Methodological Initiatives vis-à-vis Technology Application for Livelihood Security

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Methodological initiatives

vis-à-vis technology application for livelihood security

ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, ZONE-VII Indian Council of Agricultural Research

Adhartal, Jabalpur – 482004 (M.P.)

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A. Mishra, S.R.K.Singh and P.N.Ananth (2016). Methodological Initiatives vis-à-vis Technology Application for Livelihood Security. ICAR-ATARI, Jabalpur. Pp. 87.

Compilation & Editing

Dr. Anupam Mishra Director,

ICAR-ATARI, Jabalpur Dr. S. R. K. Singh Principal Scientist, ICAR-ATARI, Jabalpur Dr. P. N. Ananth Sr. Scientist & Head, KVK-Khordha

Editorial Assistance

Shri Tushar Athare, Dr. A.A. Raut and Dr. Prem Chand

Resource Persons

Dr. S. Prabhukumar, ZPD, Zone-I, ICAR-ZPD, Ludhiana

Dr. B. N. Sadangi, Principal Scientist and Head, Social Science Section, CRRI Prof. R.K.Raj, Professor (Ext Edu.), Deptt. of Extension Education, OUAT

Dr. V.P.Chahal, Principal Scientist (Ag Extn.), Div. of Agricultural Extension, New Delhi Dr. M.L.Sharma, Professor & Head, Deptt. of Extension Education, IGKV, Raipur Dr. G. A. K. Kumar, Principal Scientist, Social Science Section, CRRI

Mr. N. K. Barik, Scientist, Social Science Section, CIFA, Bhubaneswar

This publication is the outcome of the proceedings of consecutive three workshops of Extension Experts in KVKs on

‘Methodological Initiatives for Accelerating Technology Application by KVK’ held during Nov. 22-24, 2014 at KVK-Khorda, CIFA, March 19-21, 2015 at DES, IGKV, Raipur and June 17-18, 2015 at KVK Jabalpur.

Published by

The Director

ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Zone-VII Adhartal, Jabalpur – 482004 (M.P.)

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Particulars Page

Preface

It is a fact that technology transfer methods in KrishiVigyan Kendra (KVK) has taken shape over the period of time along with set mandates and the demands. Today KVK is an important actor in the Agricultural Innovation System at the district level in India as a Knowledge partner for development in agriculture and allied sector due to its contribution in adaptive trials and technology transfer. Existence of KVKs in the pluralistic extension system is becoming a challenge as there are other new actors who are strengthened with resources and their mandates are in line with the present need. It is becoming essential that Agricultural Extension in KVK has to be vibrant with standard and specific methods to guide the KVK for larger development in the district. It was felt that the agricultural extension experts in the KVK have to be strengthened with concrete methodological approaches by which the delivery falls into a conceptual framework and to increase their performance. It is time to take into stock the status of extension experts in the KVKs and to build their capacity to have more concrete deliverables. The KVK has experts in crop production, horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries and others along with agricultural extension comprises a team that can force development in the district with their research capacity especially the adaptive trials and front line demonstration.

Specifically, the agricultural extension experts of the KVK needs to be a knowledge broker for the KVK and other stakeholders in the district for which their capacity needs to be enhanced concurrently. The series of workshop organized by ATARI, Zone VII involving the extension experts of KVK is the first of its kind within the system and this book is an outcome of this exercise. This book will be surely a base document to realize and position agricultural extension experts in the line of requirement and within the prevailing pluralistic extension system. The authors thank the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi for publishing this document.

Authors

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What is livelihood?

The denotative meaning of livelihood is a ‘means of living’. A livelihood comprises the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital), the activities and the access to these (mediated by institutions and social relations) that together determine the living gained by the individual or household (Chambers and Conway, 1992).

sustainable livelihood

A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the natural resource base.

Rural livelihood diversification

It is the process by which rural households construct and increasingly diverse set of activities and assets in order to improve their standard of living. It is an important aspect for KVK scientists to identify and assess the technology which enhance the rural livelihood diversification options so that there should be higher happiness index and ease of life in rural areas. This in long turn would result in the reduced migration from rural area to urban areas.

How far it is important for the farmers

It is an important aspect in Indian condition because of the prevalence of the sustenance farming by the small and marginal holders even familial and traditional basis. There must be strong livelihood support by their way of farming so that they can maintain and improve their quality of life.

Farmers need to be educated and trained on the various assets of the livelihood which can help them to take appropriate decision timely to accept and application of the farm technology which can not only provide them income and employment but also help them in sustaining the natural resources for the future generation agriculture. As we have seen the after effect of Green Revolution in the agriculturally developed states. Besides, there has to be standardize the extension methodology may be location-specific, commodity-based, climate-oriented, market-linked, enterprise-focused so that it can cater the needs of the all types of farmers in the region. Reports suggests that due to uncertainty of weather and market, farmers are willing to leave the agriculture if they get any other alternative.

Hence, keeping in view the situation, some methodological initiatives has been taken for application and impact assessment in the various agro-climatic situations prevalent in the operational area of ATARI, Jabalpur.

INTROduCTION

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In India extension approaches have been redefined over the years due to emerging needs of farming communities by development agencies in the recent years. The largest extension network in India, the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) under Indian Council of Agricultural Research has been instrumental for farmers in technological adoption of agriculture and allied sectors. Significantly, advanced farming technologies have been disseminated resulting in reduction of yield gaps, entrepreneurial development, extensive coverage of farmers for food and nutritional security and credible information on technology assessment have been the contributions of KVK.

With shrinking financial and manpower resources KVKs are required to identify extension approaches for larger development. The difference of KVK and other extension agencies lies with the mandate of assessing technologies through its On Farm Testing programmes. Expectations from different stakeholders are on KVK to provide feedback from farmers and technology assessment results. In KVK the science of extension education plays a great role in technology identification, testing and demonstrations.

Though large work has been performed in agricultural development by KVK there is a lack of concrete framework in which activities are carried out and operated. Known best practices are not scaled up and focus lies on need for a clear direction for application of extension methodologies in the activities of KVK.

