AP Human Geography TEst reviewView

What is Geography

Why of where and why care!!!!!!!

5 Themes

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Location - absolute or Relative

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Region - functional, formal and vernacular

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Place - Physical or Human

Regions

Functional Region:

has a focal point (often a city) and is the

organized space surrounding that central location.

Commuting.

Formal Region:

which are defined formally by government or

other structures, such as cities, states, and mountain ranges

everyone there shares the same characteristic.

Scale

●

Scale of Inquiry -The size at which something

occurs - is affecting a village or world?

Map Scale

GIS and GPS

GIS - Geographic Information System -

computer mapping

All Maps Distort

Know Mercator, Peters,

Sample Questions- What AP may ask

The region that contains delivery destinations served by United Trucking. Which of the following classifications best fits this region?

(A) Functional(B) Formal (C) Vernacular(D) Mental(AND) Perceptual

Unit 2 - Population

Density:

● Arithmetic density-is the number of people per square unit

of land

● Physiologic density-is the number of people per square

unit of farmland/arable

Distribution

●

Ecumene -

●

Global Distribution

○

Population Centers - East Asia, South Asia, Western

Europe

Carrying Capacity and overpopulation

Carrying Capacity - # of people the area can sustain or

support using available space, technology, wealth, climate

and ability to bring resources from other areas to support its

people.

Pyramids

Shows population by age and sex- in 5 year cohorts

Look for changes and reasons for changes -

Demographic Terms and Understanding

Demographic Terms

●

CBR

●

CDR

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TFR

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Dependency Ratio

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Replacement Fertility Rate - 2.1

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Infant Mortality

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Rate of Natural Increase - CBR-CDR+In Migration-Out

Historical Changes

● Agricultural Revolutions

○ 1st ○ 2nd

○ 3rd - Green

● Industrial Revolution - 1700’s

● Population Projection 9-11 Billion

Theories of Population Growth

Thomas Malthus : Population growth exponential - Food

growth Arithmetically

Advocated for positive checks of population- anti-natalist

Negative checks - starvation- deaths

Population Policy

●

Pro-natalist - or Expansive

○

Taxation, benefits etc…

○

Germany, Japan, Sweden

●

Anti-natalist - restrictive

○

Tax breaks for sterilization, one-child policy

○

Imbalanced sex ratios, infanticide

What AP might Ask

The number of people under the age of 15 plus the number of people above the age of 64 divided by the number of the people aged 15 through 64 is defined as

(A) carrying capacity

(B) primary economic sector

(C) dependency ratio

(D) age-sex pyramid

In the 1980s the demographic trend in China was best characterized by a(n)

(A) rapidly rising crude birth rate

(B) falling life expectancy

(C) decreasing general fertility rate

(D) increased total fertility rate

Which of the four stages in the demographic transition model are considered

“homeostatic” stages, when the forces of demographic change are in equilibrium?

(A) Stages 1 and 3

(B) Stages 2 and 3

(C) Stages 1 and 4

(D) Stage 4

Migration - Unit 2 continued

● More accessible today - less friction of distance, increased space-time compression, spatial interaction.

Types of Migration

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Step

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Chain

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Voluntary

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Forced - Involuntary

○

Refugees

○

IDP - internally displaced persons

●

International

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Interregional

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

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Counter Migration streams

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Travel a short distance

●

If they go a large distance it is to a big city

●

Young men are most likely

●

Rural residents are more likely to migrate than urban

Migration Streams - Historic

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Colonial Streams to settlement colonies

●

Slave trade

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Great Migration

●

Rural to Urban - 1900 to today

○

Some counter urbanization as some move back to

rural areas

●

Central America/Mexico to the US

●

World Wars and Civil war streams.

Other Terms

Gravity Model - large cities have more pull than small cities or towns.

Activity Space - a place we frequent

Types of Movement:

Cyclical Seasonal Periodic

AP might ask

The seasonal migration of animal livestock from lowland pastures to mountainous regions is termed

(A) intensive subsistence agriculture

(B) mixed crop and livestock farming

(C) double cropping

(D) transhumance

The migration of a Hildegarde von Pabst to Dayton, Ohio, from Berlin, Germany, because of a cousin living in Dayton is most closely an example of

(A) forced migration

(B) chain migration

(C) internal migration

(D) periodic movement

Unit 3 - Cultural Patterns and Processes

●

Culture is?

●

Hearth - where an idea or belief starts

●

Types of Culture:

○

Folk

○

Popular

○

Local Culture

Diffusion

●

Expansion Diffusion:

○

Stimulus - innovative idea diffuses outward and is

changed

○

Hierarchical - spreads to those who are most

connected

○

Contagious - like disease

Culture Terms

●

Culture Traits - single

●

Culture Complex - combination of traits

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Culture Regions- - areas where there are similarities

●

Culture Realm - Where regions merge together - Latin

Culture Changes Through these

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Convergence - adopt traits

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Divergence - moves away - becomes different

●

Acculturation

AP might ask

Which of the following is a true statement about popular culture?

