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(8)

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No.4

14lc/IFAEIAHE-, tiA- hIEPA:111::4p-HEH"A.- F/l_EFi_r"Ftl4"lEcKA" *FFP!4rA 1...8-g1r.-o-.ptr,tr .. I g_ep.F_I..fi_.:tH_I ...F-.F.4-,p-l(-E_.!:.r-.!a1_9

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3a qacr or E/tEHTpHrEcr.:ara EEpHra rraclt:

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(11)

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(12)

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(13)

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(15)

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olrr .6. I

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Flpn no-c/l(])t(HH HEnnHElF.Hl't E/lE ETpl't!lEcx14 BEpl|rr cE 143no/t3ear noAxoASlulH r{ACAEHt'l METOAH .

-34-

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tslEHTHr 6apETopHr rEPMopE3HcToFHr r;06HH14

c OEpOf4arHhTHo sApor tlrlc.J..n n Ap. norVnpoBcJAHHF:oBpr ETEMEHTH

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HE/tn_ IIENHMTE E/IEMEHTH NPH 3A4A4EHA CTC]IiHOCT HA HANPE'I(EHT4ETO U. HA

oHr.6.?6 c crccfsla /rBHHsl E /.a4EHa cyMapHara l::ptitEa! a c!c ( rpErt::H E n(]tia3aHo t::at:: cE onpEAE/ls|T TOI::!T H HanpEji{EHk$Ta 11-bpliy HE414HEBHHTE ETEMEHTH npH 3aAa4EHo HAnpEn{EHHE lL = Uo.

(16)

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Axaaoru.{xo cE nocTrnBA nph q Ha Epotl nocrEAc}BaTErlFr{:-r

cB1]ptsaHn E/l€MEHTa.

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Ha OHr.6.3a E nolia3aHa E4Ef::TpHqEcl::a BEpHra c Arla HE'414-' HEltrHH EnEM€Ftra cE'LpseHH napa/lErHo .BAX Ur=Fr( Ir) ra Uz=Fa( 1n) HE HE4HHE'IHhTE E/|EMEHTU CA AEAEHH HA OHT '6'':'E'

Orr.6.3

Bts ocxoga Ha nrpBHs 3al ox Ha Fr4pxoo cE H3BtpuBa saMsHa HA ABETE HE/|I'tH€,IHH E4EMEHTA C E}::BUBA/EHTEH T !t149TO EAX E

U=F(I).

(6,21

Ur=Ua-U

I = E Ir

k

Or (6.?) c/EABat qE egcqncara I xa e4Ha roqF:a or )iapali-TEOI,ICTHHaTe Ha El'iB14Ba/lEHTH145| HE,/l!lt{EEH E/IEMEHT CE nO/|yqaBa!

HaTO CE CyMEpaT aECLIIICHTE Ha TOqHT4TE c}T i{Apa}{TEp!ICTH}r:14TE

Fr(It) n Fz(Iz) xa oraEztHHTE E,EMEHTH npH onpE/tE/lEHa crofiHocr He HanpEr(EHvl€To. Ha oHr-6.3s eHelrBa/EHTHara EAX e noHasaHa C

ngHl{THFt a qPE3 CTpETHH H npE}llcHalu AnBnn E no}';a3aH'f Ha}i MO'fiE Aa CE HaMEpH pe3npEAE4EHhETO He rot::oBErE A OraE/IHHTE naparE/lHtt xroH(]BE HOraTo E 3aAaAEH OEtllH9T TOl4 '

I:.,..Gr,!.Eg-e-[o--q'e-l!.p*ans---l.g:t"u.]t-EEtt-!4*E-r-F.uF-tr-T-J;.

a) e)

-36-flpu cmecexo cBtpSEaHE Ha HErnH€ffH14 E/lEMEHTtt SaAaqarara cE pEuraBa Ha Hgxo/rrdo ETana. ltpE3 npEotpaSYBeHE HA OTAETHhTE napa/lErHn t4 noc/rEAoBaTErHH gqaCTtUl,l CE AocThra AO BAX xa

E T::EHBA/'EHTHH5l E/IEMEHT . TPAO|4qHATA 'NPOqEAYPA NPT CMECEHO

cBrPSBalrE Ha TpH HE/lT,IHERHH ETEMEHTa TaHa liaHTO E nOt{a3eHo HA aar.6.4a E c/E4Bara:

a) E)

Orr.6.4

a)

Hatl-HanpEA

cE

npEoEpe3yBa

naparErHoro

CIEAI4HEHHE Ha

Aaara

E/TEMEHTa

-

HEz

r HE3. 3a qElra cE nocrLnBe ralia

liaxro

6EurE nor{a3aHo

B

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cE etcwlcllrE Ha

F;pHBriTE f

a

(uae )

ra

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florgrexara

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noHa3aHa Ha

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Tg np:AcraBrs|Ba

BAX

xa

EXB|,|Ba-/tEHTHUsl HE/.||/|HEEH E/lEM€HT. TAXA CE CT}ITA AO HOBA

E/lEHTPlIqEC-xa BEpure clcToliula cE oT aBa noc/lEAoBarErHo cBlp3aHu

HEAA-HEBHlrl E/lEMEHTa.