A critical analysis on the promotion of technologies, their pathways and channels used by KVK are varied and it is realised that we need to look forward for institutionalising the process/mechanisms and scaling up best practices. Keeping this in mind a capacity building was organised by Zonal Project Directorate, Zone VII and KVK-Khordha from November 22-25, 2014 with the set objectives.

y

Roles, extension methods, channels and pathways of KVK activities

y

Best practices in technology transfer by KVKs in the process of development

y

ICT based extension approaches in KVK

y

Key roles of KVKs in forward and backward linkage in the system of development

y

Way forward for the role performance of extension education in KVK

ClImATE sETTINg ANd INAuguRATION

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Inauguration of workshop

Dr. S. R. K. Singh, Principal Scientist, ICAR-ZPD, Jabalpur welcomed the gathering with a note on the purpose of this capacity building programme. He indicated that the works done by Extension experts of KVK are in deed to be brought into light as the science of extension has played significant role. With a highlight on KVKs contribution to agricultural development Dr. Singh emphasized that Extension experts should lead the KVK with excellent extension approaches.

Dr. R. K. Raj, Professor of Extension, OUAT remarked about the process of extension in KVKs and also indicated the importance of Extension in KVK. He elicited his own experience in KVK and the process of technology transfer. Dr. Raj also indicated about maintaining the professional competencies with extension education.

Dr. B. N. Sadangi, Head, Social Science Section of ICAR-CRRI also expressed the same note as Dr. Raj about the professional competencies with extension education. He also was concerned about the discipline of agricultural extension taking a back seat amongst the agricultural fraternity. He also indicated about the process of extension in KVK which needs a framework.

Dr. P. Jayasankar, Director, ICAR-CIFA during his presidential address informed that this capacity building initiative on Extension organised in this institute is very much timely. Dr. Jayasankar informed that the objectives of the programme is very much timely and as we need understand and also to work to reverse the prevailing statement “Extension is the weakest link in development of agriculture and allied sectors”.

In his presidential address he informed that KVK is one of the key players in the district and the science of Extension has a great role to play but it is unnoticed and the same has been not been known to many about the process, pathways and the framework in which it functions. All the Programme coordinators or Subject Matter Specialists of KVK specialised in crop production, horticulture, animal science, fisheries, home science are in a position to define their roles in KVK with tangible outputs with OFT, FLD and trainings. But the role of a Programme Coordinator or SMS of KVK specialised in Extension is not well known.

While delivering his address Dr. P. Jayasankar informed that he is confident that the presence of a Programme Coordinator or SMS specialised in Extension can make the KVK with a difference. He also inferred that this difference has been with many KVKs and we need to document such approaches envisaged by them for scaling up.

He praised the association of ICAR-CIFA and ICAR-ZPD, Zone VII of ICAR under the leadership of Dr. Anupam Mishra which has been always working very closely with our KVK. He also mentioned that KVK-Khordha has worked for ICAR-ZPD to organise four such meetings for PCs and SMS of KVK from three states viz., Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh in fisheries however this is the first time on Extension. However all Odisha state Action Plan meeting for 2014-15 was also organized at this KVK.

His words were “I am enchanted about the association of ZPD unit and our KVK, ICAR-CIFA”.

Working with partners is an approach that our KVK has excelled in its outreach. The people and partnership as an initiative that our KVK has worked is a replicable model and this initiative has increased the visibility of KVK with increased number of beneficiaries and interventions.

Dr. (Mrs) Neelam Grewal, Director, ICAR-DRWA, Bhubaneswar during her inaugural address mentioned about the role of KVK in agricultural development of the country. Dr. Grewal pointed out that the KVKs has been set with a target to achieve which is very much appreciated from ICAR and deliverables are likely to be measured and also indicated that lacks in research institutes. In her speech she was also concerned about the KVKs development in terms of manpower, financial allocation and other aspects. Dr. Grewal also pointed out the ways and means of collaboration between KVKs and DRWA in the process of development.

Dr. P. N. Ananth, Programme Coordinator of KVK proposed the vote of thanks.

As an Extension capacity building programme

“Extension workers” working with KVK-Khordha were recognised with awards for their joint implementation of activities in the district. Total 14 extension workers were felicitated were from government, non government and other agencies working for agricultural development.

Climate Setting & Inauguration

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ICT Intervention based KVK Action plan

An invited lecture by Dr. G. A. K. Kumar was towards KVK experts to understand how the process of extension needs to be oriented towards ICT tools.

In his lecture he delivered that extension activities of KVK should use all possible ICT tools for designing and implementation of activities for KVK. The information about crops grown, intensification of agriculture and other requirements in achieving target needs to be with the available database created by relevant organisations working in agriculture development.

He focused on how agricultural extension can harness ICTs for improving rural livelihoods. Dr.

Kumar indicated that we need to move beyond narrow understandings of agriculturally specific ICT applications. He also opined that this change in focus causes us to recognize that: Any ICT intervention that improves the livelihoods of poor rural families will likely have significant direct and indirect impacts on enhancing agricultural production, marketing and post-harvest activities – which in turn can further contribute to poverty reduction. He also pointed out Interactive demonstration and other key extension methods that to be used by extension experts in the process. ICT interventions that improve the general livelihoods of poor rural families have the potential to enable those families to:

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Free-up time for agricultural work through information or services which help improve family health and well-being;

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Provide access to household capital which can be leveraged for agricultural production or post- harvest improvements; and

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Enable rural families to better take advantage of remittance economies for enabling family members to live elsewhere and send capital home to improve agricultural work and other livelihood activities

Applying Extension Research and Methods in KVK Activities

Dr. B. N Sadangi, Head, Social Science Section of

training in KVKs. He was of the opinion that KVKs used to organise trainings without any plans and the same needs to be highly oriented towards adopting training plans. Dr. Sadangi presented the key concepts and constructs on training that can be used by KVKs in the process of technology transfer, demonstration and other activities. In the concluding remarks by both the speakers jointly they concluded with the following observations to be taken into consideration:

Role of Extension Experts in KVKs:

y

Training need assessment.

y

Assessment of technological need gaps

y

Conducting PRA to know thrust area in district.

y

Feedback analysis

y

Identification of village leaders

y

Impact assessment of training programmes by KVKs

y

Coordination and linkage building with line departments and other agricultural institution

y

Technological adaptation gap analysis etc.

Method of problem identification by KVKs y

y

SWOT analysis

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Focussed group discussion.

