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choleric, melancholic, phlegmaphlegmatictic and sanguine
and sanguine
Simple emoticons of the Simple emoticons of the
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temperaments[[citation neecitation nee (clockwi
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melancholic, olic, sanguine,sanguine, phlegmatic). phlegmatic).
Four Temperaments
Four Temperaments
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Four Temperaments
Four Temperaments is a is a theory of psycholotheory of psychology that stems from thegy that stems from the ancient medical concept of humorism.
ancient medical concept of humorism.
Contents
Contents
1 History and development 1 History and development 2 The four temperament types 2 The four temperament types
2.1 Sanguine 2.1 Sanguine 2.2 Choleric 2.2 Choleric 2.3 Melancholic 2.3 Melancholic 2.4 Phlegmatic 2.4 Phlegmatic 3 Decline in popularity 3 Decline in popularity 4 Modern adaptations 4 Modern adaptations 4.1 Temperament blends 4.1 Temperament blends 5 See also 5 See also 6 References 6 References 7 External links 7 External links
History and development
History and development
Temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory. It may Temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory. It may have origins in
have origins in ancienancient t EgyptEgypt[1[1]] or or MesopoMesopotamia,tamia,[2[2]] but it was the but it was the GreeGreek k physicphysician Hippocratian Hippocrates (460-es (460-370370 BC) who systemized and developed it into a medical theory. He believed certain human moods, emotions BC) who systemized and developed it into a medical theory. He believed certain human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by body fluids (called "humors"):
and behaviors were caused by body fluids (called "humors"): bloodblood,, yellow bileyellow bile,, black bileblack bile, and, and phlegmphlegm.. Next, Galen (AD 131-200) developed the first typology of temperament in his dissertation
Next, Galen (AD 131-200) developed the first typology of temperament in his dissertation De De temperamentis
temperamentis, and searched for physiological reasons for different behaviors in humans. He mapped them, and searched for physiological reasons for different behaviors in humans. He mapped them to a
to a matrimatrix of x of hot/coldhot/cold andand dry/wetdry/wet taken from the Four Elementstaken from the Four Elements[3][3]. There could also be "balance. There could also be "balance"" betwe
between the en the qualitiqualities, yielding a es, yielding a total of total of ninenine temperaments. The word "temperament" itself comes fromtemperaments. The word "temperament" itself comes from Latin "
Latin "temperaretemperare", "", "to mix to mix ". In ". In the ideal the ideal persopersonality, the nality, the complecomplementamentary characterry characteristics or warm-cool istics or warm-cool andand
dry-moist were exquisitely balanced
dry-moist were exquisitely balanced. In . In four less ideafour less ideal l types, one of types, one of the four qualities was dominathe four qualities was dominant overnt over all the others. In the remaining four types, one pair of qualities dominated the complimentary pair; for all the others. In the remaining four types, one pair of qualities dominated the complimentary pair; for example; warm and moist dominated cool and dry. These latter four were the temperamental categories example; warm and moist dominated cool and dry. These latter four were the temperamental categories Galen named "
Galen named "sanguinesanguine", "", "melancholicmelancholic", "", "cholericcholeric" and "" and "phlegmaticphlegmatic" after the bodily humors. Each was" after the bodily humors. Each was the result of an
the result of an excess of one excess of one of the of the humorhumors that produces that produced, in d, in turn, the imbalanturn, the imbalance in ce in pairepairedd qualities.
qualities.[4][5][6][4][5][6] In
encompass "emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams."[7]
Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654) disregarded the idea of fluids as defining human behavior, and Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), Alfred Adler (1879–1937), Erich Adickes (1866–1925), Eduard Spränger (1914), Ernst Kretschmer (1920), and Erich Fromm (1947) all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names) and greatly shaped our modern theories of temperament. Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) was one of the first psychologists to analyze personality differences using a psycho-statistical method (factor analysis), and his research led him to believe that temperament is
biologically based. The factors he proposed in his book Dimensions of Personality were Neuroticism (N) which was the tendency to experience negative emotions, and the second was Extraversion (E) which was the tendency to enjoy positive events, especially social ones. By pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments.
Other researchers developed similar systems, many of which did not use the ancient temperament names, and several paired extroversion with a different factor, which would determine
relationship/task-orientation. Examples are DiSC assessment, Social Styles, and a theory that adds a fifth temperament. One of the most popular today is the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, whose four temperaments were based largely on the Greek gods Apollo, Dionysus, Epimetheus and Prometheus, and were mapped to the 16 types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). They were renamed (SP=Artisan, SJ=Guardian, NF=Idealist, NT=Rational). Rather than using extroversion and introversion (E/I) and task/people focus, like other theories, KTS mapped the temperaments to "Sensing" and "Intuition" (S/N, renamed "concrete" and "abstract") paired with a new category, "Cooperative" and "pragmatic" . When "Role-Informative" and "Role-Directive" ( corresponding to people/task-orientation), and finally E/I are factored in, you attain the 16 types. Finally, the Interaction Styles of Linda V. Berens combines Directing and Informing with E/I to form another group of "styles" which greatly resemble the ancient temperaments, and these are mapped together with the Keirsey Temperaments onto the 16 types.
The four temperament types
Each of the four types of humours corresponded to a different personality type.
