UNDERSTANDING GLIAL CELLS

UNDERSTANDING GLIAL CELLS

edited by

Bernardo Castellano, Ph.D.

Department of Cell Biology and Physiology

Universitat Autdnoma Barcelona

Berta Gonzälez, Ph.D.

Department of Cell Biology and Physiology

Universitat Autonoma Barcelona

Manuel Nieto-Sampedro, Ph.D.

Cajal Institute

C. S.I.

c.,

Madrid

~.

"

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Understanding glial cells / edited by Bernardo Castellano, Berta

Gonzalez, Manuel Nieto-Sampedro.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4613-7628-6

ISBN 978-1-4615-5737-1 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5737-1

1. Neuroglia.

I. Castellano, Bernardo, 1957-

11. Gonzalez,

Berta, 1955-

. 111. Nieto-Sampedro, Manuel,

1944-QP363.2.U53 1998

573.8'636-dc21

98-12006

Copyright

©

1998 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1998

CIP

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

CONTENTS

List of contributors

ix

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

I. MORPHOLOGY AND ONTOGENY

1. Characterization of the glial cells in the teleost visual pathway

3

Juan M Lara, Almudena Velasco, Concepcion Lillo, David Jimeno and Jose Aijon

2. The macroglia ofteleosts: characterization, distribution

19

and development

Sofia Diaz-Regueira and Ramon Anadon

3. Organization and function ofastrocytes in the human retina

47

Jose M Ramirez, Alberto TriviflO, Ana 1. Ramirez and Juan J. Salazar

4. Astroglial architecture of the human optic nerve: functional

63

role of astrocytes

Alberto Triviflo, Jose M Ramirez, Juan J. Salazar and Ana 1. Ramirez

5. Glial cells ontogeny in the telencephalon and mesencephalon

79

of the lizard

Gallotia galloti

Maximina Monzon-Mayor, Carmen M Yanes,

Maria M Romero-Alemim, Jean de Barry, Robert R. Sturrock and Giorgio Gombos

6. Role of thyroid hormone on the oligodendrocyte

111

type 2-astrocyte lineage

vi

II. MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

7. Characterization of rat neural stem cells from embryonic striatum 133 and mesencephalon during in vitro differentiation

Eulalia Bazem, Miguel A. Lopez-Toledano, Carolina Redondo, Alberto Alcazar, Maria Angeles Mena, Carlos

L.

Paino

and Antonio

S.

Herranz

8. Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors within glial cells 149 of retina and optic nerve

Elena Vecino, Elena Caminos, Elena Becker, Dionisio Martin-Zanca and Neville N. Osborne

9. Expression and function of neurotransmitter receptors in 167 glial cells of the central nervous system

Carlos Matute, David Fogarty, Jose Maria Garcia-Barcina, Miroslav Gottlieb, Maria Jose Moran

and Maria Victoria Sanchez-Gomez

10. Role of astroglia in the neural effects of sex hormones and 185 neuroactive steroids

Maria del Carmen Fernandez-Galaz, Julie Ann Chowen and Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura

11. Cytokines and astroglial cells: functions and mechanisms of action 195

Francisco Molina-Holgado, Eduardo Molina-Holgado, Alberto Lledo and Carmen Guaza

12. The critical factor for L-DOPA toxicity on dopamine neurons is glia 213

Maria Angeles Mena, Maria Jose Casarejos, Alberto Alcazar, Antonio

S.

Herranz, Carlos

L.