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Problem prioritization through ranking.

y

Data management system and study time to after time

Ways and means towards finalising the OfT and fld using gIs

1. GIS mapping and secondary data study can help in site selection to conduct OFT and FLDs.

2. Data management system also can show the path to conduct new OFT/FLD’s at farmers’ fields.

3. Interactive demonstration may be more comprehensive than to usual demonstration at farmer’s field to enhance then technological adaptation and dissemination as well.

4. Training plan needs to be prepared before conduct of any training is very important with the

ExPERIENCEs sHAREd by ExPERTs

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even by other SMS of KVK’s to make training programme more needful and effective.

5. Training must be completed in three phases 6. Pre-training preparations should be strong

7. Training and post training phases should be completed with a protocol

8. After completion of each training programme feedback must be collected, analysed and documented

9. Module of any training programme should be informative, clear and understandable.

10. To design any objective it must be reflect its criteria condition and behavioural change.

11. E-Agri portal are to be exhausted at large by farming community and extension personnel as well like A-Qua, AGMARK, Agri-net, Agri-watch, Akas ganga, ASHA, E-Arik, E-Krishi, Kisan call centre etc.

KVK an unique system – genesis, growth and performances

The invited lecture by Dr. S. Prabhukumar, Zonal Project Director, Zone I highlighted all about KVK in the process of development in the past, present and future. Dr. Prabhukumar delivered the lecture by highlighting the growth of KVKs in India and as an Institutional innovation in a sequential manner in the following lines:

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KVK System

y

Recap on the concept of KVK and its mandate

y

KVK as viewed by FAO

y

Brief insight into PIM-A

y

Coordination and Monitoring

y

Convergence

y

Activities vs Achievements

Dr. S. Prabhukumar highlighted the path of KVKs growth and also indicated what KVKs have to do in

the future? The timeline expansion of KVKs were also brought by emphasising over the plan periods how KVKs have grown and how the system has been passing on several huddles as being one of the longest plan scheme of ICAR.

Timeline Expansion of KVKs …….

KVK system was explained by dr. s. Prabhukumar

with these following points:

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The ICAR is an apex body to co-ordinate, guide and manage agricultural research, education and extension in India

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The ICAR has played a pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent developments in Indian agriculture.

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Based on the recommendation of the Education Commission (1964-66), discussion by the Planning Commission and the Inter-Ministerial Committee, and further recommendation by the committee headed by Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta appointed by ICAR in 1973, and the first KVK of the country was established at Pondicherry in 1974

Mistakes even by Best KVK award winners

The significant discussion on the mandates of KVK was rigorously conversed during his lecture as most of the KVKs have not understood the mandate of KVK.

He also informed the participants that they should see how their KVKs have displayed their mandates. Upon delivering these Dr. S. Prabhukumar pointed that the mandate of KVK is

“TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, REFINE- MENT AND DEMONSTRATION” and he indicated that most of the KVKs have wrongly perceived with the activities.

The specific activities to be carried out with the above mandates are as follows:

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Conducting on-farm testing to identify the location specificity of agricultural technologies

Experiences Shared by Experts

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under various farming systems

y

Organizing frontline demonstrations to establish its production potentials of various technologies on the farmers’ fields

y

Conducting need based training of farmers to update their knowledge and skills in modern agricultural technologies

y

Conducting training of extension personnel to orient them in the frontier areas of technology development

y

Work as knowledge and resource centre of agricultural technology for supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary sector for improving the agricultural economy of the district

y

In addition, in order to speed up the process of dissemination of technology, a large number of various extension activities and production of seeds and planting materials, livestock, poultry and fisheries breeds and various bio-products are taken up by the KVKs.

uniqueness of KVK system y

y

Creation of valuable resources in terms of manpower and assets

y

Confirmation of technologies to suit local specificity

y

Showcasing the frontier technologies

y

Capacity building among stakeholders

y

Front runner in technological application, information and inputs

y

Participatory approaches in planning, implementing, executing & evaluation

y

The uptake, pathways for research output was explained and the process of KVK in the forward and backward linkage was also discussed.

Research system Vs KVK

The relevant discussion is that KVKs challenges technology generators of the Research System in

terms of availability of quality technologies for promotion and the same challenge is questioned about the quality of information available with KVKs to feed the research system in terms of technology assessment. This has been one of the priority questions that have been unanswered by both the systems. Dr.

Prabhukumar discussed about how best technology assessment and refinement can be worked out by KVKs and the discussed points were about:

y

Greater scientist-farmer linkage in identifying farmers’ priorities and factors to evaluate technologies

y

Seeing things from the farmers viewpoint

y

Access to agricultural technologies generated by the NARS to the entire farming community

y

To identify existing inputs or practices that might help to solve major problems of many farmers in a defined area

y

To test the technologies emerged from NARS at the farmers fields under micro-farming situations

y

To refine or modify the technologies for location specific environment

y

To integrate appropriate technologies in a defined farm production system

y

Monitor impact of technologies on socio- economic conditions of the farmers

y

To identify promising technologies and develop technology capsules

focus in his lecture was also on “data generation”

by KVK and the points discussed were on:

y

Data Generation

y

Need Assessment and Prioritization

y

Technological Interventions

y

On-farm activities at Instructional Farm

y

Outreach Activities

In the part of data generation he emphasized on the fact that KVKs need to generate data on the following aspects to achieve the mandates and they were as follows:

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Creation of database on the district profile based on the secondary data.

y

Base-line data of the cluster villages need to be collected through PRA and other participatory methods and it should specifically reflect on problems related to agriculture and allied sectors.

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y

Work in a cluster approach with 4-5 villages covering farm families of small and marginal farmers selected preferably from different agro- ecosystems and continue to work for 3 years with phased out strategy to implement similar activities across the district by moving to new cluster of villages for another 3 year cycle.

y

The progress made be documented every year and be compared with the base-line data for assessing the impact of KVK interventions

For the purpose of need assessment and prioritization he elicited that KVKs need to work hard on the following aspects for designing better programmes and they are as follows:

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Address district-specific needs in agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, livestock, poultry and agro- forestry, by identifying and prioritizing problems.

y

Extent, severity, importance and frequency of the problems in the existing farming conditions should be considered as main criteria for identification and prioritization.

y

Identify primary and secondary factors / biotic and abiotic causes of each prioritized problem and plan for appropriate interventions.

y

Each Scientist (SMS) in KVK should address at least one most relevant issue of the area.

