What We Know About Technological Support for Project-Based Learning
Colleen Kehoe, Mark Guzdial GVU Center & EduTech Institute
College of Computing
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 {colleen, guzdial }@cc.gatech.edu
Jennifer Turns
Center for Human-Machine Systems Research School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
jennifer@chmsr.isye.gatech.edu
Abstract - This paper describes our experiences in building tools to support project-based learning. We briefly describe our successes and failures in three areas: team management and collaboration, supporting reflection, and providing information in project-based form. Our approach combines insights on learning from cognitive science with an appreciation for the practical challenges raised by focusing on projects in a class. Based on our experiences, we conclude that technology can play an important role in supporting project-based learning.
Much of engineering education focuses on projects used to enhance students’ learning of engineering practice and relevant concepts of science and engineering. Without projects, engineering education can become too focused on abstract concepts without students’ understanding of related concepts and how to apply the concepts [1]. Further, research in cognitive science suggests that learning outside of an applicable situation can lead to brittle or inert knowledge, that is, knowledge that does not get transferred to new problems and new situations [2].
However, we also know that projects are not always the learning experience that we want them to be. Potential problems include:
• Team management and collaboration.
Teams may not work well. Students are notorious for not planning nor coordinating well between one another [3].
Students can use support to help them to collaborate effectively, that is, so that performance and learning is facilitated, not hindered [4].
• Lack of reflection. Students often get caught up in the performance of the task and do not reflect and learn.
Students are amazingly gifted at developing strategies that allow them to complete the task successfully but avoid having to actually learn [5, 6]. It’s necessary to get students to reflect in order to learn from the task [7], or as Dixon puts it, to turn experience into learning [8].
• Getting information in a project-based form. Textbooks may not be the best source of information for a project. Students have difficulties connecting theory (the typical content of a textbook) to problems [9].
Examples are an effective method of providing contextualized information that can be directly re-used [10, 11], but textbooks (and even reference books and most Web sites) provide relatively few detailed examples.
Research at the EduTech Institute at Georgia Tech
1and elsewhere has explored solutions to the problems of effective project-based learning. For example, research at the Center for Life-Long Learning and Design
2has focused on supporting design education, which is a critical aspect of engineering education. In the following sections, we present work conducted through the EduTech Institute which addresses the three potential problems listed above. Our efforts combine insights on learning from cognitive science while also paying attention to what is needed for successful project process. This combination of supporting learning and doing is critical to successful project-based learning [12, 13].
Supporting Team Management and Collaboration
We have learned a lot about team management and collaboration through a succession of experiments, with a big share of errors and failures [14]. Our biggest challenge has been to create situations that encourage student use on a regular basis.
Recently, we attempted to encourage better team planning through use of a Web-based tool called Team
1
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/edutech
2