Sanguine
The Sanguine temperament personality is fairly extroverted. People of a sanguine temperament tend to enjoy social gatherings and making new friends. They tend to be creative and often daydream. However, some alone time is crucial for those of this temperament. Sanguine can also mean very sensitive,
compassionate and thoughtful. Sanguine personalities generally struggle with following tasks all the way through, are chronically late, and tend to be forgetful and sometimes a little sarcastic. Often, when
pursuing a new hobby, interest is lost quickly when it ceases to be engaging or fun. They are very much people persons. They are talkative and not shy.
Choleric
A person who is choleric is a doer. They have a lot of ambition, energy, and passion, and try to instill it in others. They can dominate people of other temperaments, especially phlegmatic types. Many great
charismatic military and political figures were cholerics. They like to be leaders and in charge of everything.
Melancholic
A person who is a thoughtful ponderer has a melancholic disposition. Often very considerate, melancholics can be highly creative in activities such as poetry and art - and can become occupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world. A melancholic is also often a perfectionist. They are often self-reliant and
independent.
Phlegmatic
Phlegmatics tend to be self-content and kind. They can be very accepting and affectionate. They may be ery receptive and shy and often prefer stability to uncertainty and change. They are very consistent, relaxed, rational, curious, and observant, making them good administrators and diplomats.
Decline in popularity
When the concept of the temperaments was on the wane, many critics dropped the phlegmatic, or defined it purely negatively, such as the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, as the absence of temperament. In the Five Temperaments theory, the classical Phlegmatic temperament is in fact deemed to be a neutral temperament, whereas the "relationship-oriented introvert" position traditionally held by the Phlegmatic is declared to be a new "fifth temperament."
Modern adaptations
Christian writer Tim LaHaye has attempted to repopularize the ancient temperaments through his
books.[8][9][10] In Waldorf education and anthroposophy, the temperaments are used to help understand personality. They are seen as avenues into teaching, with many different types of blends, which can be utilized to help with both discipline and defining the methods used with individual children and class balance.
Psychologist and writer Florence Littauer also describes the four personality types in her book Personality Plus.
One of the most current assessments of the four temperaments, Personality Dimensions, was created in 2003 in Canada, utilizing the work of Linda Berens, David Keirsey, et al. [11]
Author Rupert Thomson used the four temperaments in his dystopian novel Divided Kingdom as the basis for dividing the population of a futuristic society.
Temperament blends
LaHaye believes there are twelve mixtures of the four temperaments, representing people who have the traits of two temperaments, called Mel-Chlor, Chlor-San, San-Phleg, Phleg-Mel, Mel-San, Chlor-Phleg;
and the reverse of these: Chlor-Mel, San-Chlor, Phleg-San, Mel-Phleg, San-Mel, and Phleg-Chlor. The order of temperaments in these pairs was based on which temperament was the "dominant" one (this is usually expressed by percentages). A person can also be a blend of three temperaments. Other four-type models, such as Social Styles, also have similar blendsq.v., and in the five temperament theory, the blends are defined along the three areas of "Inclusion", "Control", and "Affection". The blends expand the number of types to sixteen (twelve blends of two types, plus the four pure types) or more (for blends of three). It is equally important to consider the possibility that the four temperaments may not refer to personality but to mood. The distinction between mood and personality has largely been lost in modern psychology. Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic might equally well refer to the moods of "activity", "stressful anxiety", "sadness or depressed" and "calm or placidity". This interpretation of the four
temperaments, allows the medical approach to the four humours to be better understood (Miller Liz Dr, 2009). Manipulation of the four humours was about changing the way people felt, rather than changing their personality type.
See also
DispositionFive Temperaments
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Humorism
Enneagram of Personality
Table of similar systems of comparison of temperaments Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
References
1. ^ van Sertima, Ivan (1992). The Golden Age of the Moor. Transaction Publishers. p. 17.
ISBN 1560005815.
2. ^ Sudhoff, Karl (1926). Essays in the History of Medicine. Medical Life Press, New York. pp. 67,
87, 104.
3. ^ http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/neurophysio.html
4. ^ Kagan, Jerome (1998). Galen's Prophecy: Temperament In Human Nature. New York: Basic
Books. ISBN 0465084052.
5. ^ http://www.greekmedicine.net/b_p/Inherent_Temperament.html
6. ^ http://sun2.science.wayne.edu/~tpartrid/Manuscripts/HEETemperament1.25.02.doc
7. ^ Lutz, Peter L. (2002). The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History. Humana Press.
p. 60. ISBN 0896038351.
8. ^ LaHaye, Tim (1966). The Spirit Controlled Temperament . Tyndale Publishing.
9. ^ LaHaye, Tim (1984). Your Temperament: Discover Its Potential . Tyndale Publishing.
ISBN 0842362207.
10. ^ LaHaye, Tim. Why You Act the Way You Do . Tyndale Publishing. ISBN 0842382127.
11. ^ "Personality Dimensions" (http://www.personalitydimensions.com/) .
http://www.personalitydimensions.com/. Miller L, Mood Mapping 2009
External links
Arikha, Noga (2007). Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours (http://www.passionsandtempers.com)
Helminen, Päivi (1999). Discovering Our Potential: An Introduction to Character Types (http://www.uta.fi/FAST/AK11/SPE/ph-poten.html)
In Our Time (BBC Radio 4) episode on the four humours
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071220.shtml) in MP3 format, 45 minutes
Rudolf Steiner "The Four Temperaments" [1] (http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/19090304p01.html) John T. Cocoris, Psy.D. Description of the 4 Primary Temperaments at fourtemperament.com
(http://fourtemperaments.com/Description.htm)
Descriptions of The Temperament Blends (http://fourtemperaments.com/Description2.htm) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Temperaments"
Categories: Personality
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