For the technological interventions Dr. Prabhukumar urged the extension experts to follow the principles as follows:

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Prepare work plan for cluster of villages with well-defined outputs/deliverables. The yearly action plan should aim at tackling each prioritized problem through selecting suitable technologies and technological interventions.

y

Identify, document and validate important farmer led innovations.

y

Conduct need-based capacity development related activities through specific technology modules and methods/techniques and bring out training manuals in local language.

y

Create technology agents through vocational programmes so as to serve as service providers to farmers at the grass-root level.

y

Emphasize on activities related to value-chain concept –from producer to consumer.

y

Organize skill and entrepreneurship training to rural youth / farmwomen / progressive farmers

for higher production of technological products.

On farm activities at Instructional farm for empowering farmers was delivered by Dr. S. Prabhumar by taking into the following points and they were as follows:

y

Develop quality mother orchard of major fruit crops in the district.

y

Establish permanent Technology Demonstration Units, Integrated Farming System models and Technology Cafeteria.

y

Produce technological inputs and products like seeds/ planting materials/livestock/bio-products etc., using Revolving Fund, in order to ensure their availability to farmers and other stakeholders.

In the domain of activities for outreach he urged the participants to note the following for systematic approaches towards implementation and to reach successful outcomes. They were as follows:

y

Plan and execute appropriate off-campus programmes on capacity development.

y

Design and implement innovative extension strategies about technology related to prioritized problems.

y

Use ICT tools and techniques like e-extension, web-based technology content including modules and capsules, e-farmers, v-KVK and KVK- net for reaching the unreached for knowledge empowerment and technology dissemination.

y

Aim for specific targeted programmes like soil, water and plant testing and issuance of soil health cards to farmers in cluster villages.

y

Encourage participatory approach for production of seeds and planting materials by farmers at the village level.

y

Document significant achievements in the form of case studies / success stories as per the merits of the technology.

Clearly speaking about the KVK system and the achievements about KVK, the issues ahead were also conversed by Dr. Prabhukumar and they are:

y

Decision Support Systems

y

Climate Change Compliance

y

Input Use Efficiency Enhancement

y

Farm Mechanization

y

Secondary & Specialty Agriculture

y

Food Safety and Quality Assurance

The above listed areas are the “areas of concern” and Experiences Shared by Experts

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he emphasised that these will be the future of KVKs of India. Dr. Prabhukumar also spoke about KVK as one of the instutional innovation in 21^st Century opined by FAO. The focus was on how FAO views KVK...

y

No other agricultural system – large or small -- in the world has front line decentralized research capacity at District Level

y

KVKs are a model for adaptive research to diagnose and solve problems emerging from District agro- ecosystems

y

KVKs are perfectly located to lead and incubate local innovation

FAO also says that KVKs are particularly vital in the 21^st century, as farmers face:

y

Natural Resource constraints: water, land, biodiversity

y

Climate change: drought, warming, extremes

y

Increasing transboundary risks: from trade and traffic

y

Market demands and price volatility

In addition to that KVKs viewed by FAO are also on the lines that they are key for local innovations, as indicated below:

y

KVKs are best placed to draw in feedback from District, Block, Village level institutions, NGOs, PCs, and Farmers’ Federations, on Location- Specific, Context-dependent problems

y

KVKs are best placed to diagnose field problems, characterize field conditions, then apply informed, evidence-based “pressure” on the NARS: SAUs, ICAR, State research centres, and the entire network of fellow KVKs

y

KVKs will enable the entire NARS to become more locally relevant, more USEFUL

Apart from the observations from FAO about KVK the forward look and future perspectives have also been thought which were also discussed with the following points

y

Methodologies for improved Natural Resources monitoring

y

Global Best Practices for Adaptive Research

y

Fully Real-Time Linkage among KVK networks within States, across States, within Agro- Ecological Zones

y

Full valued incentives for research in fields in Districts

y

When KVK research work is recognized, the entire NARS will work on more local, more relevant problems

y

When KVKs are applying new methods, they will be able to draw from a wider diversity of farmer and field experience

Another core area that Dr. Prabhukumar touched was on the Participatory Impact Monitoring and Assessment (PIMA). It is understood that PIMA was developed by MYRADA an NGO from Tamilandu and this organization has helped Zone VIII to work on PIMA for the last few years. He also urged that KVKs from Zone VII also needs to trained in using PIMA as a tool for monitoring and evaluation. The approach of PIMA described was as follows:

“A process in which development intervenors and local communities jointly identify and critically reflect on the effects and changes caused by project interventions”

Dr. Prabhukumar questioned with the above slide and asked audience that : is this slide the impact of KVK activities? The participants were sensitised to understand the process of input, output, outcomes and impact. The salient points discussed were on the following:

y

Despite the increasing number and sophistication of management tools and methodologies,

monitoring the impacts of development efforts continues to be a complex and neglected task.

y

Management focus is generally concentrated more on planning and budgeting than on other aspects of project administration.

y

Results are usually measured in terms of outputs…

y

…and sometimes in terms of outcomes,

y

But almost never in terms of impacts

He also informed that Impacts are often difficult to

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measure for several reasons…and the reasons being

y

They do not always happen as per plans and schedules

y

Impacts that are intangible or qualitative are difficult to measure and document credibly and comprehensively

y

Unintended, Unplanned, Unexpected impacts get overlooked unless they are somehow discovered and captured

About coordination and monitoring Dr. Prabhukumar indicated the following points to be taken care which will end into good results for KVKs. They are as follows:

y

Host institution should exercise the overall supervision on effective functioning of KVK.

y

However, the Programme Coordinator will be over all in charge of coordination and monitoring.

line with the following:

y

Merely projecting the Activity is not the Achievement

y

Any Activity should result in Achievement

y

Achievement should be Quantified and Qualified.

y

Achievement should be in terms of - Outcome, Output and Impact

y

For achieving this analysing and synthesizing ability to be given utmost importance

KVK needs to work on database creation and the achievements needs to be documented and he urged a KVK can start with the spread of KVK activities in these formats.

