SYDNEY YOUNG

1857-1937

Sy d n e y Yo u n g

was born at Farnw orth near Widnes, in Lancashire, on

29 December, 1857. His father, Edward Young, was a very prosperous

Liverpool m erchant and a Justice of the Peace for the county. After

receiving his early education at the Royal Institution, Liverpool, he

refused his father’s offer of a position in his firm and entered Owens

College, M anchester, with the idea of studying chemistry. O n his first

day at Owens College he spoke to another new student, Charles W.

Kimmins, afterwards well known as a lecturer on psychology. The two

became close friends and later on Young m arried Kimmins’s sister,

Grace M artha.

At Owens College he formed another life-long friendship, with

A rthur Smithells. The late Professor J . B. Cohen, F.R.S., was also one

of the group working there under Sir Henry Roscoe and Professor

Carl Schorlemmer ; the three continued under Professor Fittig in

Strasbourg. Young m atriculated in the University of London in 1877,

obtained his B.Sc. in 1880, and his doctorate three years later.

In those days he was a strong swimmer and a very fine skater. He

was fond of mountains and did some climbing. He executed a number

of beautiful water-colour sketches which his family prize very highly.

Young and Smithells were joint secretaries of the Chemical Society at

Owens College, and it was before this society th at Young demonstrated

Carnelley’s experiment showing th at ice sublimes, but cannot be liquefied

by the application of heat, provided it is maintained at a very low pressure.

This was the subject of a letter to Nature in 1881 and of a later paper with

Ramsay in the Philosophical Transactions o f the Royal Society. By a

curious coincidence, it was his colleague in Dublin, John Joly, who in

1899 showed th at it is the converse effect, the liquefaction of ice under

pressure—even at temperatures well below 0° C.—which renders skating

possible.

In 1882 Young was appointed a lecturer in Chemistry under Professor,

later Sir William, Ramsay at University College, Bristol. He had already

published some half a dozen papers on miscellaneous chemical subjects,

but he now joined Ramsay in a most fruitful partnership which lasted till

1887, when Ramsay was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at

372

Obituary Notices

University College, London, and Young succeeded him at Bristol. Their

researches on the vapour pressures of solids and liquids, and the thermo­

dynamical relations they proved to exist, have become chemical classics.

These and many of the authors’ other papers are of as much importance

now as when first published, for they deal with fundamental properties

determined with the highest degree of accuracy. For this reason a

bibliography of Young’s papers is given here.

With amazing industry the authors soon produced another series, of

six papers, on evaporation and dissociation.

His appointment to the Chair of Chemistry at Bristol resulted in no

diminution in Young’s output. He studied the molecular formulae of

aluminium compounds, and the vapour pressures and specific volumes

of similar compounds of elements in relation to the position of those

elements in the periodic table ; in his lectures it was always his delight

to make use of this classification to reveal the striking regularity in

sequence of the physical properties of the chemical elements.

The work with Ramsay on the critical constants had brought home

to him the supreme importance of dealing with pure substances, so special

attention was devoted to methods of purification. Young accordingly

undertook a systematic study of the behaviour of mixed liquids when

distilled, and collaborated with G. Thomas on further determinations

of critical constants, notably those of the lower esters. He also

collaborated with Thomas on the study of hydrocarbons from American

petroleum and in producing a most efficient still-head ; this they at first

termed a “ dephlegmator ” , but in his last book Young prefers the term

“ bubbling still h e a d ” , which is certainly more exact. In Germany

Young had become an expert glass-blower, and made his beautiful still-

heads himself. The original form of the “ evaporator ” still-head, with

its rather fragile funnel on three legs, was later simplified by the omission

of this part, the top of the middle tube being blown into a flattened bulb.

Armed with these effective still-heads, which to-day are widely used,

Young continued his investigations on the behaviour of mixed liquids

with Thomas, F. R. Barrell, Hamilton Jackson, Francis Francis—with

whom he studied also the action of fuming nitric acid on mixtures of

hydrocarbons—Jo h n Rose-Innes and, from 1899-1903, with Miss Emily C.

