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T(]r(OBETE A X,4OHOBETE Ha EEpBraTa npri aaAEHh ErE HTpOAB| XElllt4
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cE
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14 CIE AllHl,lTErHH npOBOAH14t{l,l .
f,.tiFE3
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ta n?cE
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1.Axo cE Blirloqu !tsroltHHl:: Ha ntrcrostHEH .rcfl:: l4 el ctrE.4.rirrt Fr
f,rroH:-5 Ha BEpuraTa Ha OHr.5.J uar,: ulE cE 3ar1r4uaT yF'fiRHEHHs-. ra 3a TpHrE xoHTypa He BEFlHraTa?
?.Axo cE npoMEHt4 lloHohrypauhgTa Ha BEFHrara Hct $hr.S,::.i r::aTo cE npEMEcTH trpEAHHg l::roH l-5 xa Mgc.l oTG HA EAHH CT r.:paRHHTE !::4oHc)BE H oBpaTHo - l::aTo cFEAEH rillcll{ cE nocr aE}H EAHH OT HpahHhTE ! lllE l{acTrn!4 At npuHqHnHa tre34H}::e ntrH sa--nhCBaHE ltpaBHEHHgTa Ha TpltTE tr:OHrypa B Cpa€,HEHh€ C
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EAHH HETHHEEH EztEM€Hr. flapamerpHTE Ha rEgh gEpurh 3aalrcslY or TOXA |/l HANE'(EHI'IEYO.:JA ONFEAE/|9HE CBOIACTBATA HA Hg/tI'iHEfiHHT€ ETEMEHTIT CE H3nOr3y""t a"ot"aTHHTE BptSxH M€XA9 HanpExEHHETO !r roHa n(]a OopMara Ha HETHHEqHH xapaxrEpHcrl'1 H|,l. l-lprero E TE-3H rapexrEpnclvrt!.u aa cE HapHHar BorraMnEPHH XapaHTEP!ICTHXH
(BAX ) . E aaenCUmocT OT THna Ha HEll!lHElAHH5| E/lElrlEHT BAX MoraT AA BIAET !
a) cHMErpnqHn tjpltBltr 3e xo|4ro 11n1=-f (x) (Orr.6.1a) a
olrr .6. I
6) HEcr4METFEht{Ht4 l{phBtir 3a Ho}lro f (x)=-11,', 1 (Our'6'18)' BAX ce iaaaear !rpE3 rpaot,lxll r Tetrrlllttt t't^tA aHa^hrHqHH
r'13-pasn. l-paoBF:vtrE AaBar Hala-oEull'|PHa |nHOopMaq|/tt noHEit(E E noB€-qETO Crgqan aHarHTl'lqHt4lE tn3pe3H ca no^gqEHlt B pE3y',TaT Ha
onpEAEnEHa anPoHcHMaqran ' l-paourHrrE METoAl4 3a xac/|Er.EaHE Ha EnEl{Tphr{Ec}ctt BEphrH c HETxHEfrHH ETEMEHTn npr craqHoHaPHu pE-it{HMl,t HaMHpaT npHrOrl(El{!lE B OrpeHn({EH EpOB C/|yqaH-flOc/,l€4oBe-aEltHot naperErHo lt cMEtrEHo cE}Lp39aHE Ha HEnltH:nHt,| E/IEMEHTH '
Flpn no-c/l(])t(HH HEnnHElF.Hl't E/lE ETpl't!lEcx14 BEpl|rr cE 143no/t3ear noAxoASlulH r{ACAEHt'l METOAH .
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ETEMEHTH ca! l.tMnH c HAii(Elt(eEMa HHU|::At T!tpHTOBt4 t4 BnAt/ Tc/E A pEBt4CTOpHr,, ErE_
tslEHTHr 6apETopHr rEPMopE3HcToFHr r;06HH14
c OEpOf4arHhTHo sApor tlrlc.J..n n Ap. norVnpoBcJAHHF:oBpr ETEMEHTH
L.,[_!oF4gA_p*qirqaH-o tr.e,]plB.ft,H- -t-r._E44HF--ta.ti-4-...E{r-E-v^FLrr-.t1_..:
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./
cE t,paaHH HEAnHeP,Hrl E,4EMEHTtt i ,::ot4To t4 MeT hBE}EcTHtilftAX Ur = fr(Ir) u Ua = fz{Ia)
(OHr.6.I).
