark.

Diagram 10.4

A technician wants three fans labelled 240 V, 100 W in a room to be automatically switched on when the room is hot.

Suggest modifications that can be made to the circuit in Diagram 10.4 so that the three fans can be automatically switched on when the room is hot based on the following aspect:

State and explain the modifications based on the following aspects:

- The electric component to replace light dependent resistor in the circuit. - The position of electric component. - he used of relay switch in the circuit.. - the arrangement of the three fan. - electric component to protect the

transistor

[10 marks]

38. Diagram 10.1 shows a transistor circuit. Diagram 10.2 and Diagram 10.3 show the transistor circuit with different microammeter reading

and milliammeter reading.

Diagram 10.1

Diagram 10.2

Diaragm 10.3

(a) What is the meaning of transistor circuit? [1 mark]

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(b) (i) Using Diagram 10.1, compare the microammeter reading and the milliammeter reading.

(ii) Using Diagram 10.2, compare the microammeter

reading and the milliammeter reading. (iii) Using Diagram 10.2 and Diagram

10.3, compare the change in

microammeter reading and the change in milliammeter reading.

(iv) Relate the microammeter reading, milliammeter\ reading and deduce a physics concept for base current , I

b and collector current, I

c in a transistor circuit.

[5 marks] (c) Diagram 10.5 shows a transistor circuit is

used to light up a bulb at night.

Diagram 10.5

Explain why the bulb light up at night.

[4 marks] (d) Suggest the modifications need to be done to

the circuit in Diagram 10.5 so that it can function as automatically fire alarm switch that needs high voltage.

Explain your suggestions base on the following aspects:

(i) The electrical components that are needed to replace any components in the circuit

(ii) The position of these components in the circuit

(iii) The electrical components that is connected to the output transistor

[10 marks]

39. (a) What is meant by a semiconductor?

[ 1 mark] (b) Diagram 12.1 shows a full wave rectifier

circuit.

Diagram 12.1

(i) Draw the waveform of a full wave rectification.

[ 1 mark ] (ii) What modification can do on the

circuit in Diagram 12.1 to smooth the current?

[ 1 mark ] (iii) Draw on Diagram 12.1 the

modification you suggest in (a)(ii). [ 1 mark ] (iv) Draw the smoothen current.

[ 1 mark ] (d) The door of the lift is fitted with a light

transmitter and a detector which is a light dependent resistor (LDR). If the LDR detects light, the relay switch is activated and the lift door will close.You are asked to investigate the circuit of the lift, and design suitable circuit to close the door of the lift, if there is no people in front of the lift as shown in Table 12.

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Table 12

Explain the suitability of the characteristics in Table 12 and than determine the most suitable circuit for the door of the lift. Give a reason for your choice.

[ 10 marks ] (d) Diagram 12.2 shows trace of CRO screen

when a potential different connected on it. The Y- gain setting is 2 V / div and time-base is set to 0.1s / div.

Diagram 12.2

(i) What type of current that is connected to the CRO?

[ 1 mark ] (ii) What is the peak-voltage of the c

urrent?

[ 1 mark ]

(iii) Calculate the frequency of the current. [ 2 marks ] (e) Sketch the trace of CRO screen of the same

current if the time-base is off

[ 1 mark ]

CHAPTER 10

40. Radioisotopes can be used as tracers to detect leaks from pipes underground. Diagram 12.1 shows a leak that occurred in an underground water pipe.

Diagram 12.1

(a) What is meant by radioisotopes?

[ 1 mark ] (b) With the aid of diagram, explain how

radioisotopes can be used to detect the location of the leakage as shown in Diagram 12.1.

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(c) Table 12.1 shows the characteristics of five radioisotopes.

Table 12.1

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the radioisotope and determine the most suitable radioisotope to be used in detecting the leak from pipes underground.

Give reasons for your choice

[ 8 marks ] (d) Diagram 12.2 shows the decay chain of

Radon-222.

(i) What is the number of neutrons in Rn-222?

[ 1 mark ] (ii) Write an equation to show the decay

of Rn-222 to Po-218.

[ 2 marks ] (iii) Determine the number of alpha

particles and beta particles produced in the decay.

[ 2 marks ] (e) A lab assistant measures the number of

particles emitted per minute from two different radioactive sources K and L. The measurements are repeated each hour for

four hours and the results are shown in Table 12.2.