Fortey. Attention was devoted to ascertaining the composition of

binary and ternary mixtures of constant boiling point, now termed

“ azeotropic mixtures ” . These distil over unchanged in composition

at a constant pressure, like pure liquids, but with change of pressure the

mixtures change also in composition. Young improved difficult separa­

tions by adding a third liquid ; pure ethyl alcohol boils at 78*3°, but

a binary mixture with water, containing 4-43 per cent, of the latter,

gives a constant minimum boiling-point at 78-15°, and so the alcohol

cannot be rendered anhydrous by fractionation. By adding benzene,

however, Young obtained a ternary azeotropic m ixture boiling at

64-85° ; with sufficient benzene all the water came over in this mixture,

after which the tem perature rose to 68-24°, the boiling-point of the

benzene alcohol binary. This could readily be separated from the

alcohol, which boiled ten degrees higher.

The benzene and the earlier

alcohol fractions could be recovered and used over again. But no British

m anufacturer would look at this beautiful process ; to Young’s chagrin—

for he was intensely patriotic—he had to offer it abroad ; in England it

was regarded as “ too complicated ” . K ahlbaum , however, realized its

worth, used it and paid royalties for many years.

The method has since

been applied to other liquids, and to the preparation of anhydrous solids ;

it is widely used in analytical practice for the determination of water in

solids.

I remember how, after the War, Young came across, more

excited than I had ever seen him, to show me Lecat’s fine monograph on

azeotropic mixtures, “ La tension de vapeur des melanges de liquides,

l’azeotropisme ” , Brussels, 1918.

I ceased distilling ; Lecat had done

everything, it seemed. But where pure liquids are required by chemists

and by physicists Young’s methods are still available.

In 1933 the

Petroleum Division of the American Chemical Society wrote to Young

expressing adm iration for his work on petroleum and its constituents.

Among the latest applications of his methods to petroleum is the addition

of liquid sulphur dioxide to produce binary mixtures of minimum boiling

point with the butanes and butenes, resulting in their separation by

distillation far below zero Centigrade. His own and cognate researches

were collected and published in Fractional Distillation in 1903.

In 1893, while still in his thirty-sixth year, Young was elected to the

Fellowship of the Royal Society.

In 1896 he married Miss Kimmins,

and in 1897 twin sons were born. O f these Sydney Vernon passed high

into the Royal M ilitary Academy at Woolwich, received a commission

in the Royal Engineers, and was killed in action near Ypres in 1915. The

other, Charles Edgar, served throughout the War, first in the Army

Service Corps and later as a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, went to

Oxford, and has now just entered upon his duties as head master of

Rossall.

In 1903 Emerson Reynolds retired from the Chair of Chemistry at

Dublin University and Young was invited to succeed him. He took over

early in 1904 ; for the term before E. A. Werner had been in charge,

with C. W. Ramsden as assistant.

When twenty-five years later Young

2 c

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Obituary Notices

retired he was succeeded by Werner, and Ramsden was back again,

having spent several years in France during the W ar as a captain in the

R.E. This triple partnership was very helpful to Young in the manage­

ment of a large chemical school.

-His new duties unfortunately left Young little or no time for research.

The students at Trinity College, Dublin, who regarded every lecture

as a joyous social occasion, were at first rather a puzzle to him. He

never concealed his opinion that they did not work so hard as his Bristol

pupils ; but he treated them all with courtesy and consideration and his

lectures were listened to with great attention. I remember him at his

first one, erect, alert, with black hair, heavy eyebrows, and a deeply lined

face. In his honour lectures we had the benefit of the substance of

Stoichiometry, which he was writing for Sir William Ramsay’s Text Books

o f Physical Chemistry series. Occasionally foreign students came to

his Dublin laboratory, notably J. E. Mills from the U.S.A., O tto

Flaschner from Prague, and Jean Timmermans from Brussels. With

the last named, who now holds the Chair of Physical Chemistry at

Brussels, originated the idea th at Young’s seventieth birthday should

be celebrated by a publication in his honour. This did not prove

feasible, but an address was presented to him which bore the signatures

of over two hundred old students and other admirers of his work from

all over the world. The gift brought him real pleasure.