Paino and Justo Garcia de Yebenes

III. INVOLVEMENT IN DAMAGE AND REGENERATION 13. Ethanol exposure during brain development alters

astrogliogenesis and astrocyte functions

Jaime Renau-Piqueras, Luis Megias and Consuelo Guerri

14. Neuron-glia ensembles and mammalian CNS lesion repair

Manuel Nieto-Sampedro

15. Glial response to excitotoxic injury in the immature brain

Laia Acarin, Berta Gonzalez, Anthony J. Castro and Bernardo Castellano

233

255 271

vii

16. Effects of contralateral lesions and aging on the neuronal and

297

glial population of the cerebral cortex of the rat

Maria Angeles Peinado, Maria Jesus Ramirez, Juan Angel Pedrosa,

Manuel Martinez, Adoraci6n Quesada, Maria Luisa del Moral,

Francisco Jose Esteban, Jose Rodrigo and Jose Maria Peinado

17. The role of Schwann cell in nerve regeneration

319

Enrique Verdu and Xavier Navarro

IV. GLiA IN PATHOLOGY

18. Glial abnormalities in genetically determined disorders of myelin

363

Jose Miguel Vela, Ishar Dalmau, Berta Gonzalez

and Bernardo Castellano

19. Glial changes in aging and Alzheimer's disease

385

Maria Asuncion Moran and Pilar Gomez-Ramos

20. Adhesion molecules, angiogenesis and malignant gliomas:

405

implications for tumorigenesis

Blanca Conde, Elena Sinues, Ana Gascon, Angela Alcala

and Mercedes Ruidiaz

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Laia Acarin

Unitat Histologia, Facultat de Medicina Departament Biologia CeLlular i Fisiologia

Universitat Autonoma Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Jose

Aijon

Departamento de Biologia Celular y

Patologia

Universidad de Salamanca 37007 Salamanca, Spain.

Angela Alcala

Departamento Ciencias Morfologicas. Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.

Alberto Alcazar

Servicio de Bioquimica Departamento de Investigacion Hospital Ramon y Cajal, INSALUD 28034 Madrid, Spain.

Ramon Anadon

Departmento de Biologia Fundamental Universidad Santiago de Compostela 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Jean de Barry

Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire (UPR 9009 CNRS)

Centre de Neurochimie Universite Louis Pasteur Strasbourg, France.

Eulalia Bazan

Servicio de Bioquimica Departamento de Investigacion Hospital Ramon y Cajal INSALUD

28034 Madrid, Spain.

Elena Becker

Departamento de Microbiologia

y Genetica

C.S.I.C., Universidad de Salamanca 37007 Salamanca, Spain.

x

Elena Caminos

Departamento de Biologia Celular y Patologia

Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Salamanca 37007 Salamanca, Spain.

Maria Jose Casarejos

Departamento de Investigaci6n Hospital Ram6n y Cajal INSALUD

28034 Madrid, Spain.

Bernardo Castellano

Unitat Histologia, Facultat de Medicina

Departament Biologia Cel.lular i Fisiologia

Universitat Autonoma Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Anthony

J.

Castro

Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine Loyola University Chicago Maywood {lL 60153, U.S.A.

Julie Ann Chowen

Instituto Cajal, C.S.I.C. 28002 Madrid, Spain.

Blanca Conde

Departamento Ciencias Morfol6gicas Facultad de Medicina

Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.

Ishar Dalmau

Unitat Histologia, Facultat de Medicina Departament Biologia Cel.lular i Fisiologia

Universitat Autonoma Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Sofia

M.

Dlaz-Regueira

Departmento de Biologfa Celular y Molecular

Universidad de La Coruna 15071 La Corufia, Spain.

Francisco Jose Esteban

Departmento de Biologia Celular Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad de Jaen

23071 Jaen, Spain.

Marla del Carmen Fernandez-Galaz

Instituto Cajal, C.S.I.C. 28002 Madrid, Spain.

David

J.

Fogarty

Departamento de Neurociencias Universidad del Pais Vasco 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.

Jose Marla Garcla-Barcina

Departamento de Neurociencias Universidad del Pais Vasco 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.

Justo Garcia de Yebenes

Servicio de Neurologfa Fundaci6n Jimenez Diaz Madrid, Spain.

Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura

Instituto Cajal, C.S.I.C. 28002 Madrid, Spain.

Ana Gascon

Departamento Ciencias Morfol6gicas Facultad de Medicina

Carmen Guaza

Grupo de Psicobiologia Unidad de Plasticidad Neural Instituto Cajal, C.S.I.C. 28002 Madrid, Spain

Consuelo Guerri

xi

Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.