Table 12.2

(i) Name the source that has the shortest half-life?

[ 1 mark ] (ii) The experiment continues until the

time is 6 hours.

Calculate the number of particles emitted per minute from source K.

[ 2 marks] 41. Diagram 12.1 shows a Geiger Muller tube (GM

tube) an a rate meter which are used to detect radioactive radiation.

Diagram 12.1

(a) What is meant by radioactivity?

[ 1 mark ] (b) Explain how the GM tube is able to detect the radioactive radiation.

[ 4 marks ] (c) Radioactive material is also used in smoke

detectors. You are assigned to study the characteristics of some radioactive materials and the type of logic gates used in the smoke detector shown in Table 12.1.

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Table 12.1

[ 10 marks ] (d) (i) Copy and complete the equation for

the radioactive decay shows below by writing the appropriate numbers in box provided.

(ii) Calculate the mass defect in kg. [ 2 marks ] (iii) Calculate the energy released.

[ 2 marks ]

42. (a) Diagram 12.1 shows a system used in a factory to ensure the volume of guava juice in a bottle is uniform.

The radioactive source, radiation detector and counter are used to detect the volume of guava juice. The radioactive source contains a radioisotope.

(a) What is meant by a radioisotope?

[1 mark] (b) Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of five

radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T.

As a factory engineer, you are required to determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used by the system to ensure the volume of guava juice is uniform.

Study the characteristics of all 5 radioisotopes and explain the suitability of the aspects.

Determine the most suitable radioisotope and give the reason for your choice.

[10 marks] (c) Table 12.3 shows the reading of the rate

meter for 6 bottles through detector and radioactive source .

(i) State one detector that is suitable to be used purpose.

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(ii) Based on table 12.3, which bottle shows the least volume of juice and state the reason for your answer.

[3 marks] (d) In a radioactive decay series, Uranium-238 decays to become Radium-226 by emitting alfa and beta.

Determine the values of X and Y?

[5 marks]

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Question No. 1

(a)(i) The object falling under the force of gravity only (a)(ii) The acceleration Diagram 9.1 larger than Diagram 9.2

The rate change Diagram 9.1 more than Diagram 9.2 The time impact Diagram 9.1 more than Diagram 9.2

When the time impact is smaller, the rate change of momentum

When the acceleration is large, the rate change of momentum is large is large

(b) (i)

(ii) The force forward = friction The resultant force is zero

The object move with constant velocity (c)

Question No. 2

(a) Mass is the amount of matter in an object. (b)

(c) (i) The inertia of the driver maintains the forward motion when the car stops suddenly.

(ii) Wearing a seat belt:

Restrains the body of the driver from being thrown forward//inside or outside the car.

It slows down the forward movement of the driver when the car stops suddenly

(d)

Design or way

Explanation/reason Acceleration Smaller mass The smaller the mass the smaller its

inertia. Therefore the rocket will accelerate faster.

Shape Nose cone // Bullet shape on top of the body

To improve the aerodynamics of the rocket.

Structure The bottle filled with mixture of water and air

Serves as the propulsion of the water rocket//The air pressure propels the rocket skyward (upward)

Buoyant force (upthrust)

Equipped with parachute

The parachute increases the surface area of an object so it has more contact with the wind, which decreases the speed of the object (due to air resistant)

Stability of the motion Fitted with fins spaced equally around the rocket body.

Helps to stabilize the water rocket by lowering the centre of pressure (gravity)

Question No. 3

(a) The Principle of Conservation of Momentum / Energy (b) When the ball on one end is pulled up and let to fall, it strikes

the second ball which is at rest and comes to a dead stop. The momentum of the ball becomes zero as its velocity is zero. The Principle of Conservation of Momentum states that in a collision between two objects the total momentum of the objects in the system remains unchanged.

The energy and momentum from the first ball is transferred to the second ball and then transmitted through the balls at rest to the ball on the other end.

Because the momentum and energy is maintained in this system, the ball on the opposite side will move at the same velocity as the ball that were in initial motion

(c)

The balls touch each other

This will reduce losses of energy which will reduce the speed of the balls The type of material

used to make the balls is steel

Steel balls are hard and produce highly elastic collision. Energy can easily propagates through the intermediate balls.