The comparatively few papers Young published while in Dublin were

mainly concerned with the relations shown between the physical con­

stants of chemical series; the most im portant, on the constants of thirty

pure substances, is a mine of information upon some of the most com­

monly used liquids. He also contributed the articles upon Sublimation,

Distillation, and Thermometers to Thorpe's Dictionary o f Applied Chemistry.

The second edition of Stoichiometry appeared in 1918.

His researches on fractional distillation had led to so many industrial

applications, that a second edition of his book on the subject would have

been incomplete without them. He therefore produced a composite

work,

D

istillation, Principles and

, in collaboration with six

P

ro

industrial specialists, the general and theoretical portion being an

enlargement of his first book ; this appeared in 1922.

In 1904 Young was President of the Chemical Section of the British

Association’s Meeting, at Cambridge. He received the honorary degree

of Sc.D., Dublin, in 1905, and the D.Sc. of the University of Bristol in

1921.

O f the Institute of Physics he was a Founder Fellow, and had

been a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry since 1888. He was a Vice-

President of the Chemical Society from 1917 to 1920, and a member of

the Advisory Council of the D epartm ent of Scientific and Industrial

Research from 1920-1925. The duties were far from nominal, so that

he had to make over a hundred journeys to England.

From 1921 to

1926 he was President of the Royal -Irish Academy, and his last two

papers, in 1922 and 1928, were contributed to its Proceedings.

O n his retirement in 1928 Professor Young and his wife, who had both

succumbed to the charm of Dublin, decided finally to return to Bristol.

Accordingly, after a winter in the south of France, they settled in the

Clifton district, where he was able to form another rock garden and to

renew m any old friendships. A few months before he died he was

greatly pleased at being made President of the Old Students’ Association

of Owens College, Manchester. He was fortunate in having an extremely

happy m arried life, and, though by no means robust, th at he lived long

and accomplished much was largely due to the solicitude of his wife for his

welfare. He died, after a short illness, on 9 April, 1937, being then in

his eightieth year. His wife and son survive him.

I desire to express my thanks to M r. C. E. Young, M.A., and to

Professor Francis Francis for furnishing me with details of Professor

Young’s early life, also to Miss E. R. N. Atkins and Dr. Jam es Bell for

much help with the list of publications.

W. R. G.

Pu b l ic a t io n s b y Sy d n e y Yo u n g, a l o n e a n d w i t h o t h e r s. 1880. “ Note on the precipitation of iron and ammonium succinate/’ Journ. Chem. Soc. Trans.

(hereafter J.C.S.), 37, pp. 674-76.

1881. “ Note on the formation of an alcoholic fluoride,” J.C.S., 39, pp. 489-497. “ Hot Ice,” Nature, 24, p. 239.

1883. “ Hepta- and octo- lactones,” Liebig's Annalen, 216, pp. 38-45.

“ Peculiar decomposition of the ethereal salts of substituted acetoacetic acids.” Annalen,

216, pp. 45-52.

“ On a-ethylvaletrolactone, a-ethyl, jS-methyl valerolactone, and on a remarkable decom­ position of j3-ethylaceto-succinic ether,” J.C.S., 43, pp. 172-182.

1884. “ A test for gallic acid,” Chem. News, 50, p. 188.

With William Ramsay (hereafter W. R.). “ The decomposition of ammonia by heat,” J.C.S., 45, pp. 88-93.

With W. R. “ The influence of pressure on the temperature of volatilization of solids,” Phil. Trans., 175, pp. 37-48.