Instituto de Investigaciones Citol6gicas (F.I.B.)

46010 Valencia, Spain.

Giorgio Gombos

Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire Antonio S. Herranz

(UPR 9009 CNRS) Servicio de Neurobiologia Centre de Neurochimie Departamento de Investigaci6n Universite Louis Pasteur Hospital Ram6n y Cajal, INSALUD Strasbourg, France. 28034 Madrid, Spain.

Pilar Gomez-Ramos Nieves [barrola

Departamento de Morfologia Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas Facultad de Medicina C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain.

Universidad Aut6noma de Madrid 28029 Madrid, Spain.

Berta Gonzalez

Unitat Histologia, Facultat de Medicina

Departament Biologia Cel.lular i Fisiologia

Universitat Autonoma Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Miroslav Gottlieb

Departamento de N eurociencias Universidad del Pais Vasco 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.

David Jimeno

Dpto. de Biologia Celular y Patologia Universidad de Salamanca

37007 Salamanca, Spain.

Juan M. Lara

Dpto. de Biologia Celular y Patologia Universidad de Salamanca

37007 Salamanca, Spain.

Concepcion Lillo

Dpto. de Biologia Celular y Patologia Universidad de Salamanca

xii

Alberto Lledo

Grupo de Psicobiologia Unidad de Plasticidad Neural Instituto Cajal C.S.I.C. 28002 Madrid, Spain Miguel A. Lopez-Toledano Servicio de Neurobiologia Departamento de Investigacion Hospital Ramon y Cajal, INSALUD 28034 Madrid, Spain. Dionisio Martin-Zanca Departamento de Microbiologia y Genetica, C.S.I.C. Universidad de Salamanca 37007 Salamanca, Spain. Manuel Martinez

Departmento de Biologia Celular Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad de Jaen

23071 Jaen, Spain.

Carlos Matute

Departamento de Neurociencias Universidad del Pais Vasco 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.

Luis Megias

Departamento Ciencias Morfologicas Universidad de Granada

18071 Granada, Spain.

Maria Angeles Mena

Servicio de Neurobiologia Departamento de Investigacion Hospital Ramon y Cajal, INSALUD 28034 Madrid, Spain.

Francisco Molina-Holgado

Grupo de Psicobiologia Unidad de Plasticidad Neural Instituto Cajal, C.S.I.C. 28002 Madrid, Spain

Eduardo Molina-Holgado

Grupo de Psicobiologia Unidad de Plasticidad Neural, Instituto Cajal

C.S.I.C., 28002 Madrid, Spain

Maximina Monzon-Mayor

Dept. de Morfologia y Biologia Celular Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

35080 Islas Canarias, Spain.

Maria Luisa del Moral

Departmento de Biologia Celular Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad de Jaen

23071 Jaen, Spain.

Maria Asuncion Moran

Departamento de Morfologia Facultad de Medicina

Universidad Autonoma de Madrid 28029 Madrid, Spain.

Maria Jose Moran

Departamento de Neurociencias Universidad del Pais Vasco 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.

Xavier Navarro

Unitat Fisiologia Facultat de Medicina

Departament Biologia Cel.lular i Fisiologia

Universitat Autonoma Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Manuel Nielo-Sampedro

Departamento de Plasticidad Neural Instituto Cajal

C.S.I.C.

28002 Madrid, Spain.

Neville N. Osborne

Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology University of Oxford

Oxford, United Kingdom.

Carlos

L.

Paino

Servicio de Neurobiologia Departamento de Investigaci6n Hospital Ram6n y Cajal INSALUD

28034 Madrid, Spain.

Juan Angel Pedrosa

Departmento de Biologia Celular Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad de Jaen

23071 Jaen, Spain.

xiii

Maria Angeles Peinado

Departmento de Biologia Celular FacuItad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad de Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain.

Jose Maria Peinado

Departmento de Bioquimica Instituto de Neurociencias F. Oloriz Universidad de Granada

18071 Granada, Spain.

Adoracion Quesada

Departmento de Biologia Celular Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad de Jaen

23071 Jaen, Spain.

Maria Jesus Ramirez

Departmento de Biologia Celular FacuItad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad de Jaen

23071 Jaen, Spain.

Jose

M.