Two strings used to hang each ball

This string arrangement restricts the balls’ movements to the same plane. the position of the ball

to start the oscillation

High position of the ball, high potential energy and will change to high kinetic energy. The last end ball will swing at bigger speed.

The most suitable design is Q because the ball s touch each other, made from steel, use two strings attached to each ball and the initial position of the ball is high.

(d) (i) m1u1+ m2u2= m1v1 + m2v2

(5)(0.8) + (3)(0) = 0 + (3) v2

v2 = 1.33 ms-1

(ii) m1v1 - m2u2 = 0 – (0.05)(0.8)

= -0.04 kgms-1

(iii) Impulsive force = -0.04 / 0.05 = 0.8 N

modification reason

The surface is smooth Reduce water resistance Aerodynamic Reduce friction

Low density Lighter

Big peddle Increases the force strong Not easy to broke down

Lorry Car

Mass Mass of the lorry is bigger. Mass of the car is smaller. Ability to speed ahead Takes longer time to speed ahead. Easier//faster to speed ahead. Stopping (from rest) Harder//slower to stop moving. Takes longer time to stop moving. Easier//faster to stop moving. Takes shorter time to stop moving.

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(ii) Initial position of the student in Diagram 9.1 is higher The speed of the student on reaching the final position in Diagram 9.1 is higher

The higher the speed of the student, the higher the energy The higher the position , the higher the energy gained (iii) Principle of Conservation of Energy

(b) (i) elastic potential energy to kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy

elastic potential energy and kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy

(ii) due to damping

work done against air resistance //

loss of energy due to the extension and compression of the molecules in the system

(c) strong // high strength it won’t break easily high force constant

store higher elastic potential energy

strong // high strength // any suitable material it won’t break easily

thin // aerodynamic // streamline less air resistance

slightly above the target

the path is parabolic / curved/downward // due to free fall motion

Question No. 5

(a) (i) Priciple of conservation of momentum (ii) Air expels at high velocity

Produces momentum backwards / to the left Causes thrust of momentum forward/ to the right With same magnitude of force but in opposite direction (b) (i) (ii) a = v – u t = 0 – 4 2 = 2 ms-2 (iii) s = ) 2 ( ) 4 ( 2 1 2 = 16 m (c) Characteristics Reasons

Shape – Inverted aerofoil High pressure at top // greater downward force//high stability Ridges on tyres -none Less friction during motion Engine power -high Greater forward thrust

Material light and stiff Does not break easily on impact I choose S

Because shape – inverted aerofoil , ridges on tyres –none, engine power –high and material light and stiff

Question No. 6

(a) (i) Sum of two or more forces to produce one resultant force. (ii)

1. Bottle in liquid Q floats lower

2. Weight and the buoyant force are equal and the same in both cases.

3. Density of liquid P is higher.

4. As the density of liquid decreases, the lower the bottle floats.

5. When density of liquid decreases the volume of liquid displaced increases to produce the same buoyant force. (b)

1. When force is applied to piston A

2. Pressure is produced and transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid towards piston B // Pascal’s Principle

3. Pressure multiply by the surface area of piston B will produce the output force that lift load M.

4. Cross-sectional area of piston A is smaller than piston B to produce large output force.

(c)

Suggestion Reasons

Fix a long handle on piston A

Small force can produce bigger force /torque to press piston A

Equip the hydraulic jack with valves

Liquid can flow in one direction and does not back flow

Use released valves Liquid flows back to the storage reservoir

Piston A is made smaller // piston B

bigger.

To produce large output force.

Oil as liquid Does not evaporate easily // does not flow out easily// prevent from rust.

Question No. 7

(a) (i) Force per unit area

(ii) Pressure on piston Q = pressure on piston R

Cross sectional area of piston Q < Cross sectional area of piston R

Force acted on piston Q < force acted on piston R The greater the area, the greater the force Pascal’s principle

(b) aerofoil shape

The air speed on the upper surface > the air speed on the lower surface.

The pressure on the lower surface > pressure on the upper surface.

Different in pressure produce lift force. (c)

Design Reasons

Thick wall Water pressure increase with depth

High density material Increase mass / can submerge easily

Strong material Does not break easily Aerodynamic shape Reduce water resistance Ballast tank To increase or reduce weight Sonar transmitter and