Security Analysis
Part I: Basics
Ketil Stølen, SINTEF & UiO
October 2, 2015Objectives for Lectures on
Security Analysis
Classify security concepts
Introduce, motivate and explain a basic apparatus
for risk management in general and risk analysis
in particular
Relate risk management to system development
Describe the different processes that risk
management involve
Motivate and illustrate model-driven security risk
analysis (or security analysis, for short)
Overview of today
What is security?
What is risk?
What is risk management?
What is the relationship to cyber security?
What is Security Analysis?
Security analysis is a specialized form of
risk analysis focusing on security risks
What is Security?
security
integrity availability accountability confidentiality Only authorised actors have access to Only authorised actors can change, create or delete Authorised actors have access to information they need when
It is possible to audit the sequence of events in
Security is more than Technology
Security solutions are available – but what
good is security if no one can use the
systems?
Security requires more than technical
understanding
Incidents often of non-technical origin
Requires a uniform description of the system
as a whole
Security – Part of System Development
Security is traditionally added as an
“afterthought”
Solutions often reactive rather than proactive
Security issues often solved in isolation
Costly redesign
Security not completely integrated
Enforcing security only at the end of the development process “by preventing certain behaviors...may result in a so useless system that the complete development effort would be wasted” [Mantel'01].
“It would be desirable to consider security aspects already in the design phase, before a system is actually implemented, since removing security flaws in the design phase saves cost and time” [Jürjens'02].
Oversettelse av Terminologi
asset aktivum (noe med verdi)
threat trussel
unwanted incident uønsket hendelse
risk risiko vulnerability sårbarhet consequence konsekvens probability sannsynlighet frequency frekvens/hyppighet treatment behandling
What is Risk?
Many kinds of risk
Contractual risk
Economic risk
Operational risk
Environmental risk
Health risk
Political risk
Legal risk
Security risk
Definition of Risk from ISO 31000
Risk:
Effect of uncertainty on objectives
NOTE 1 An effect is a deviation from the expected — positive and/or negative
NOTE 2 Objectives can have different aspects (such as financial, health and safety, and environmental goals) and can apply at different levels (such as strategic, organization-wide, project, product and process)
NOTE 3 Risk is often characterized by reference to potential events
and consequences, or a combination of these
NOTE 4 Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the
consequences of an event (including changes in circumstances) and the associated likelihood of occurrence
NOTE 5 Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of
information related to, understanding or knowledge of an event, its consequence, or likelihood
What is Risk Management?
Risk management:
Coordinated activities
to direct and control
an organization with
regard to
risk
[ISO 31000:2009]
Communicate and con s ultEstablish the context
Identify risks
Estimate risks
Evaluate risks
Treat risks
Monitor and review
Ri
sk ass
e
Risk Analysis Involves
Determining what can
happen, why and how
Systematic use of
available information to
determine the level of risk
Prioritization by
comparing the level of
risk against
predetermined criteria
Selection and
implementation of
appropriate options for
dealing with risk
Commun
icate an
d co
nsu
lt
Establish the context
Identify risks
Estimate risks
Evaluate risks
Treat risks
Mon
itor and review
Ri sk as se ss ment
Terms
Asset
Vulnerability
Threat
Risk
Terms
Risk Threat Vulnerability Unwanted incident WormComputer running Outlook
Internet
- Infected twice per year - Infected mail send to all
contacts Infected PC
V
Install virus scanner
Definitions
Asset: Something to which a party assigns value and hence for which the party requires protection
Consequence: The impact of an unwanted incident on an asset in terms of harm or reduced asset value
Likelihood: The frequency or probability of something to occur
Party:An organization, company, person, group or other body on whose behalf a risk analysis is conducted
Risk: The likelihood of an unwanted incident and its consequence for a specific asset
Risk level: The level or value of a risk as derived from its likelihood and consequence
Threat:A potential cause of an unwanted incident
Treatment: An appropriate measure to reduce risk level
Cyberspace, Cybersecurity
and Cyber-risk
What is new and what are the real
challenges?
•
There are no established definitions of cyberspace or cybersecurity
•
Many authoritative organizations have their own definitions
• EU, ISO, IEC, ITU-T, NIST, CNSS, …•
The various definitions typically reflect different purposes or interests
• Information security• Critical infrastructure protection
• Privacy and data protection
• Societal security
• Combating of cyber-crime and terrorism
•
Cybersecurity is a hot topic and a frequently used buzzword
•
Stakeholders want to ensure cybersecurity and protection from
cyber-risk
•
At the same time there is lack of terminology consensus and method
support
•
Our aim: Define a terminology and identify challenges
Motivation and Goals
Cyberspace
The term cyberspace first appeared in science fiction (novel by William Gibson)