(A) Technology is reducing the scale of territory covered by popular culture.

(B) The scale of territory covered by folk culture is often much larger than that of popular culture.

(C) The heart of popular culture customs is often found in less-developed regions.

(D) Folk culture is often the result of cultural isolation, while popular culture often results from cultural diffusion.

Identity

How we make sense of ourselves…

Who do we identify against?

Language

Evolution of language:

● 2.5 million years ago - language first developed ● Nostric

● Proto-tongue - original language

○ Reverse reconstruction - backward reconstruction

Language Tree

●

Family

Theory of lIndo-European language Diffusion

Conquest Theory

Language Related Terms

Multilingual States: Canada, Belgium, Cyprus, Nigeria

Conflict issues related to this

Centrifugal force

Monolingual States: France, Spain

● Official language ● Standard language

● Global Language - english - most 2nd language speakers ● Lingua Franca - Trade

What AP might ask

An essential difference between the standard language of a people and an official language is that the standard language is

(A) the chosen, generally accepted variant of a language, while the official language is the legally declared language of a country to be used in all government interactions

(B) usually spoken by outsiders, while the official language is what is on all official documents

(C) the form spoken by commoners, while the official language is the “king’s form” of the language, taught in the grammar books

(D) used widely throughout society, while the official language is only used for government documents

All the following are factors motivating the conflict surrounding Quebec, Canada, EXCEPT

(A) language

(B) sovereignty

(C) religion

(D) economic inequality

Religion

Middle East- Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Indus River - Hinduism

Ganges River - Buddhism

Intra vs Interfaith and regions of conflict

Intra

Inter

Universalizing Religions

Seek converts - Christianity, LDS, Islam, Buddhism

60% of the people follow

Ethnic Religions

Judaism

More Terms

Unit 4 - Political organization of States

State - population, territory, sovereign government and is

recognized by other states.

Terms and Examples

Multinational State - more than one nation - Russia, Israel,

Nigeria, Canada

Types of Governments

Unitary - Centrally Organized - UK

Federal - Split power - decentralized

Types of Boundaries

●

Antecedent

○

Ohio river

●

Subsequent

○

Canada and US

●

Superimposed

○

Israel

●

Relict

Boundary Creation

●

Define

●

Deliminate

●

Demarcate

●

Administer

Supranationalism

2 or more states that work toward common

Goal.

Gerrymandering

Draw borders to gain political

Advantage.

Reapportionment - every 10

Devolution

Process of transferring power from central government to

regional governments.

AP Might Ask…..

Which of the following significantly weakened the strength of Mackinder’s geopolitical heartland theory?

(A) Ascendance of the United States’ international influence after World War II

(B) Existence of a pivot area

(C) Growth of Soviet power in eastern Europe

(D) Influence of Eurasia in world affairs

Which of the following is best classified as a centrifugal force?

(A) National flag

(B) State-owned news station

(C) National research laboratories

(D) Ethnic discrimination

Von Thunnen

Based on Cost of Transportation

Perishability

3rd Agriculture Revolution

Green Revolution 1940’s - increased crop output - high yield seeds, fertilizers, pesticides , herbicides

Agribusiness combination of pieces of food productions

Unit 6 Industrialization

Weber:

Weight Gaining vs

Weight losing

SEZ’S

Special Economic

Other Terms

Footloose Industry - costs same no matter where, lightweight,, high value, rebate center, computer chips, etc..

Substitution Principle - Labor is key factor - outsourcing and offshoring are results

Deindustrialization

Result of Offshoring and outsourcing

America’s Rust Belt

Structuralist/ Dependency Theory

LCD’s are locked into a cycle of underdevelopment

Neocolonialism

Other Development Approaches

● Self-sufficiency - provide for own

● International Trade - Comparative advantage

○ Washington Consensus ○ Neoliberalism

○ Free trade

○ IMF/World Bank

○ SEZ’s - Maquiladora zones, NAFTA

● Sustainable Development

Unit 8 Cities and Land Use

Urbanization - the growth and diffusion of city landscapes and lifestyle

- Urban Morphology

- Urban growth during the Industrial Revolution

- Rates of Urbanization - 50% worldwide - Rapid growth in LDC’s

Central Place Theory

● Walter Christaller

● Hinterland - surrounding people

More terms to know

● Counterurbanization - move out of city ● Exurbs - outside suburbs

● Urban Sprawl

● Uneven development in cities - urban blight

● Ghettoization - growth of areas with concentrated poverty ● Blockbusting, Redlining, Racial steering

● Gentrification - good and bad ● Neo- urbanism