Regarding marketing Dr. Prabhukumar recorded that KVKs should work on linking the interventions of KVK towards the market with processing and value addition as main course. In his observations he indicated the following:

1. In the present era marketing is the major constraint for the farmer there focus should be made of-

a. Remunerative agriculture b. Climate agriculture On the other hand, development agencies are

increasingly exposed to public pressure and are expected to justify how and to what extent expenditures have benefitted intended populations.

They are called upon to demonstrate that their projects are creating the expected benefits for their constituencies.

y

The oversight function and advisory will be provided by the concerned DEE.

y

The Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) reviews and provides necessary guidance to the KVK. The KVK should conduct two SAC meetings in a year.

With the above Dr. Prabhukumar clarified the concepts Activities Vs Achievements and the discussion was in

c. Specialist agriculture d. Secondary agriculture

2. Home science SMS/Experts should focus on – a. Science of women in agriculture.

b. Women empowerment and entrepreneurship.

c. Social engineering thorough dynamics.

d. Drudgery reduction at home and fames.

e. Dedicated involvement in gender related technology testing

3. Nutri – farms in farm family major nutritional deficiency in farm family should be identified and bio fortified crops and variety which will help to address the nutritional deficiency may be promoted .

4. Precision farming for prosperity - Now a days due Experiences Shared by Experts

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to commercialisation of agriculture extension professionals should give more emphasis on technology led approach and market production system as demonstrated by famer . Mr. N. Chinnasmamy (Brinjal Farmer).

5. Empowerment of famer forum farmers corporate can be created by enhancing their corporate capability and training there in maintenance of account books, visit to organised markets (eg. Cochic market for vegetable) buyback tie-ups (agreements) and exploring export potential.

6. To eradicate the malpractice of middlemen direct marketing approach should be followed by farmer corporate.

7. Farmers should be encouraged to organise farmer led farmer day

8. For greater visibility and wider impact convergence with state department (Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry sericulture, Fisheries, ATMA etc.) should be encouraged.

Dr. Prabhukumar also indicated that approaches and success to be presented with clarity without many words and with action photos, pictorial representations and some of the case studies that he presented were on Processing and value addition. The examples of such KVKs under Zone VIII were discussed. Some of the highlights are as follows:

At the end of his lecture he requested all the KVKs to kindly publish their works and get more visibility of KVK in the operational and to have a long life for KVKs. There was a overwhelming response to his lecture.

A framework for the impact assessment and livelihood analysis

The concern over Programme Coordinators and SMS specialised in Extension Education on publishing results of their interventions were dealt by Mr. N. K.

Barik. Mr. Barik indicated different ways and means towards publishing the results of KVK interventions in research journals. The lecture by Mr. Barik gave information related to contributions to Social Sciences as a prelude to the lecture as below

1. Facilitator of technology provider and technology user

2. Generating useful information to user, technology provider, policy maker

3. Bringing new tools and methods to agriculture research

4. Prioritize agriculture research

5. Develop methods in agriculture R & D

Mr. Barik also gave a highlight how papers can be derived from KVK works in broad ways which were discussed. The ways were with the following :-

y

Technology evaluation (yield gap, constraints, zoning, efficiency)

y

Impact assessment (farm level, regional level, national level)

y

Adoption study (patterns, pathways, household characteristics, adoption lag, cost of dissemination,

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y

Institutional study (farmer organization, evaluation, design )

y

Policy research (programme level)

Significantly Mr. Barik gave the concepts and concepts and methods in publications and they were as follows:-

y

Framework (organize diagnostic and prescriptive study)

y

Theory (broad generalization)

y

Model (relationship among parameters)

y

Statistics (measure of a parameters)

In his lecture Mr. Barik discussed about different frameworks like Ostrom’s framework for Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD), Sustainable livelihood framework, theories of economic development and also a discussion was made on how research leads to productivity. The critical issues discussed were on the following :-

y

With and without approach (Preferred) vs Before and after (problem of time lag)

y

Ex ante assessment, Ex post assessment, Concurrent evaluation

y

Size of investment (One element of portfolio, portfolio or entire programme)

y

Stream of benefits (research or extension)

y

Time lag between investment in research, adoption and realization of benefits

y

Attributions problems (target portfolio vs others contributions)

y

Adoption start, extent of adoption, adoption ceilings

y

Tangible benefits, Intangible benefits, Spillover benefits

y

Tracking adoption (seed production, area coverage, household survey)

On the impact assessment domain Mr. Barik indicated the levels of impact assessment that can be conducted were thoroughly discussed and the levels classified were

y

Farm level (average yield, net income, unit cost of production, employment, labor productivity, Price premium due to quality, Increase of quality seed demand, Household food & nutritional security, Gender related issues)

y

Regional level (Fish production, Food security,

Employment issues, Equity issues,Poverty, Trade, Inter-sectoral linkages, Sustainability of natural resources)

y

National level (Production, Prices, Trade, Spill- over effect, Sustainability of natural resources)

y

Global level (supply, trade, terms of trade)

The analysis impact assessment tools described by him were on the following:

a. Benefit-cost ratio: Ratio of present worth of benefit stream and the present worth of cost stream b. Net present value: Present worth of the incremental

net benefit stream

c. Internal rate of return: Discount rate where net present worth of benefit and costs equal to zero d. Pay back period

A mention on Total Factor productivity was also dealt in the lecture. A simple example of using sustainable livelihood framework was discussed in relation to its utilisation was as follows:

Mr. Barik concluded with the synthesis of his views on social science with the following relevant points.

y

Social science is backbone of agriculture science

y

Need improvement in theoretical background

y

Targeting basic social challenges

y

Improvement in the statistical skill

y

Need to collaborate among scientist

y

Thinking beyond field work

The ways and means of publishing research papers from KVKs outcomes and impacts are the utmost need to increase the visibility and moreover for a personal satisfaction of extension experts of KVK.

Experiences Shared by Experts

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A group exercise was administered during the capacity building programme with the objective of identifying the methodological interventions for KVKs in five major areas. The identified areas for methodological interventions were as follows:

1. Technology Expansion (Horizontal spread)

2. ICT Application in Agriculture (KMA/Social media)

3. Integration of Government scheme (Convergence mode)

4. Market-led Approach

The exercise was administered with the participants choice to have any methodological interventions for future activities. The results of the group exercise was presented by the group leaders.