With W. R. “ The influence of change of conditon from the liquid to the solid state upon vapour pressure,” Phil. Trans., 175, pp. 461-478.

With W. R. “ A method for obtaining constant temperatures,” J.C.S., 46, pp. 640-657 ; also in title only in Brit. Assoc. Rep., p. 928 (1885).

1885. With W. R. “ On a new method of determining the vapour pressures of solids and liquids,” J.C.S., 47, pp. 42-45.

1885. With W. R. “ On certain facts in thermodynamics,” Brit, Assoc. Rep., pp. 928-929 (1885).

With W. R. “ Some thermodynamical relations,” Pt. I, Phil. Mag., 20, pp. 515-531, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 7, pp. 289-306.

1886. Do. Pt. II, 21, pp. 33-51, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 7, pp. 307-326. Do. Pt. Ill, 21, pp. 135-141, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 7, pp. 327-333. Do. Pt. IV, 22, pp. 32-37, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 8, pp. 56-61. Do. Pt. V, 22, pp. 37-40, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 8, 61-65.

1885. With W. R. “ Influence of change of condition from the liquid to the solid state on vapour pressure,” Roy. Soc. Proc., 36, pp. 499-500.

1886. Do. (Same title), Proc. Phys. Soc., 9, pp. 119-127. 1887. Do. (Same title), Phil. Mag., 23, pp. 61-68.

1885. With W. R. “ Thermal properties of ethyl alcohol,” Roy. Soc. Proc., 38, pp. 329-330. 1886. With W. R. “ The vapour pressure of mercury,” J.C.S., 49, pp. 37-50.

With W. R. “ Vapour pressures of bromine, iodine and iodine monochloride,” J.C.S.,

49, 453-462.

With W. R. “ Note on the vapour densities of chloral ethyl alcoholate,” J.C.S., 49, pp. 685-690.

“ Determination of boiling points,” Chem. Soc. Proc., 2, p. 181.

With W. R. “ On evaporation and dissociation,” Pt. I, Phil. Trans., 177, pp. 71-122. Do. Pt. II, “ A study of the thermal properties of ethyl alcohol,” Phil. Trans., 177,

pp. 123-156.

1887. Do. Pt. I ll, “ A study of the thermal properties of ethyl oxide,” Phil. Trans., 178, pp. 57-93.

1886. Do. Pt. IV, “ A study of the thermal properties of acetic acid,” J.C.S., 49, pp. 790-812. 1887. Do. Pt. V, “ A study of the thermal properties of methyl alcohol,” Phil. Trans., 178,

pp. 313-334.

1887. Do. Pi. VI, “ On the continuous transition from the liquid to the gaseous state of matter at all temperatures,” Proc. Phys. Soc., 8,194-219, and Phil. Mag., 24, pp.196-216. 1888. Do. Pt. VI continued, Proc. Phys. Soc., 9, pp. 33-49, and Phil. Mag., 24, pp. 196-216. 1887. Do. Pt. VII, “ A study of the thermal properties of a mixture of ethyl alcohol and

ethyl oxide,” J.C.S., 51, pp. 755-777.

1890. Do. Pt. V III, “ A study of the thermal properties of propyl alcohol,” Phil. Trans.,

180, pp. 137-158.

1886. Do. “ The nature of liquids as shown by a study of the thermal properties of stable and dissociable bodies,” Proc. Phys. Soc., 9, pp. 127-137, and Phil. Mag., 23, pp. 129-138. 1886. With W. R. 66 Ergeben die statische und die dynamische Methode der Dampfspann-kraftsmessung verschiedene Resultate ? Eine Entgegnung auf Herrn Georg W. A# Kahlbaum’s Antwort,” Ber. deut. chem. Gesellsch., 19, pp. 69-74.

With W. R. “ Ueber die statischen und dynamischen Methoden der Dampfdrucks- bestimmung,” Ber., 19, pp. 2107-2114.