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cE

Er<BHBarEHrHara BAX

f (Uas) H ft(U").

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Au'{n9..

(17)

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i I . l-lF'l,lErF- Xll$HE HQ 1,1:l,C ;1h:.,{FAtlE T O .

l.Cuertar r:E EtAX Ha B{::HLr}::14 HE/tHHF:hHH qH t] €/rEl::Tpt4qHC'::aTa BE[:,ura.:.Je Lr,E/Ta cE

oBr .6. 5. E./IEMEHTt4 9qACTBllBA_ pEa4|4sHpa cxEMaTa oT brdr

.6.7.

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i.F'HarHst4pa cg c+i€Mara or Our.6.6. :l,a ABE crofrHocrH Ha

;axpaHBauloTo HenpE^EHHE CE H3MEpBAT HanpE)t(EHhStTa Btplig HEAu*

HETAHHTE E,4EMEHTH H TO}{A NNES T9}i.

3.F'eazrnsrapa cE cxEMera or Otar.6.7. :,a 4BE crottrHocrr,t Ha

3ai(paHBautoro HenpEfiEHHE (aaAeBer cE oT npEnoAaBarErg) cE or-qHTaT nottaSaHh5|Ta He npH6ophrE,

fur.b.7

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c!{EMara He

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-34-.-TotitHocTH Ha oguU4stT Toi:: r l::oHTo cE Be4aBal I I L:-!l4Q_4F.ttt4.. F-'E:irg4TAT14 14 TPA,r'Hkit4

FeryararurE or rtBclIEABaHETo cE g4c,pMsrr B crE4Hh.rFj r a6Al4-. r-lh !

a )EricnEptaMEHTarHo cHEMaHE He FAX Ha HeruHEttHhrc EiEMFH rH

ra6/l.6.1. l asauua cr, l_ | ---r---r---T---T--- -T*.-.-T- - -T*.- --T--- -T..-*.--r - -.- r-.-.- r-- -.--iB

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6 )E}iCNEPEMEHTA'HO C]NPEAE/|5IHE HA PAsNF}EAC/rEHh€'rCI HA l

NT::Ci-B€T€ H HAnpEliiEHt49ra B (]TAE.4HHTE t::/clHOBe nFH nCjcnE: AcJFaTsiHi:) (TaBn.6.:). naparErHcl (Tar;/,b.:j) !i cMEcEHo ct:tl,[jrJE,aHF:

(Te6/.6.4) sa HE/l14HEnHH E/,IEMEHT!r.

clr ntrEn04aE}at'8.49.

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(18)

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aaHH|4rE oT Ta6/t.6.1. HaMHpaT cE sIiBHBaTEHTHHTE )iapariTEpHcTH-HH Tal::a F:AliTO 6EllrE OnUCeHA B TEODETlitqHATa vACT.

3a xaunparE pa3npEAErEHt4ETo Ha rolioBETE h HanpEr(EHtastra B 6r AEAHI lE IdTOHOBE npl/| (:MECEHO CB!p3BaHE CE nOCT-bnE a yarr:a ,/BH jil 6ur .6.48/ i BgEMa cE EAHa crotAHocr 3a HentrEli(EHHETc] clrracHo Ta84.6.4. HEria rsl Aa U = Uo. Haxacs cE B clorBErEH Maqag no opaHHaraTa h cE npEl.iepaa nFaBa ycnopEAHe Ha a6cqHcHATa oc. HaMhpa ce r.A. or xapel{TEpHcrHrlare f(Ur+UaeJ r xostTo

onpE4E-.its ro.4EMt4HaTe HA TOI::a Ir, Or r,A cE cngcHa nEpnEHAv!{y/ls|p 40 nFEcr4r{aHE c EAX f(Uas) e r.F, Op4nnarara He r.F c.roreerrrBv-Ba Ha HenpEifiEH!rEro Uas=tJz=Ur. flpe s r.6 ce npEHapBa npaBa VcnopEAHa Ha aBcq HcHaTa OC. Hamupar ce TO.{}{u C u {. rntiro aEcultcH cIoTE ETEH MaUlaE OnpEAEr9T TO]{OBETE E nape./tE./tHHTE

liroHcrBE Iz r Ir.He Ohr -6.4s rasrl rpa6u.lHa npoqE4ypa E t:rpaiE-Ha ctc cTpErt{r4 n npE }itcHaTt/| AuBvtu .