Concurrent discussions were made with the guests invited for the valedictory session of the capacity building programme.

group I: methodological intervention on Technology Expansion

The issues in the methodological interventions on technology expansion perceived by the group were listed out. Each issue was dealt in detail. The issues identified by them were

y

Lack of proper follow up.

y

Improper integration of technology

y

Poor availability of material technology

y

Poor attention of line departments and other agencies.

y

Poor focus on making available the technology in time with accuracy

y

Poor market support.

y

Lack of focus on other farmers / lack of mechanism to reach out to larger section

y

Poor financial support / poor economic status of the farmers

y

Lack of visible impact of technology

y

Economic feasibility

The methods and approach for technology expansion were as follows being presented by the group

y

Group approach in technology, input and market management

y

Rural knowledge bank / Rural library

y

Village technology Park

y

Farmer promoter in technology management

y

Agribusiness and Agri-clinic Centre

The parameters for observation perceived by the group listed is as below:

y

Cost of Dissemination

y

Change in knowledge and skill

y

Extent of adoption

y

Economic impact

y

Suitability of methods Vs technology

y

Client feedback

The issues raised were about the workload that KVK can handle was by Dr. S. S. Nanda, Dean, Extension Education, OUAT. The presentation was however appreciated and the required outputs will be surely benefitted towards KVK but the required support from ICAR is flow of funds that are timely and also support on all means.

group II : methodological Interventions on technical backstopping through ICT Tools

The issues in the methodological interventions on technological backstopping using ICT tools perceived by the group were listed out. Each issue was dealt in detail. The constraints identified in using ICT tools by them were:

y

Villages supported by extension systems other than KVK (devoid of KVK intervention).

y

Farmers are not getting information regularly and timely

The thematic areas that can be promoted by ICT tools identified by the group were

mETHOdOlOgICAl INITIATIVEs fOR KVK

(23)

y

Horticulture crops (Fruit, Vegetables, Floriculture)

y y

^INM

y

IPM & IDM

y y

^IWM

y y

^ICM

y y

^IFS

y

Crop Diversification

y

Field Days

y

Farmers Fair

y

Ex-Trainee Meet

y

Farmers visits to KVK.

y

Scientist Visit to Farmers field.

y

Livestock/Fishery

Parameters for Electronic media identified by the group was presented and they are as follows:

y

Clarity of the message

y

Farmers perception w.r.t. need & time specificity of the message

y

Retention of the message

y

Application of the technology suggested in the message

y

Understanding level of the farmer

y

Suitability of the message

y

Acceptability of the message

y

Application of the message

y

Knowledge Gap

y

Extent of technology adoption (%),

y

Socio-Economic change,

y

Access to various information sources

y

Feedback by the farmers for research.

Parameters for Print media identified by the group was presented and they are as follows:

y

Clarity of the message

y

Farmers perception w.r.t. need & time specificity of the message

y

Retention of the message

y

Application of the technology suggested in the message

y

Understanding level of the farmer

y

Suitability of the message

y

Acceptability of the message

y

Application of the message

y

Knowledge Gap

y

Extent of technology adoption (%),

y

Socio-Economic change,

y

Access to various information sources

y

Feedback by the farmers for research.

Participants working in Groups

group III: methodological interventions on integration of scheme/ programmes/NgOs

The issues in the methodological interventions integrating Schemes/programmes/NGOs using perceived by the group were listed out. Each issue was dealt in detail. The constraints identified in using ICT tools by them were:

The group listed out the institutions that can be integrated for this were NGOs- For Social Networking, ATMA for input availability and KVK- For Technical information

The parameters identified were on

1. Social networking (NGOs) a. NGO lizeining with farmers

b. Method adopted in problem identification c. Frequency of visit by NGO

2. Input availability (ATmA)

a. Timely visit by ATMA Person

b. Selection of farmers properly by ATMA c. Decide venue and farmer by ATMA d. Timely insuring of input/kit

e. coordination with other department f. Quality and of input

g. quantity of input

h. Involvement of KVK Scientist KVKs in FFS Methodological Initiatives for KVK

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i. Quality of technical information delivered by KVK scientist

j. Relevance of Technical information k. Applicability of Technical information

3. Feedback from farmers- Knowledge change, skill improve, farmer to farmer information dissemination

group IV: methodological Interventions on market-led Approaches

The challenges in the methodological interventions on market led approaches perceived by the group were listed out. Each challenge was dealt in detail. The challenges identified in using ICT tools by them were:

y

Unorganized Market structure in farming community

y

Distress sale

y

Exploitation by middleman

y

Lack of group approach in marketing

y

Improper market information

y

Lack of Post harvest Management

y

Poor storage facilities

The techniques for such methodological interventions with market in KVKs activities can be as follows and perceived by the group are:

y

Formation of CIGs (Commodity Interest Groups)

y

Capacity Building

y

Skill development

y

^Training

y

Exposure visit

y

Meet with successful entrepreneurs

y

Provide market Information(ICT)

y

Literature support

y

Provide Better marketing Channel

Approach and methodology suggested for market led interventions were

y

Market Survey(Existing channels)

y

Indentify Buyers & Sellers

y

Mobilization

y

Book-keeping

y

Extension support

The institutes to be involved will be KVK, RMC, State Line departments and ICAR for promoting such interventions that are related to markets. The suggested parameters will be as follows:

S.N Name of Parameters Unit of parameter

1 Change in Knowledge %

2. Farmer Share in Consumer

Price Rs.

3. Sources of Market Information %

4. Marketing Cost Rs.

5. Net Profit Rs.

6. Extent of Adoption %

(25)

This chapter is presented towards describing the OFT, FLD and other extension activities organised by Extension Experts under Zone VII KVKs of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh

KVK-gwalior

Dr. R.K. Kushwah presented the OFT, FLD and Status and Progress of Agro-Technological Park in KVK- Gwalior. The presentation was highly appreciated with the effort of Programme Coordinator being specialized in Agricultural Extension has done these works. The impact of demonstration of soybean was presented as a case and the area expansion was clearly indicated in his presentation. The results on the spread were 5.0, 40.0, 100.0, 150.04 and 450 ha. during 2009-10 to 2013-14, respectively.

Dr. Kushwah also indicated the success points of the KVK in soybean promotion were on the following lines

y

Extra early maturity of JS 95-60 and early maturity of JS 93-05

y

These varieties observed fit for early ceased rainfall situation.

y

Good harvest of succeeding wheat crop due to timely sowing.

y

Proven remunerative crop for farmers.