1887. With W. R. “ On the gaseous and liquid states of matter,” Phil. Mag., 23, p. 547. “ A delicate thermometer suitable for lecture purposes,” Chem. News, 56, p. 261. With W. R. “ Preliminary note on the continuity of the liquid and gaseous states of

matter,” Proc., 42, pp. 3-6.

1888. With W. R. “ Note on the mixture of propyl alcohol and water,” Chem. Soc. Proc., 4, pp. 101-102.

“ The composition of water,” Nature, 57, pp. 390-391.

1887. With W. R. “ Studien iiber Verdampfung und Dissociation,” Z- Phys- Chem., 1, pp. 237-258.

With W. R. “ Uber Verdampfung und Dissociation. Sechster Teil : Uber den kontinuierlichen Ubergang der Stoffe vom fliissigen in den gasformigen Zustand bei alien Temperaturen,” Z- phys' Chem., 1, pp. 433-455.

1889. With W. R. “ Uber Verdampfung und Dissociation. Sechster Abhandlung : Uber den stetigen Ubergang vom gasformigen in den fliissigen Zustand bei alien Tem- peraturen,” Z- phys. Chem., 3, pp. 49-62.

1889. With W. R. “ Uber Verdampfung und Dissociation, Siebante Abhandlung : Studium der thermischen Eigenschaften einer Mischung von Athylalkohol und Ather,” Z• phys. Chem., 3, pp. 63-65.

1888. “ On the formulae of the chlorides of aluminium and allied m etals/5 Nature, 39, pp. 198-200.

1889. “ The vapour pressure of quinoline,” J.C.S., 55, pp. 483-485.

“ On the vapour pressures and specific volumes of similar compounds of elements in relation to the position of those elements in the periodic table,” J.C.S., 55, pp. 486-521. “ An apparatus suitable for lecture purposes, to illustrate the influence of pressure on

the volatilizing point of ice,” Chem. News., 59, pp. 231-232.

“ Constitution of the chlorides of aluminium and allied metals,” Nature, 39, p. 319. “ The molecular formulae of aluminium compounds,” Nature, 39, pp. 536-537. 1890. “ Exact thermometry,” Nature, 41, pp. 271-272, 488-489.

“ On the relation between the boiling points, molecular volumes and chemical character of liquids,” Phil. Mag. 30, pp. 423-427.

1891. “ A new method of determining the specific volumes of liquids and of their saturated vapours,” J.C.S., 59, pp. 37-46.

“ The molecular volume of the saturated vapours of benzene and of its halogen deriva­ tives,” J.C.S., 59, 125-139.

“ Dibenzyl ketone,” J.C.S., 59, pp. 621-626.

“ On the vapour pressures of dibenzyl ketone,” J.C.S., 59, pp. 626-629. “ On the vapour pressures of mercury,” J.C.S., 59, pp. 629-634.

“ On the vapour pressures and molecular volumes of acetic acid,” J.C.S., 59, pp. 903-911. “ On the vapour pressures and molecular volumes of carbon tetrachloride and stannic

chloride,” J.C.S., 59, pp. 911-936.

1892. “ On the generalizations of Van der Waals regarding c corresponding 5 temperatures, pressures and volumes,” Proc. Phys. Soc., pp. 233-269, and Phil. Mag., 33, pp. 153—185. With W. R. “ On some properties of water and steam,” Phil. Trans., A, 183,

pp. 107—130.

“ On the determination of the critical volume,” Phil. Mag., 34, pp. 503-507, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 12, pp. 137-142.

With G. L. Thomas. “ On the determination of the critical density,” Phil. Mag., 34f pp. 507-510, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 12, pp. 134-137.

46 On the boiling-points of different liquids at equal pressures,” Phil. Mag., 34, pp. 510-515, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 21, pp. 142-147.

1893. “ The zero point of Dr. Joule’s thermometer,” Nature, 47, pp. 389-390.