I"V. Li,o-HrF.olHl4 BlnFocr4

l.F.axea utE EIAE rpaOHr{Hera HHTEpnpETequst ! a}io eraecro HE? (Our.6.7) ce BXntoLll rHHEEH ETEMEHT-pE314trTop?

?.llte ce npoMEHH,/tH BAX xa HE4HHEtirHr,rs ETEMEHT r ario nocrE-aoBaTErHo c HEro cE Bli.4toqH H3TOLtH14H Ha €/lEl.jTpO4,Btnti(Eulo HanpE-;*gxue?

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F"irr.4E: r(4a cF: AE\-Jne.4l.}cHt4 li i liotiTC] E rl::ntoqEH !itM HgroqHhli fr::i (:::r.r!-r1rcilHAa4Ho HanFE ji(Et{t4E

" TaF:A F;ca}::TO E nOHa3AHO Ha OHr.7.1 r.l::'j-ijr'r i::l E..lEMEH'l H rE HA AB!nO.4tocHhl::A Ca CBrpBa'{H

nOCTEAOEaTE/t-drnr ,7. l.

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n cld. .

HOr TOI::'bT npEs T!ili i=I-sinwt E E4l4H t4

ctutH. {lE[lt]Tr_1 ]{enpEit(EHHq Lt cbulo E cr4-H\rcclHAa,4Hcl H nFE4CTaBrStBa CyMaTa o7 nT HanpE:i(EHt49Ta Btp}{g ETEMEHT!tTE HA AB{rtfi}/tncHM}::a. B 3aBHCl,tMOCT OT E|4Aa Ha p,|3\-Jnr'.4lof:HH]::a ErE]::Tpt4LrECXaTe BEpHra ulg hMal al::rUBElli Ht]49!::THBE,U t4nn F.Ana-[-lgrH a]::l MBEH ]:apar::rEp ror::rT i c],BAaBa PE A}I T 14BE H -h H 4.LJ}::T H RE H r PECN . }::an aq!'T HE}E H

t-) \ t \-q'r'l

fjt,: rHBl{Or(f ttanf:ir:.i{F: HHE Cbnnea4a nO eaBa C To}ia H cE OnpEAE-rl9 rt[]$:il ldFpili].i

\:/ .1 't t..!s = 1-1- - eirr ( r+t j .

F-4tEt,:rHexaTa M!, cr(]tiHocr e Ua = LR.

sflHA!l:Tt.tBHclro H t::anau.HTr/rBliort: HanpEtr(EHt4E cE onpEAE,4slr no $f]pMl/lHrF"

i 7,::: ) {-tr. =: 1uo. €;in ( wtj+n/? ) I

(.7 .A\ Ltc '," Uc,-. !:i.n I wt-.Tr,/::'! .

Lrt4tirro FiOEt.::Tt4BHt, cTOttHclcTpr ca lju = I.Xu. H Uc =I.Xc. I r,Jr,: Xg ." 14. L. , a X- = 1/w. tl,

- l,4Mn E AaH c rr r H a ABVn cJ.4 tocll l,t l::e E

r=\Ru+Xe

Oguloro HanpgnEHHE ulE 6"uAE or BltA.r

(19)

--l

(7.4)

u=Um.6in(wtf:)

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"" inoor* npM nocr[]ost* BaHETO Ha BEI::TOFHTE Ha H:rnpEllrEH14Slra. Ha oar.'/.2 c:e nol::asiiHH TpHtr!/|HHllHTE He HanpE:|iEHHSlTe t/t crnpoTHBnEHHs|T a npH uHA./t]:'1, |''".

BEH r FECn. l::anaquat4BEH Xepa|::TEp Ha aBvno/llocHH!::a' oT oHr '' "':;i CTABa 9CHO. qE OaSOB!t5tT !r.b.4 3aBUC14 OT TmllF:Ml4HATa HA :it;lrr'trt--Horo crnpor!tE}rExlrs Ri HHAgI::Tl,lBHocrra L. FlHcrr. t:lclnBtlltrF:ra {-tt qEcrorara f . !r!rrr . t:E onpEAE.4st clr SaBuc!lMLlcrra

(7.5)

'll=

acte(XLIR) , pEcn.l* = "tttg(X-lR)

B nrperas c/1!l!latl t oa3oBHir !r!/l Hapacl Ba np]4 9I*EnHrt:lEriH|l He HHAyI::THBHOCTTa L, noerulaeaHETo Ha "t;cToTaTa Ha ro!':a 1'HrH HaMa/lgBaHETO Ha et::THEIHOTcJ C!npOT14BrEX|4e Fi .

