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Ch. 4 Cells F19

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CH. 4 WARM-UP

1.

At minimum, what structures or

components must a cell contain to be alive?

2.

What are the differences between plant and

animal cells?

3.

In biology, “Structure dictates function”.

Think of a type of cell in your body. In what

way is its structure related to its function?

Explain.

Assemble your Biochemistry Unit Packet in order (cover sheet on top). Staple or paperclip and turn into the basket. I will collect your tests and answer sheets.

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WARM-UP

1.

Contrast prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

cells.

2.

List and describe the contents

inside of the nucleus of a

eukaryotic cell.

3.

Describe the structure of the

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WARM-UP

1.

Compare the diffusion times with

the SA:V ratio of the agar blocks.

Explain how the diffusion time and

SA:V ratio are related.

2.

Calculate your group’s Mass/Time

for your competition cube.

Compare with the other groups.

How effective was your group’s

cell design?

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WARM-UP

1. The properties of several

artificial cells is shown in

the table. Which cell would

be the most efficient in

exchanging oxygen with the

environment by diffusion?

2. A certain human cell has a radius of 8 μm.

Calculate the surface area, volume, and the

SA:V ratio.

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PRACTICE PROBLEM

Calculate the surface-area to volume ratio for these cells.

Which cell would likely be more efficient at

exchanging

substances with the surrounding

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WARM-UP

1.

List 3 differences between plant and

animal cells.

2.

An antibody (a protein molecule) is

produced and released by a plasma cell.

List the pathway that this protein takes in

the cell from it’s production until it is

released to the outside of the cell.

(Hint:

The antibody travels through the

endomembrane system.)

3.

What would happen to a cell if it did not

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CHAPTER 4

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YOU MUST KNOW

Three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The structure and function of organelles common to plant and animal cells.

The structure and function of organelles found only in plant cells or only in animal cells.

How different cell types show differences in subcellular components.

How internal membranes and organelles contribute to cell functions.

How cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and waste elimination.

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2 TYPES OF CELLS:

1. Prokaryotes

: Domain Bacteria &

Archaea

2. Eukaryotes

(Domain Eukarya):

Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

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PROKARYOTE VS.

EUKARYOTE

“ before”

“ kernel

No nucleus

DNA in a nucleoid

Cytosol

No organelles other

than ribosomes

Small size

Primitive

i.e. Bacteria &

Archaea

“ true”

“ kernel

Has nucleus and

nuclear envelope

Cytosol

Membrane-bound

organelles with

specialized

structure/function

Much larger in size

More complex

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CELL SIZE AND SCALE

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/ scale/

Scale of the Universe:

http://www.onemorelevel.com/game/scale_of_the_ universe_2012

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Cells must be small to maintain a large

surface area to volume ratio

surface area to volume ratio

Large S.A. allows

rates of chemical

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CALCULATE VOLUME OF A

SPHERE:

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SURFACE AREA EXAMPLE (

ANIMAL

ANIMAL

):

Small Intestine

:

highly folded surface

to

increase absorption of nutrients

Villi

Villi

: finger-like projections on SI wall

Microvilli

Microvilli

: projections on each cell

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Folds

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SURFACE AREA EXAMPLE (

PLANT

PLANT

):

Root hairs

Root hairs

: extensions of root epidermal

cells; increase surface area for absorbing

water and minerals

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NUCLEUS

 Function: control center of cell  Contains DNA (& mRNA)

 Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear

envelope)

 Continuous with the rough ER

Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves

nucleus

Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up

chromosomes

Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits (rRNA

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RIBOSOMES

 Function: protein synthesis  Composed of rRNA + protein  Large subunit + small subunit  Types:

1. Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce

proteins used within cell

2. Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make

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ENDOMEMBRANE

SYSTEM:

Regulates protein traffic &

(23)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

 Network of membranes and sacs  Types:

1. Rough ER: ribosomes on surface

 Function: package proteins for secretion,

send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane

2. Smooth ER: no ribosomes on surface

 Function: synthesize lipids, metabolize

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

(ER)

(25)

GOLGI APPARATUS

 Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small

molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce lysosomes

 Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)

Cis face: receives vesiclesTrans face: ships vesicles

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LYSOSOMES

 Function: intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s

materials; programmed cell death (apoptosis)

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VACUOLES

 Function: storage of materials (food, water,

minerals, pigments, poisons)

 Membrane-bound vesicles

 Eg. food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles

Plants: large central vacuole -- stores water,

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MITOCHONDRIA

 Function: site of cellular respiration

 Double membrane: outer and inner membraneCristae: folds of inner membrane; contains

enzymes for ATP production; increased surface area to  ATP made

(34)

CHLOROPLASTS

 Function: site of photosynthesis  Double membrane

 Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma

(fluid)

 Contains chlorophylls (pigments) for

(35)

ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY

 Mitochondria & chloroplasts

share similar origin

 Prokaryotic cells engulfed

by ancestors of eukaryotic cells

 Evidence:

 Double-membrane

structure

 Have own ribosomes &

DNA

 Reproduce

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PEROXISOMES

 Functions: break down fatty acids; detox

alcohol

 Involves production of hydrogen peroxide

(37)

CYTOSKELETON

: NETWORK OF PROTEIN

FIBERS

 Function: support, motility, regulate

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(39)

PLANT CELLS

Cell wall: protect plant,

maintain shape

 Composed of

cellulose

Plasmodesmata:

channels between cells to allow passage of

molecules from cell to cell

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EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

(ECM)

 Outside plasma membrane of animal cells  Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen)

 Function: Strengthens tissues and transmits external

(41)

INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS

(ANIMAL CELLS)

Tight junctions: 2

cells are fused to form watertight seal

Desmosomes: “ rivet

s” that fasten adjacent cells into strong sheets

Gap junctions:

channels through which ions, sugar, small

(42)

Plant Cells Only Animals Cells Only Central vacuoles Lysosomes

Chloroplasts Centrioles

Cell wall of cellulose Flagella, cilia

Plasmodesmata Desmosomes, tight and gap junctions Extracellular matrix (ECM)

(43)

HARVARD CELL VIDEO

http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_inner life.html

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References

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