With G. L. Thomas. “ Vapour pressures, molecular volumes and critical constants of ten of the lower esters,” J.C.S., 63, pp. 1191-1261.

1894. “ Note on the generalizations of Van der Waal’s regarding ‘ corresponding ’ tem­ peratures, pressures and volumes,” Phil. Mag., 37, pp. 1-8, and Proc. Phys. Soc., London, 1893. 12, pp. 447-455.

1894. With W. R. “ On the thermal behaviour of liquids,” Phil. Mag., 37, pp. 215-218 and pp. 503—504.

1894. With F. R. Barrell and G. L. Thomas. “ On the separation of three liquids 1893. by fractional distillation,” Phil. Mag., 37, pp. 8-31, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 12,

pp. 422-426.

1894. “ On the influence of the relative volumes of liquid and vapour on the vapour-pressure of a liquid at constant temperature,” Phil. Mag., 38, pp. 569-572, and Proc. Phys. Soc., 13, pp. 271-275.

1895. With G. L. Thomas. “ A dephlegmator for fractional distillation in the laboratory Chem. News, 71, p. 177.

With G. L. Thomas. “ The specific volumes of isopentane vapour at low pressure! Proc. Phys. Soc., 13, pp. 658-665.

With G. L. Thomas. 44 isopentane from amyl iodide/5 Proc. Phys. Soc., 13, pp. 666-6( With W. R. 44 Note on a comparison of the vapour pressure of argon with that of otl

substances/5 Phil. Trans., A, 186, pp. 257-259.

1897. 44 The vapour pressures, specific volumes and critical constants of w-pentane, with note on the critical point/5 J.C.S., 71, pp. 446-457.

With G. L. Thomas. 44 Some hydrocarbons from American petroleum. I. Norn and iso-pentane/5 J.C.S., 71, pp. 440-446.

1898. 44 The vapour pressures, specific volumes and critical constants of n-pentane/5 J.C.

73, pp. 675-681.

44 Composition of American petroleum/5 J.C.S., 73, pp. 905-920.

With Francis Ernest Fancis. 44 Separation of n- and iso- heptane from Americ petroleum/5 J.C.S., 73, pp. 920-922.

With Hamilton Jackson. 44 Specific gravities and boiling points of mixtures of benzc and normal hexane/5 J.C.S., 73, pp. 922-928.

With F. E. Francis. 44 Action of fuming nitric acid on the paraffins and other hyd carbons/5 J.C.S., 73, pp. 928-932.

44 Some researches on the thermal properties of gases and liquids/5 Brit. Assoc. Rep* pp. 831-834.

1899. “ The thermal properties of isopentane/5 Z- phys. Chem., 29, pp. 193-241.

44 Action of chlorosulphuric acid on the paraffins and other hydrocarbons as a me; of purifying the normal paraffins/5 J.C.S., 75, pp. 172-175.

44 The relative efficiency and usefulness of various forms of still-head for fractio distillation, with a description of some new forms possessing special advantage J.C.S., 75, pp. 679-710.

With Emily C. Fortey. 44 The vapour pressures, specific volumes and critical consta of hexamethylene/5 J.C.S., 75, pp. 873-883.

With John Rose-Innes. 44 On the thermal properties of normal pentane/5 Phil. M

47, pp. 353-367, and Pt. 2, 48, pp. 213-214, also J . Phys. Soc., 16, pp. 322-338;

pp. 494-496.

1900. 44 On the law of Cailletet and Mathias and the critical density/5 Phil. Mag., pp. 291-305, and J . Phys. Soc., 17, pp. 480-496.

With Emily C. Fortey. 44 The refraction and magnetic rotation of hexamethyh chlorohexamethylene and dichlorohexamethylene/5 J.C.S., 77, pp. 372-374. With E. C. Fortey. 44 Vapour pressures, specific volumes and critical constant

diisopropyl and diisobutyl/5 J.C.S., 77, pp. 1126-1144.