The second theme that he presented was on Hi-Tech Horticulture: Cultivation of Onion in Off season in Kharif season with Var. Agri-Found Dark Red (AFDR). The dissemination process had the following points:

y

Conducted OFT on kharif onion var. AFDR during the year 2007-08.

y

Conducted FLD on kharif onion var. AFDR during the year 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2013-14.

y

Technology demonstration through trainings, field days, sangosthies, literature, kisan mela, T.V.

Talk, Radio Talk and other extension activities.

y

Technology also demonstrated at KVK Agro-

Technology park from 2009-10 to 2014-15 for the farmers, students and extension functionaries.

The success points that were perceived were as follows:

y

Due to raised bed and application of FYM/ vermi compost prior bed preparation on increses bulb size and production.

y

Fertigation through drip avoids leaching losses of nutrients, which is common in high rainfall conditions.

y

Technology ensures 250 q/ha yield without much hampering the quality of bulbs, even under the condition of double rainfall than normal i.e.

600mm.

y

KVK, Gwalior is trying to transfer the technology through Trainings, Demonstration, Kisan Mela, Exhibition, Technical Bulletins, Flex, Folders, Books on this subject.

The outcomes of the work was also presented and they were Rabi till in Gwalior district was 429 ha while kharif onion is not being cultivated in Gwalior in 2010. But during 2010-2013 its area was increased up to 80 ha. In 2014-15 its area is increased to 125 ha through coordination of KVK and Department of Horticulture, Gwalior accounting to 258 ha.

The impact of feeding balanced ration on milch animals were also presented and the success points described as -

y

Due to feeding of balanced ration (TMR-Sani) pre mature delivery was reduced.

y

Feeding of balanced ration facilitate the parteurition process.

y

Feeding of balanced ration increase the conception rate of animal, as well as increase growth rate.

y

Feeding of balanced ration (TMR-Sani) reduced losses of nutrients, which is common in high milk yielders.

y

Proven remunerative feed supplement for high milkers / reduce the incidences of milk fever.

mETHOdOlOgICAl INTERVENTION mAdE by

ExTENsION ExPERTs Of KVK

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KVK- dindori

Mrs Geeta Singh, SMS (Agril. Extension) presented the OFT, FLD and extension activities performed.

Title ICT based alternate rural information delivery system through KMA Season & Year 2010-11

Problem Low efficiency and delayed existing rural information delivery system Thematic Area Information Communication Technology

Farmers Practices (FP) -

Name of Technology ICT based alternate rural Information delivery system through KMS Source of Technology (Year) JNKVV- 2007

Detail of Technology

Demonstrated (RP) ICT based Mobile messages through KMA

Area (ha) -

No. of Demonstrations 170

Parameter* Data on the

parameter Results of assessment Feedback from the farmer Understanding of the Message 133 78.23% Positive and appreciative

Need and time based 160 94.11%

Applicability of the message 138 81.17%

Impact of the technology 131 77.05%

The results indicated that the messages sent was need based and timely which was perceived by 94.11% of the respondents and applicability of the message was 81.17% followed by understanding the message (78.23%) and impact on the technology perceived by 77.05%.

Title Assessment on the effect of Group Approaches through Brewing Interest Groups (BIG)

Season & Year 2010-11

Problem Low household income due to Unorganized Agricultural based

Entrepreneurship

Thematic Area Formation & management of BIGs

Name of Technology Brewing Interest Groups

Source of Technology (Year) JNKVV, 2009

Farmers Practice (T₁) -

Assessed Rec. Practice (T₂) Brewing Interest Group(BIGs) Organized Agri. Based Entrepreneurship through BIGs number of group -1 (10 Member in a group)

Refined practice, if Any (T₃) -

Variety -

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No. of Trials (Replication) 20

Parameter* Data on the parameter

1.No. of ideas broadcasted. 25 2.No. of Responses per Idea. 04

3.No. of Emerging BIGs 02

4.No. of BIG linkages with Micro financing 01

The other trail conducted by the KVK in extension was also on the assessment on the effect of group approaches through BIG and the results have been towards impact on BIGs formed and linked with micro financing. The extension expert also informed to the gathering that a database of 5000 farmers have been collected under KVK- ATMA activities.

KVK-Harda

Dr. Sarvesh Kumar, SMS (Agricultural Extension) presented the extension activities performed by the KVK.

The OFTs and FLDs are as follows:

OFT-I Assessment of Print media in popularization of new technology Season & Year 2012-13

Problem diagnose Lack of technical knowledge as per farmers need

Thematic area TOT

Number of trials 02

Farmers Practices (T₁) Existing agricultural technical knowledge

Recommended Tech. (T₂) Agricultural technical knowledge improvement after popularization of Print media

Performance indicator Need & time based information Applicability of the Print media Impact of Technology

The variables of the trail were presented with the farmers practice and recommended technology.

S.

No.

Variables Farmers Practices (T₁) Recommended Technology (T₂) Crop - Soybean

1. Seed Rate 120 Kg/ha 80 Kg/ha, germination > 70%

2. Variety JS-9560 JS-9560

3. Distance 9-10 inch 14-18 inch

4. Time of sowing Ist week of July Last week of June 5. Method of sowing Seed drill Ridge and furrow system

6. Drainage - Deep furrow at 20 meter distance

Methodological Intervention Done by Extension Experts of KVK

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7. Seed Treatment - 2.5 gm/kg seed (Carbendazim)

3 gm/kg seed (Thiomethaxam 70 WS), Rhizobium

&PSB culture 10-10 gm/kg seed 8. First weedicide spray weedicide + Insecticide

both 18-20 DAS

9. Ist Insecticide spray - 30-35 DAS

10. 2nd Insecticide spray - At pod formation & filling stage

The results of the trail indicated that 72% of the respondents informed that the messages provided in the print media were need and time based information and was given before starting of season followed by 65%

opined that print material was read by farmers during crop season and as per need of technical information.

About 60% of the respondents of the trail have indicated that there has been a economic improvement in the category of income below Rs.5000/ha.