Ramirez

Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmol6gicas Ram6n Castroviejo Facultad de Medicina

Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Ana

I.

Ramirez

Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmol6gicas Ram6n Castroviejo Facultad de Medicina

Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid, Spain.

xiv

Carolina Redondo

Servicio de Neurobiologia Departamento de Investigacion Hospital Ramon y Cajal INSALUD

28034 Madrid, Spain.

Jaime Renau-Piqueras

Centro de Investigacion

Seccion de Biologia y Patologia Celular Hospital La Fe

46009 Valencia, Spain.

Jose Rodrigo

Departmento de Neuroquimica Instituto Cajal (C.S.I.C.) 28002 Madrid, Spain.

Angeles Rodriguez-Pena

Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas (C.S.I.c.)

Madrid, Spain.

Maria M. Romero-Aleman

Departamento de Morfologia Seccion de Biologia Celular Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Las Palm as de Gran Canaria

35080 Islas Canarias, Spain.

Mercedes Ruidiaz

Departamento Ciencias Morfologicas Facultad de Medicina

Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.

Juan J. Salazar

Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmologicas Ramon Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina

Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Maria Victoria Sanchez-Gomez

Departamento de Neurociencias Universidad del Pais Vasco 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.

Elena Sinues

Departamento Ciencias Morfologicas Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Robert R. Sturrock Department of Anatomy and Physiology University of Dundee Dundee, United Kingdom.

Alberto Triviflo

Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmologicas Ramon Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina

Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Elena Vecino

Departamento de Biologia Celular y Ciencias Morfologicas

Facultad de Medicina

Sonia Vega

Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas (C.S.I.C.)

Madrid, Spain.

Jose Miguel Vela

Unitat Histologia Facultat de Medicina

Departament Biologia Cel.lular i Fisiologia

Universitat Autonoma Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Almudena Velasco

Dpto. de Biologia Celular y Patologia

Universidad de Salamanca 37007 Salamanca, Spain.

Enrique Verdu

xv

Unitat Fisiologia, Facultat de Medicina Departament Biologia Cel.lular i Fisiologia

Universitat Autonoma Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Carmen

M.

Yanes

Departamento de Biologia Celular Facultad de Biologia

Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.

PREFACE

The studies by Santiago Ram6n y Cajal on astrocytes, and the extense work developed by Pio del Rio Hortega dealing with microglia and oligodendrocytes are with no doubt two important milestones of neurobiology, and specially cf

glial research.

Since these classical studies, the curiosity for understanding glial cells has continuously grown. During the last two decades, the development of new meth-ods of study, including cell culture techniques and the use of histochemical and immunocytochemical markers, has allowed a remarkable advance in this field. This increasing interest is reflected by the creation of local and international glial networks, the publication of the journal

Glia,

the celebration of periodic interna-tional meetings and the publication of extensive books focused on glial cells.

In February 1997, with the establishment of the Spanish Glial Network, arose the early idea of publishing a compendium of selected work by Spanish glial research teams, which has fmally materialised in

Understanding Glial Cel/s,

a book whose objective is to present topics of current interest in glial cell biology. The aim of

Understanding Glial Cells

is far from competing with other recently published books covering wider aspects, but to complement this information with actualised reviews on specific topics. Chapters that constitute the four main sec-tions of this book are directed to readers with a pre-existing interest in the field, being specially indicated for teachers, basic-scientists and clinicians that, within neurobiology, neurology or neuropathology, want to actualize their knowledge on the topic. In addition, we hope that medical and graduate students will find this book a useful reference volume reviewing the current state of research dealing with some particular aspects of glial cell biology .

•

Spanish Glial Network

http://blues.uab.es/redglial/

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The publication of Understanding Glial Cells has been possible thanks to the effort of the Spanish Glial Network and to the economical support received from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture, Autonomous University of Barce-lona, Basque Country University, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University and Zaragoza University.