B'ue eropnn cry''{ala t' HaMaagea npH noet|,truaBaHE Ha qEc rorniri f n HEHgMEHHtt crotaHocr!4 Hca R r C,

It

KI

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nlT.

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rt

Nc) E}::CNEPlIMEHTA,EF' t 'a c36r4OTO HanpElltE-r lllAtll4THBEH

)iaPah:--42-

-43-rEp-lrJ(]cTaBa or roHa c Lrra r_).ifLig(:).

l'loMEHTHare cTofiHocT Ha MoulHocTTa! T.E. cl.;opocTTa c lios|To EHEpru9Te c€ npEAega Ha BEpltraTa. xoraTo HenpE;nEHt4ETO E 4E_ QA3hpeHo cnps|Mo Toria He !r!.4 +, €

(7.6) p = Lr.i = U-.sin(wt +

).I-.sin(wt) =

= U,I.cos(I-cos(?wt)) + U.I.sin(,) .sin(?wt) = p- + po. Tgx c F- E ClSHAt{EHa aHTHBHara crcraFHa r{acr r rio,,To BlrHarH E no,4orxHTE4Ha. Ts| onpEAErs| cpEAHara crotaHocr Ha MoutHocrra 3e EAHH nEptaoa, xap/rexa ottlE ar::THBHa MoqHocr.l.

t

T

.--

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F=--_lp.dt

TJ

(:, (7 .7',)

= tJ,I.cos(.)

.

W

BE4!t.{t4HaTa cosf cg Heprr{e OaxroE cH oT lrlra xa oaS(f,EOTO OTMECTBaHE ) Hr,rETO. l."o,4HOTO OaHTOpIT He MOUTHOCTTe

T0/||iOBa no-ro/!|Me RHTHBHe MOUTHOCT lltE l::a lrlM raoHcyMaTopa. Ha MOqHocTTa. ME rxAy T Olia v E no-t4t43lli 40 CE NPEAABA OT Toq saEh- HenpEnE-E4hH|/ir{e.

]/|3TOqHH-Ctcraenara

pp

onpEAE./tgt x04EEaHlrgTa

Ha

EHEprtaslra MExAy HsTOqHHHa

u

HoHcyMaTopa

lt aa *-"or""'

p€eHTHEHa

crcTaBxa

Ha

MoutHocrra.

AMn.nt.trgAHara

tr croaxoci ce xaprra

pEeHTtaBHa Mo_

-,

ulHocT !r cE onPEAErs| qpES H3pa3e

(7.8)

Q = U.I.gin(r)

r

VAr

flpouseEAEul,rETo Ha EOE HTHBHtTTE cr06Hocrh Ha HentrEr(EHrETo h roEa S=UI ce HaphHa nrrHa MoulHCtcr Ha ABVncl4DcHtrlia. hsMEpBe cE BtrB eoaraMnepH (VA).

AHarorhrHo He Onr .7.? tpnre MoutHocrt4 F,e n S oBFaByBar TptatrrrHHH He MoqHocr14TE, Bprsxara MExag rEsH

BErHr.l4HH cE aaaa qpEs lr3pa3a g = {p; a 6;

(20)

-r

l. I . ilF {.}F[:.H4A]-l[. HA t4]r''L:.4EABAHE:1u

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n Onnrxara

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AB 9n O/1 loc H x l::A ;

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f orremsHara Ha HanFEr(EH14ETo Ll npu/o:ttEHo i eM cs p€i \.JrHpa !lpE3 aFrrjl'paHC$oplrlar(rpa (AI ) ' Flt-t e i:rnp{fTHP.4EHHE.

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:i.l::.oraro 4Eyno/!locHHl::!T E THn "RL" eroe BFpHrara Aa HE cE E!t::/iloqBa aont/IHHTE/lHO a!::TitBHo cLnpc:t14B/TEHHE r a ae cE oTqt,tTA atirHBH(]r(] clnporHB/lEH14E Ha ECf6HHATa ' aAtlo r(] E HEH3BEcTHO

-44-

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6tar.7.3 ce tasMEpaa MoqHocrra P- u rott.ur I.

ToraBa

Rr =

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I L -I ."-:1.!/lF_4-E H !4 " F,€ ;_1"H /l r A--r-l/l

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r

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. U

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Ha

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To

Lt (

t

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or

References

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