“ Vapour pressures, specific volumes and critical constants of n-octane/5 J.C.S., pp. 1145-1151.

1901. With J. Rose-Innes. 44 The thermal properties of zVo-pentane compared with thos normal pentane/5 Phil. Mag., 2, pp. 208-210, and J . Phys. Soc., 17, pp. 692-695. 1902. With E. C. Fortey. 44 The properties of mixtures of the lower alcohols with wat

J.C.S., 81, pp. 717-738.

With E. C. Fortey. 44 The properties of mixtures of the lower alcohols with ben and with benzene and w ater/5 J.C.S., 81, pp. 739-752.

With E. C. Fortey. 44 Fractional distillation as a method of quantitative analy J.C.S., 81, pp. 752-768.

With E. C. Fortey. 44 Vapour pressures and specific volumes of isopropyl uobutyr; J.C.S., 81, pp. 783-786.

44 The separation of absolute alcohol from strong spirit/5 J.C.S., 81, pp. 707-717. 44 The vapour pressures and boiling points of mixed liquids/5 Pt. I, J.C.S., 81, pp.

1902. “ Correction of the boiling points of liquids from observed to normal pressure,” J.C.S.,

81, pp. 777-783.

1903. With Miss E. C. Fortey. “ The vapour pressures and boiling points of mixed liquids,” Pt. II, J.C.S., 83, pp. 45-68 ; Pt. I ll, pp. 68-77.

“ Note on mixtures of constant boiling points,” J.C.S., 83, pp. 77-83.

1904. Presidential Address, Section B, chemistry. “ On the physical constants of organic liquids,” Brit. Assoc. Rep., pp. 488-499.

1905. “ Boiling points of homologous compounds,” Phil. Mag., 9, pp. 1-19.

1906. “ On the vapour pressure of a pure liquid at constant temperature,” Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., N.S., 11, pp. 89-104.

“ Note on opalescence in fluids near the critical temperature,” Roy. Soc. Proc., A, 78, pp. 262-263.

“ Sur la tension de vapeur d’une liquide pur a temperature constante,” J . Chim. phys., 4, p. 425.

1908. “ On orthobaric volumes in relation to pressure and temperature,” Phil. Mag., 16, pp. 222—223.

1910. “ Specific volumes of the saturated vapours of pure substances,” Z- phys. Chem.

70, pp. 620-626.

“ The vapour pressures, specific volumes, heats of vaporisation, and critical constants, of thirty pure substances,” Sci. Proc. R . Dub. Soc., N.S., 12, pp. 374-443.

1916. “ On the boiling-points and critical temperatures of homologous compounds,” Sci. Proc. R. Dub. Soc., N.S., 15, pp. 93-98.

1920. “ On Brown’s formula for distillation,” Sci. Proc. Roy. Dub. Soc., N.S., 15, pp. 667-672. 1922. “ Azeotropic mixtures,” Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., B, 36, pp. 22-30.

1928. “ Boiling-points of normal paraffins at different pressures,” Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., B, 38, pp. 65-92.

Books.

Fractional Distillation. Macmillan, London, 1903, pp. 284.

Stoichiometry. (Text-Books of Physical Chemistry Series, Ed. by Sir William Ramsay.) Long­ mans, Green, London, 1908, pp. 381, and 2nd Ed. 1918, pp. 363.

Distillation Principles and Processes. Sydney Young, with the collaboration of E. Briggs, T. Howard Butler, Thos. H. Durrans, The Hon. F. R. Henley, James Kewley and Joseph Reilly. Macmillan, London, 1922, pp. 509.

“ Distillation.” Thorpe's Diet, of Appl. Chem., 1921, 2, pp. 556-568. “ Sublimation.” Thorpe's Diet, of Appl. Chem., 1926, 6, pp. 418-423. “ Thermometers.” Thorpe's Diet, of Appl. Chem., 1927, 7, pp. 10—18.