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cAEAH|4TE 3e-:-1'a nol
f:rlcHMoc r!l
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U=XU*
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AHo cE cyMHper cLcTTE}ETHHTE opAhHArH Ha l{p14BurE Ur=f r ( Ir
)
H lJa=f?( I=) sa paBztnLrHH croHHocrH Ha roF:a I u1e
ce nonyHH cy_ MapHRTa i(aF.al::TEpHcTHr::a U = f (I) xa E|::BuBarEHTHt4s HE4HHEEH
raF_-MEHT. TaBH
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HE/tn_ IIENHMTE E/IEMEHTH NPH 3A4A4EHA CTC]IiHOCT HA HANPE'I(EHT4ETO U. HA
oHr.6.?6 c crccfsla /rBHHsl E /.a4EHa cyMapHara l::ptitEa! a c!c ( rpErt::H E n(]tia3aHo t::at:: cE onpEAE/ls|T TOI::!T H HanpEji{EHk$Ta 11-bpliy HE414HEBHHTE ETEMEHTH npH 3aAa4EHo HAnpEn{EHHE lL = Uo.
-r
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Ha OHr.6.3a E nolia3aHa E4Ef::TpHqEcl::a BEpHra c Arla HE'414-' HEltrHH EnEM€Ftra cE'LpseHH napa/lErHo .BAX Ur=Fr( Ir) ra Uz=Fa( 1n) HE HE4HHE'IHhTE E/|EMEHTU CA AEAEHH HA OHT '6'':'E'
Orr.6.3
Bts ocxoga Ha nrpBHs 3al ox Ha Fr4pxoo cE H3BtpuBa saMsHa HA ABETE HE/|I'tH€,IHH E4EMEHTA C E}::BUBA/EHTEH T !t149TO EAX E
U=F(I).
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I = E Ir
k
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HaTO CE CyMEpaT aECLIIICHTE Ha TOqHT4TE c}T i{Apa}{TEp!ICTH}r:14TE
Fr(It) n Fz(Iz) xa oraEztHHTE E,EMEHTH npH onpE/tE/lEHa crofiHocr He HanpEr(EHvl€To. Ha oHr-6.3s eHelrBa/EHTHara EAX e noHasaHa C
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E T::EHBA/'EHTHH5l E/IEMEHT . TPAO|4qHATA 'NPOqEAYPA NPT CMECEHO
cBrPSBalrE Ha TpH HE/lT,IHERHH ETEMEHTa TaHa liaHTO E nOt{a3eHo HA aar.6.4a E c/E4Bara:
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a)
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nporr,raut noA HEroEo
AEta-crBriE npEi BEprrara
l,lMa EOEHr}|aHacrottHocr.
onpEAE4EHac
u3_paB a
(4.1)
I = ____-_
-
I
6-= - 1;;-:-X;=
Tyx Re = R + rrxaTo R e crnporltBrEHhEro Ha pE3,|cropa.r E
clnporhErEHltETo Ha toEHHarara Xg u X_ ca crorBETHo rHAvli:THB-Horo cLnporrlS^EHraE Ha EoErHara !r xanaqnrlrErHAvli:THB-Horo c!nDori4BrEHr/tE Ha l4oHAEH3aropa. flpn toea Xt
=
wL;(8.2)
X.= 1/w
Cea w = 2nf.
Ua
tJ.
LJL
LJc + + +r
l--l#F
R ---:--t---'t-C
onr.B.1.
c13AaBaHx {fr roxa r(t)
O,|r.B.1
ca(S,3)
Ur =IRt U- = Iri
Uult
ToraBa(8,4)
U = .ruioz + (UL - U.)z
. Uliaro c f e ogxa.<exa qEcrorara
Ha
xanpEit(EHxETo
Lt (t
) .EOE r<T !raHt,lTE crortrHocr H