Performance indicator (N=25)

S. No. Name of indicator used Responses of selected farmers

Response Frequency %

1. Need and time based information

was given before starting of season Yes No UD 18 72

18 - 6

2. Print material was read by farmers during crop season and as per need of technical information

13 7 5 13 65

3. Impact of Technology

Economic improvement 1. Below Rs 5000/ha 2. Rs 5001-10000 3. Above Rs 10000/ha

12 9 3

60 36 12

The trail of assessment of knowledge gain by farmers through extension literature also has provided sufficient data on its utility. The trail and results information are provided as below.

OFT-II Assessment of knowledge gain by farmers through

extension literature

Problem diagnose Lack of technical knowledge for farmers as per need

Thematic area Information Communication Technology

Target Farmers and farm women

Number of trials 02

armers Practices (T₁) Existing agricultural technical knowledge

Reccomended Tech. (T₂) KVK literature supply like KVK News Letter, Folders, Leaflet

& Bulletin etc. [No. of contact farmer = 10 (2x5)]

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Tech. (T₃) Supplementary extension literature by other publications (ICAR- Kheti, Krishi Chayanika & Krishak Doot, Krishak Jagat etc.).

Performance indicator/parameter Need & time based information 2. Applicability of the Print media 3. Knowledge gain by farmer

S.No Name of indicator used Responses of selected farmers

Response Frequency Percentage 1. Need and time based information was

given before starting of season Yes No UD 20 80

20 - 5

2. Print material was read by farmers during crop season and as per need of technical information

11 11 3 11 44

3. Impact of Technology Category Frequency Percentage

Knowledge gain 1. Low

2. Medium 3. High

10 13 02

40 52 8

In this OFT it could be understood that 80% of the respondents have opined that the information was need and time based information was given before starting of season. Similarly the knowledge gain was 50% with the medium category followed by 40% with low and 8 % in the high categories.

OFT-III Assessment of “Kisan Mobile Advisory” for dissemination of agricultural technology

Problem diagnose Non availability of technical knowledge in critical time

Thematic area Information Communication Technology

Number of trials 02

Farmers Practices (T₁) Existing system for transfer of technology

Recommended Tech. (T₂) Kisan Mobile Advisory was sent to 100 farmers, 2 messages per week.

Tech. (T₃) Message delivered by private firms as NGOs Performance indicator/parameter Need & time based information

Understanding of the message Applicability of the message

Methodological Intervention Done by Extension Experts of KVK

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Performance indicator/parameter (N=100)

S.No. Name of indicator used Responses of selected farmers

1. Need & time based information was

sent Yes No UD 89 89

89 04 07

2. Understanding of the message 86 3 11 86 86

3. Applicability of the message 73 15 02 73 73

The observation from the above table reveals that, the need and time based information was received by 89

% of the farmers and message was understood by 86% of the farmers and the applicability of the message was perceived by 73% of the farmers under trial, hence it may be concluded that advisory sent under “Kisan Mobile Sandesh” for dissemination of agricultural technology was fruitful, applicable and needful for the farmer.

OFT-IV Assessment of Agricultural based Rural Vachnalaya establishment

Problem diagnose Non availability of technical knowhow at village level Thematic area Information Communication Technology

Number of trials 02

Farmers Practices (T₁) Existing source of agricultural knowledge at village level

Recommended Tech. (T₂) Establishment of Rural Vachnalaya [No. of contact farmers = 20 (2 group of 10)]

Tech. (T₃) Farmers Club with mutual informal discussion with innovative farmers and farmers group discussion in the village

Performance indicator/parameter 1. Timely supply of literature 2. Understanding of literature 3. Applicability of the literature 4. Farmer’s visit at Rural Vachnalaya

S.No. Name of indicator used Responses of selected farmers

1. Timely supply of literature Yes No UD 17 85

17 1 2

2. Understanding of literature 16 2 2 16 80

3. Applicability of the literature 16 3 1 11 55

4. Farmer’s visit at Rural Vachnalaya 15 5 0 15 60

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The above table reveals that, the supply of literature was timely accepted by 85%, literature was understandable by 80 %, applicable by 80 % and rural vachnalaya was attended or visited by 60% by the farmers. The attitude of farmers towards the Agricultural based Rural Vachnalaya establishment was perceived favorable in the villages, hence it may said that the establishment of Agricultural based Rural Vachnalaya was good initiative for farmers at village level.

FLD-I Demonstration farmers work efficiency through “Farmers Interest Group”

Problem diagnose Farmers are not united for their common interest

Potential solution Technology dissemination through “Farmers Interest Group”

Category of technology Demonstration Source of technology MYRADA, Bangalore

Thematic area Information Communication Technology Crop/enterprise Agricultural Extension

Number of trials No. of group -4, No. of Tech. (2)

Farmers Practices (T₁) Individual approach (non selected villages) Recommended Tech. (T₂) Group approach (selected villages) Performance indicator/parameter No. of technology adopted

Net increase in annual income

Performance indicator (group size N=2x11=22)

S.

No

Name of indicator

used By Individual By Interested group

1. Technologies adopted 2

(Hybrid seed and Planting tech)

5

(Hyd. seed, Planting tech., Time of sowing, Seed & soil treatment, Plant protection)

2. Annually economic gain

by vegetable farmers Kharif season production

Chilli (100 qt. green x Rs. 1000 = Rs.

100000) + Tomato (180 qt. x Rs. 500 = Rs. 90000)

Rabi season production

Pea (42 qt. x Rs. 1150 = Rs. 48300) + onion (101 qt. x Rs. 650 = Rs. 65650) Gross return = Rs. 3,03,950

Total cost of cultivation

( C h i l l i + To m a t o + Pe a + O n i o n )

=50000+56000+10000+25100)

= Rs 1,41,100

Kharif season/ha production

Chilli (120 qt. green x Rs.1100 = Rs.132000) + Tomato (198 qt. x Rs.600=

Rs.118800)

Rabi season/ha production

Pea (50 qt. x Rs.1250 = Rs.62500) + onion (112 qt. x Rs.800 = Rs.89600) Gross return = Rs.4,02,900

Total Cost of cultivation (Chilli + Tomato + Pea + Onion)

=51500+57800+12500+26400)

=Rs 1,48,200

It is clear from above table that the adoption of technologies were higher by the farmers of interest group and the annual net income also was gained by the each members of interest group more in comparison to individual Methodological Intervention Done by Extension Experts of KVK

Methodological Initiatives vis-à-vis Technology Application for Livelihood Security